扬子地块南缘锑矿床中矿石铅的组成及其地质意义

锑是我国的特色矿产,扬子地同缘锑带是世界上最大的锑成矿带。铅同位素研究表明,该 锑矿床中矿石铅的组成变化较大,在铅同位素组成图解中,线性分布明显,但它不具有等时意义,而是于低放射性成因铅和高放射成因铅两个端元混合所致,矿石铅属壳、幔混合铅。成矿作用应发生于开放体系之中,深部幔源物质可能参与了锑的成矿作用。     

云南格咱岛弧带南缘铜厂沟斑岩型铜钼矿床硫铅同位素特征与成矿物质来源示踪

铜厂沟斑岩型铜钼矿床位于格咱岛弧成矿带南缘,是西南三江地区近年来新发现的大型斑岩型铜钼多金属矿床。本文通过硫、铅同位素的示踪研究,探讨了成矿物质的来源。测试结果表明,矿石中硫化物的δ34S值变化于-0.7‰~+3.8‰,平均为0.79‰,变化范围很小,表明硫同位素来源单一,显示岩浆源硫同位素组成的特征。矿石矿物的铅同位素组成,206Pb/204Pb为18.3325~18.694,207Pb/204Pb为15.588~15.663,208Pb/204Pb为38.454~39.008,铅同位素组成较为稳定,显示正常铅的特征。铅同位素组成与特征参数(△β与△γ、V1与V2)之间具有明显的正相关性,依据铅构造模式判别和成因分类的综合分析,铜厂沟斑岩型铜钼矿床的铅主要来源于深部,并显示壳幔混合来源的特征。矿床的成矿作用与燕山期岩浆侵入岩活动存在较密切的关系,但地层源的成矿物质对矿床的形成有一定的物质贡献。     

江西金山金矿床成矿物质来源的铅和硫同位素示踪

江西金山金矿床赋存于浅变质的中元古界双桥山群上亚群 ,该建造明显富Au ,Au平均丰度达 2 5 5× 10 -9。矿石铅同位素组成出现明显的线性关系表明 ,区域构造活动 成矿作用中存在着铅同位素的混合机制。大部分矿石铅Doe单阶段模式年龄与该矿床的Rb Sr年龄值十分接近 ,可能反映了区域变质的成矿意义。矿石铅 μ值介于 9 2 9～ 9 86之间 ,2 3 2 Th/ 2 3 8U比值变化于 3 88～ 4 0 9,揭示了成矿物质的壳源特征。Zartman图解和△γ △ β图解表明 ,双桥山群是矿石铅的主要源区。该矿床硫同位素组成特征与外围双桥山群上亚群中硫化物的硫同位素极为相似 ,成矿流体的硫主要来源于双桥山群含矿建造。对比研究表明 ,虽然不同金矿床的硫同位素组成特征不尽相同 ,但金山金矿床的层控特征与江南金成矿带中其他金矿极为相似。金山金矿床的铅、硫同位素地球化学特征揭示 ,该矿床的成矿物质主要来自浅变质的中元古界双桥山群含金建造 ,燕山期岩浆热液活动为该矿床的后期富集提供了部分成矿物质。     

雪峰山铲子坪金矿床稳定同位素特征及成矿地质意义

铲子坪金矿位于雪峰山构造岩浆岩带的白马山复式花岗岩体外接触带附近。本文通过对铲子坪金矿床岩石地球化学以及稳定同位素的研究,探讨其矿床成矿物质来源及矿床成因。研究结果表明:矿石中金属硫化物的δ34S介于-7.58‰~+0.32‰,平均为-2.44‰,富轻硫,表明硫化物中的硫主要来自花岗岩浆,有部分地层硫酸盐中的硫混入;铅同位素组成相对稳定,变化范围很小。根据铅构造模式图解和△γ-△β图解,铅同位素主要来源于地幔,有部分地壳铅的加入;氢、氧同位素表明成矿流体具有变质热液和岩浆热液的双重性,成矿晚期热液有大气水成分加入;碳同位素表明成矿流体与砂质板岩关系密切,与地幔或深部流体有一定的关系,矿床成矿流体中的CO2很可能为壳幔混合;锶同位素研究表明,铲子坪金矿床的(87Sr/86Sr)i组成特征与华南陆壳重熔性花岗岩初始岩浆水的(87Sr/86Sr)i组成特征基本一致,表明其成矿作用可能与岩浆热液有关。铲子坪金矿成因类型为岩浆热液型。     

