机载GPS反射信号土壤湿度测量技术

随着全球导航定位系统反射信号(GNSS-R)技术的发展, 近年来提出了利用GPS地表反射信号遥感土壤湿度的新方法, 该方法利用地表反射率与土壤介电常数以及介电常数与土壤湿度之间的关系来建立反演模型。为了可以快速方便的利用DMR实测数据反演得到土壤湿度, 本文根据Wang和Schmugge模型建立了土壤介电常数与湿度之间的分段模型, 实现了从原始反射数据到土壤湿度结果的整个反演流程。为了验证反演的可行性, 利用NASA等机构联合进行的SMEX02试验机载数据反演得到的结果表明, GPS反射信号能够有效地反演     

库区GNSS-R精细化反演水面高度及其验证研究

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)反射测量技术的出现,为高时空分辨率水位监测提供了一种新的解决方案.?尤其在我国,大中型大坝、库岸高边坡大多建立了GNSS变形监测系统,为全球卫星导航反射信号(GNSS-R)技术监测水位提供了不需重复建设的硬件设备与丰富的数据资源.?以GPS信噪比(SNR)数据为观测量,详细推导了卫星反射信号...     

GPS测量在土壤湿度分析中的应用

土壤湿度分析传统方法中存在时空变化大、易受仪器设备及天气等因素影响,因而难以提供大范围连续长时间观测数据。针对上述问题,本文利用GPS反射信号研究土壤湿度变化的测量方法,结合GPS反射信号地面反射轨迹,建立GPS反演土壤湿度变化模型,并通过试验验证了其可靠性。     

基于GPS新型L5信号的地表雪深反演研究

利用GPS多路径反射信号测量地表雪深具有全天候和高时空分辨率的特点，因此其可作为一种代替气象站监测雪深的新手段。然而，先前大多数研究仅使用了GPS L1和L2C波段信噪比数据探测积雪深度。为验证新型的L5信号在雪深反演方面的优越性，本文阐述了GPS-R技术反演雪深的原理，利用Lomb-Scargle周期图法所处理的受积雪表层影响的信噪比数据计算了频谱振幅强度，通过获取频谱特征值与天线高度的关系求解雪深值，最后分别与L1反演结果和实测雪深数据进行了对比。试验结果表明：与现有的GPS-R测量雪深结果相比，利用新型的L5反射信号反演地表雪深的精度更佳；采用GPS-R技术探测雪深对把握测站区域内的雪深变化情况和淡水资源储量具有重要价值。     

利用GPS-IR监测土壤含水量的反演模型

GPS-IR（GPS-interferometric reflectometry）本质上是一种基于GPS辐射源的双基地雷达技术,利用大地测量型接收机记录的信噪比（signal-to-noise ratio,SNR）数据可用于反演土壤含水量。针对GPS-IR获取土壤含水量的参数估计问题,提出了一种改进的反射信号参数估计方法,并研究了土壤含水量反演模型的建立过程。实验结果表明,利用改进的反射信号参数估计方法可获得更加准确可靠的结果,反射信号相位与土壤含水量间存在显著的线性相关,可建立土壤含水量的线性反演模型,但在连续降雨条件下会存在较大误差。     

一种GPS多路径反射信号的雪深反演

针对传统雪深测量缺乏必要时空敏感性的不足,该文在分析GPS信号多路径反射模型的基础上,利用GPS信噪比观测数据,通过分离提取多路径反射分量研究其时频特性,探讨GPS多路径信号与雪深及其变化关系并进行反演建模。依据菲涅尔反射区理论,确定了反射区域范围,进一步探讨卫星、波段选择及初始反射高度确定等。对比实验研究表明,反演结果与实测值吻合较好,相关系数为0.93,均方根误差为8.6cm;信噪比多路径反射分量的频率能有效跟踪积雪深度的变化。     

GNSS反射信号在土壤湿度测量中的应用

为全面获取陆地土壤湿度信息,实现导航卫星反射信号土壤含水量反演 ,在给出散射信号极化特征及散射信号归一化功率基础上,通过对陆基土壤时序采样数据、时序介电常数进行分析和仿真,估计了土壤湿度参数。仿真表明,实验结果与常规湿度测量方法一致。因此,多普勒延迟映射接收机能够正确表征地表含水量分布特征,导航卫星反射信号可以应用于在土壤湿度测量中。     

GNSS-R/IR监测地表冻融状态对延迟多普勒波形和多路径数据影响分析

将GNSS-R/IR技术的应用领域拓展到地表冻融状态的监测中，本文利用冻融土混合介质介电常数模型计算土壤介电常数，采用双站全极化相干反射率模型和随机粗糙面散射模型，分别计算了经冻融土反射的GPS相干反射量的镜像反射率，以及GPS非相干反射分量的漫散射特性。模拟分析了冻融转换时，GPS多路径信息（GNSS-IR）以及包含漫散射信号的延迟多普勒图（GNSS-R）的变化特征。理论研究表明冻融转换过程中，地表介电常数的变化导致GPS多路径信息和延迟多普勒图的明显变化。本文从散射机理上揭示了利用GNSS-R和GNSS-IR遥感进行地表冻融特性监测的理论依据。     

逐历元GNSS-R测高单差和双差算法

GNSS-R测高是一种高效监测水面高度及其变化的新技术。与传统水面测量技术,如验潮站、卫星测高等相比,其主要优点包括可实现更高时空分辨率的观测、测高结果不受板块垂直运动的影响等。本文提出了一种基于单差观测值组合的cGNSS-R逐历元测高算法,可提高水面高度测量的时空分辨率,并给出了基于双差观测值逐历元cGNSS-R测高算法。利用武汉东湖清河桥上cGNSS-R试验中GPS反射信号观测数据,给出了高精度高时空分辨率的湖面到反射天线相位中心垂直距离,验证了本文算法的准确性,精度可达±2~±4 cm。与水面高实际观测比较结果表明,cGNSS-R单差、双差算法可有效削弱钟差以及电离层和对流层误差对反演水面高度的影响。     

GPS反射信号信噪比与NDVI相关性研究

归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index，NDVI）作为重要的植被生长状况植被指数，对其进行有效实时监测具有重要科学意义。选择4个大陆板块边界观测网（plate boundary observatory，PBO）观测站的GPS信噪比观测值，提取反射信号信噪比并计算归一化振幅，通过与MODIS（moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer）NDVI产品时序频谱特征的相关性分析，建立GPS反射信号植被指数线性反演模型和BP神经网络反演模型。分析发现:GPS反射信号信噪比归一化振幅与NDVI指数存在显著年周期性和季候特性，NDVI线性反演模型相关系数均约为0.7，均方根误差处于0.05~0.09之间，BP神经网络反演模型相关系数提高了约5%。利用GPS反射信号反演NDVI变化趋势具有可行性，为获取高时间分辨率、低成本的NDVI指数提供了一种新思路。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。