北黄海夏、冬季叶绿素和初级生产力的空间分布和季节变化特征

依据2006～2007年夏、冬两季的北黄海海洋综合调查资料,分析了叶绿素和初级生产力的空间分布和季节变化特征,并浅析了其主要影响因素.夏季北黄海Chl a的平均含量为30.75 mg·m-2(7.64～92.57 mg·m-2),冬季平均含量为18.72 mg·m-2(3.04～50.55 mg·m-2),与夏季相比显著偏低(P<0.05).夏季Chl a浓度的垂直分布呈现较为明显的分层现象,最大值基本出现在次表层;冬季大部分海域垂直分布均匀.夏季水柱初级生产力含量的平均值为471.2 mg·m-2·d-1(70.1～1 308.2 mg·m-2·d-1),其分布大致呈现近岸海域高、东部开阔海域较低的格局;冬季平均值为125.4 mg·m-2·d-1(72.6～245.5 mg·m-2·d-1),约为夏季的1/4,且分布较均匀.北黄海夏季磷酸盐可能成为限制浮游植物生长的因素,而冬季无机氮和磷酸盐可能同时成为限制因子.夏季和冬季的海表温度与表层Chl a浓度之间均呈负相关关系,R2分别为0.44(P=0.01,n=73)和0.41(P=0.01,n=71).     

东北季风期海南岛三亚湾初级生产力分布特征及其影响因素

根据2006年10月和2007年1月的监测资料,对三亚湾在东北季风初始期和盛行期初级生产力的分布特征及其受水体环境的影响因素进行了分析。三亚湾秋、冬季表层潜在初级生产力平均值分别为6.81mgC·m-3·h-1和7.47mgC·m-3·h-1;水柱初级生产力平均值分别为504.96mgC·m-2·d-1和495.33mgC·m-2·d-1。东北季风期间,三亚湾水体垂直混合作用加强,层化现象减弱,水动力过程和营养盐等环境因子是该海湾初级生产力分布特征和季节变化的重要调控因素;其中冬季较高的DIN分布对表层初级生产力有潜在促进作用,而水体扰动增强、真光层深度下降则导致水柱初级生产力低于秋季。三亚河口近岸水域秋、冬季均为营养盐、叶绿素a及初级生产力的高值区,其中表层潜在初级生产力在秋季和冬季分别达到了45.80mgC·m-3·h-1和39.27mgC·m-3·h-1,表明调查期间三亚河营养盐输入对近岸水体浮游植物初级生产过程的显著影响。     

南海南部次表层叶绿素a质量浓度最大值及其影响因子

文章分析了2013年南海南部4个季节航次的叶绿素a(Chl a)调查数据,结果显示:150m以浅水柱Chl a质量浓度均值分别为早春0.14mg×m~(-3)、初夏0.12mg×m~(-3)、初秋0.18mg×m~(-3)、初冬0.16mg×m~(-3)。早春和初夏偏低的原因与早春风速小,初夏水温高,不利于水体的垂直混合,限制了深层海水中丰富的营养盐向上层水体补充有关。4个季节中海水次表层Chl a质量浓度最大值层(SCML)均出现在50m和75m,这两个水层的Chl a质量浓度差异小,季节变化不大,平均值变化范围分别为0.24~0.26mg×m~(-3)和0.22~0.26mg×m~(-3)。受混合层深度和温跃层上界深度的共同影响,50m水层Chl a质量浓度主要受制于深层富营养盐海水的向上补充,75m水层Chl a质量浓度受水温的影响明显。     

南海北部及珠江口细菌生产力研究

2004年2~3月和2004年8~9月两个航次中对珠江口及南海北部海域的异养浮游细菌生物量、生产力及其调控机制进行了观测研究.结果表明,营养物质的供应对调查区域真光层水体内的细菌生物量和生产力起着主要控制作用,从而导致冬季航次珠江口-陆架-外海调查断面表层细菌生物量和生产力呈现沿盐度梯度向外海逐渐降低的特征.就南海北部调查区域而言,冬季真光层异养细菌生物量(C)平均为(712±290)mg/m2,夏季平均为(937±397)mg/m2;真光层细菌生产力(C)冬季平均为(65.1±42.8)mg/(m2·d),夏季平均(52.5±28.6)mg/(m2·d).本调查中,南海北部海区IBP和IPP比值范围是4%~96%,平均为26%,IBP和IPP比值与初级生产力呈负相关,其分布特征与新生产力f比的分布趋势相反,显示了异养细菌在真光层物质循环过程中所发挥的作用在南海近岸富营养海域和外海寡营养海域之间的差异.     

南海海洋环流季节变化的数值模拟研究

基于POM(Princeton Ocean Model)海洋模式,对南海不同深度环流的季节性变化进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果表明:南海表层和上层环流受季风影响,在夏季西南季风驱动下,南海表层环流在南部呈现强反气旋式结构,在南海北部则是一个弱的气旋环流;在冬季东北季风驱动下,南海表层环流结构呈气旋式,并且明显加强了沿越南沿岸向南流动的西边界流;春季和秋季为南海季风的转换期,其对应的环流特征也处于冬季环流与夏季环流的过渡流型,流速与冬季和夏季相比较弱。南海200m层环流的季节变化与表层相似。在500与1 000m层,则出现许多处中尺度漩涡,流场也变得较为紊乱。     