大兴安岭中南段莲花山铜银矿床硫、铅同位素组成特征及成矿物质来源

莲花山铜银矿床是位于大兴安岭中南段东坡的热液脉型铜银矿床。为了进一步探讨该矿床的成矿物质来源,本文对矿石硫、铅同位素进行了分析测试。研究结果表明:矿区金属硫化物的硫同位素组成变化范围较小,δ~(34)S_(VCDT)值主要介于0.0‰~3.0‰之间,塔式分布特点明显可见,指示该矿床成矿流体中硫的来源主要为深部岩浆;铅同位素组成在构造模式图中,样品投影点主要落于地幔演化线和造山带演化线之间,说明矿石铅主要来自于壳幔物质的混合。     

江西张十八铅锌矿铅同位素组成特征及其成因意义

张十八铅锌矿床位于江西彭山地区,铅锌矿床赋存震旦系硐门组地层中,区内出露有二云母碱长花岗岩与黑云母二长花岗岩组成的复式岩体。矿石铅同位素^206Pb／^204Pb的变化范围在16．756～17．936,平均为17．519,^207Pb／^201Pb的变化范围在14.809～15.620,平均为15．484。矿石铅的M值在9．47～9．65内窄幅波动。铅同位素的Doe和Zartman的模式图解以及△α-△β-△γ图解中所显示的矿石铅特征表明,矿床铅不是单一来源的正常铅,而是混合型多来源的异常铅,主要富上地壳铅的特征,又部分具有少量深源铅的特征,并且具有造山带铅的特点,成矿作用与燕山晚期的板块作用所产生的岩浆作用关系密切。     

皖东凤阳地区中家山铅锌(金银)矿床硫铅同位素组成及意义

中家山铅锌(金银)矿床位于蚌埠隆起东部。通过矿石微观矿物分析、主要金属矿物电子探针分析及硫化物硫、铅同位素组成分析,探讨中家山铅锌(金银)矿床的成矿物质来源,初步分析了其成矿机制。研究表明,中家山铅锌(金银)矿床黄铁矿接近变质成因类型,Ag以类质同象形式存在,并可能包含银黝铜矿等独立银矿物,闪锌矿具有层控型特征;硫化物δ(³⁴S)值介于4.2×10^-3~6.1×10^-3之间,正向偏离陨石硫,显示多源的特征。矿床的成矿物质可能来源于地幔或围岩;铅同位素μ值为9.23~9.39,说明矿石铅来源于深部地壳或者上地幔,成矿作用与岩浆活动有关,成矿物质具有壳幔混源特征。矿床的形成可能与中高温热液作用有关,岩体岩浆源区为古老的下地壳物质,强烈的壳幔作用会有幔源物质底侵,成矿元素丰度较高的变质基底地层(五河群)部分熔融和幔源物质的加入。     

云南老君山锡多金属成矿区硫、铅、氢、氧同位素地球化学

滇东南老君山成矿区是我国西南部重要的锡、钨多金属成矿区之一,本文围绕成矿区中典型矿床进行了系统取样和硫、铅、氢、氧同位素测试工作,并针对分析结果结合矿区地质情况进行了解译。研究区硫同位素δ³⁴S分布范围为-1.50‰~8.61‰,均值为2.06‰,属壳幔混合来源硫;矿物生成顺序较早的单矿物硫同位素组成为幔源,晚期偏壳源;层状矽卡岩型矿石硫同位素组成偏幔源,花岗岩和花岗斑岩的硫同位素组成为壳源,穿层石英脉型矿石硫同位素组成可分为幔源和壳源两类。铅同位素分析结果属壳幔混合来源,以壳源铅为主,铅同位素测年分析结果显示有多期地质作用对成矿有所影响。氢、氧同位素组成指示成矿流体以岩浆水为主,并有大气降水的混入。结合老君山成矿区地质、同位素组成及测年结果分析,老君山成矿区众多矿床的形成应为早加里东期海底喷流沉积、印支期区域变质和燕山期花岗岩热液叠加改造等地质因素共同作用的结果。     

辽吉裂谷区铅锌金矿床S、Pb同位素组成特征及其地质意义

辽吉裂谷区发育有众多大中型铅锌、金等多金属矿床,本文选择该地区的青城子榛子沟铅锌矿、白云金矿、五龙金矿、荒沟山铅锌矿和临江金矿作为研究对象,开展其矿石S、Pb同位素分析及其地质意义研究.数据显示榛子沟脉状铅锌矿δ34SCDT值介于-10.3‰～6.8‰之间,白云金矿δ34SCDT值介于-7.7‰～1.9‰之间,五龙金矿δ34 SCDT值介于0.8‰～3.6‰之间,荒沟山铅锌矿δ34 SCDT值介于6.7‰～17.8‰之间,临江金矿δ34 SCDT值介于0.7‰～1.5‰之间.研究区铅锌金矿床的矿石硫同位素主要有两种来源,其一来自于早期火山喷流沉积而成的地层硫,如青城子榛子沟层状铅矿矿体和荒沟山层状铅锌矿;另一类为后期岩浆硫,如青城子榛子沟脉状铅锌矿、白云金矿、五龙金矿以及临江金矿,此类岩浆硫形成过程中,对早期地层硫进行了混染.辽吉裂谷区典型多金属矿床矿石铅同位素值变化较大,206 pb/204 Pb值介于15.72～24.02,207pb/204 Pb值介于15.32～16.43,208pb/204 Pb值介于34.96～39.79,不同的矿床其比值具有不同特点.研究区铅同位素μ值相对集中且较大,显示铅源具有上地壳物质特征,但均受到了不同铅源的混合.榛子沟铅锌矿脉状矿体矿石铅和岩体铅均为混合铅源,矿石铅为上地壳与地幔的混合源铅,而岩体铅则是造山带铅与上地壳的混合源铅;白云金矿床矿石铅为造山带铅,而其岩体铅为上地壳与地幔的混合源铅;五龙金矿的铅同位素主要来源于元古宙造山带铅,同时又有幔源铅的混合;荒沟山铅锌矿矿石铅一组为正常铅,微偏钍铅,来源于统一矿源层,另外一组铅为放射成因铅,即铀铅,而临江金矿矿石铅属于放射成因铅.     

青海卡尔却卡铜多金属矿床地球化学特征与成矿物质来源

为了解卡尔却卡铜多金属矿床的物质来源, 探讨其成岩、成矿机制, 通过现场调查, 结合矿床地质成矿条件, 对矿区典型的岩浆岩、围岩及矿石进行了主量元素、微量元素分析及S、Pb同位素分析.结果表明: 矿区岩体属中酸性岩, 为高钾钙碱性系列岩石, 源于深部, 上侵时受地壳混染, 具同源特征.不同地质体稀土配分曲线均为右倾轻稀土富集型, 岩浆岩、矽卡岩和矿石为同一成矿系统.微量元素地球化学显示矿区花岗岩产于火山弧环境.矿石硫同位素δ34S_CDT值为4.4×10-3~11.0×10-3, 处于岩浆硫跟围岩混合硫范围内, 成矿物质具多源性.矿石铅同位素Th/U值范围为3.46~3.69, μ值为9.46~9.52, 均低于9.58, 介于地壳与原始地幔值之间, 反应矿石铅具深源铅和壳源铅特征.铅同位素特征参数示踪、构造模式示踪和Δβ-Δγ图解示踪的结果表明: 铅来源与岩浆作用有关, 以壳源铅为主并混合少量深源地幔铅.总结矿床地球化学特征表明成矿物质主要来源于岩浆, 少量来源于周围地层.矿区岩体成矿演化过程复杂, 在岩体中形成斑岩型铜、钼矿化, 在与碳酸盐岩接触带形成矽卡岩型铅、锌矿化, 及至后期热液作用形成中低温热液脉型金矿化, 是一个多因复成矿床.      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997