三亚湾浮游动物数量分布及群落特征的季节变化

根据三亚湾2005年春、夏、秋和冬季航次的调查资料,分析了这4个季度的浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、群落结构、丰度和生物量的时空变化。经过鉴定共有终生性浮游动物125种,阶段性浮游动物17种,其中毛颚类幼虫和短尾溞状幼虫是各个季度都出现的优势种。三亚湾的浮游动物可以分为河口类群、暖水沿岸类群和广布暖水外海类群。全年浮游动物平均丰度为95.91ind·m-3,浮游动物平均生物量为69.22mg·m-3;浮游动物丰度的季节分布是夏>秋>春>冬,平均生物量的季节分布是秋>夏>春>冬,总体上一般是夏秋季高于冬春季。冬季浮游动物丰度与浮游植物细胞总密度之间没有相关性。     

獐子岛养殖海域颗粒有机碳、颗粒氮的时空分布特征

2011年8月、10月、12月和2012年4月对大连獐子岛养殖海域共14个站位进行了大面调查。对其中颗粒有机碳(POC)和颗粒氮(PN)的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,獐子岛养殖海域水体中POC质量浓度的季节变化趋势是:夏季秋季春季冬季。夏季POC质量浓度最高,表、底层的质量浓度分别为0.159~1.672 mg/L和0.045~0.834 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.867±0.451)mg/L和(0.319±0.204)mg/L。冬季表、底层POC质量浓度最低,表、底层POC质量浓度分别为0.020~0.530 mg/L和0.061~0.458 mg/L。平均值分别为(0.240±0.125)mg/L和(0.221±0.129)mg/L。四个季节的POC质量浓度平面分布较为均匀。PN质量浓度的季节变化趋势是:夏季秋季冬季春季。夏季PN的质量浓度最高,表、底层PN的质量浓度分别为0.026~0.439 mg/L和0.020~0.393 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.193±0.067)mg/L和(0.172±0.060)mg/L。春季表、底层PN质量浓度最低,表、底层PN质量浓度分别为0.059~0.178 mg/L和0.024~0.212 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.120±0.047)mg/L和(0.100±0.050)mg/L。PN与POC的分布特征相似,空间分布均匀。叶绿素a(Chl-a)质量浓度的变化趋势为:夏季秋季春季冬季。POC、PN和Chl-a的垂直分布规律相似,春季底层质量浓度高于表层,夏秋两季表层质量浓度高于底层,冬季表、底层质量浓度基本一致。根据C/N以及POC/Chl-a的比值对POC的来源进行初步分析,表明该海域的POC主要来源于海洋生物,并且受陆源的影响较小。     

南海北部低浓度磷酸盐的测定与分布

应用改进的镁共沉淀法,首次在国内较为系统的测定了南海北部冬、夏两季表层海水中的磷酸盐,冬季其浓度在6.6-95.0 nmol/L范围内.平均值为34.5 nmol/L,由于受珠江径流影响,表层磷酸盐的水平分布呈现随离岸距离的增加而逐渐减小的趋势:夏季其浓度在6.3-66.6 nmol/L范围内,平均值为17.4 nmol/L,整体分布较均匀.冬季远岸表层磷酸盐浓度高于夏季,这与南海北部生产力水平的季节变化相一致.南海北部上层磷酸盐存在明显的跃层,冬季跃层的浓度梯度比夏季小跃层深度与常规方法检测的结果有所不同.     

南海北部秋季营养盐、溶解氧、pH值和叶绿素a分布特征及相互关系

通过2004年9月至10月对南海北部水域的现场调查,分析了表层海水中溶解氧、叶绿素a、pH值和营养盐等水质因子的空间分布分布特征,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明:在南海北部海区的表层海水中,各水质因子在空间分布上大多呈现块状分布,且东西两侧的海水有较为明显的差异;海水中的溶解氧、pH值均表现出与海水温度相反的分布趋势;海水中的叶绿素a(Chla)和众多的水质因子表现出多元相关性,说明水体中浮游植物的生长繁殖是众多水质因子在南海北部综合作用的结果,而Chla和水体中亚硝酸盐的高相关性,说明南海北部水体中浮游植物的生长和亚硝酸盐有着比其他营养盐因子更为密切的联系。     

海南西北部近岸海域浮游动物群落结构

为探讨海南西北部近岸海域浮游动物群落结构,根据2016年11月(秋季)、2017年2月(冬季)、2017年5月(春季)和2017年8月(夏季) 4个季节的浮游动物调查数据,对该海域浮游动物的种类组成、优势种及其生态类群、丰度和生物量进行了分析。结果表明:4个季节共鉴定浮游动物7门113属215种(含未定种),秋季最多(134种),冬季(113种)和春季(111种)较为接近,夏季(94种)最少,各季节均以桡足类和水螅水母类占优势。浮游动物种类的空间分布上,秋季和冬季整体呈现近岸和远岸较中间高,而春季和夏季由近岸到远岸呈逐渐增加的变化趋势。浮游动物种类随季节变动不大,但优势种更替较为明显,仅亚强次真哲水蚤(Subeucalanus subcrassus)和肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)为4个季节共有优势种。优势种生态类群主要可分为暖温种、广温广盐种、近岸暖水种、热带暖水种及暖水广布种。浮游动物丰度均值秋季(124. 75 ind./m3)与冬季(152. 43ind./m3)相近,春季(64. 76 ind./m3)和夏季(74. 44 ind./m3)相近,春季、夏季的丰度均值要明显低于秋季、冬季,平面分布上秋季和冬季呈现近岸高远岸低,但不同的是水深在大于20 m以上的海域,冬季平均丰度要稍高于秋季,而春季和夏季呈现近岸低远岸高的变化特点。浮游动物生物量冬季(263. 68 mg/m3)最高,秋季(147. 38 mg/m3)次之,春季(59. 13 mg/m3)和夏季(61. 45 mg/m3)相近,平面分布上与丰度分布趋势相似。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

北黄海海域大气湍流强度特征及风速标准差相似性分析

根据国家海洋局"908"专项北黄海海区海洋气象观测资料,计算了2007～2008年间该海区4个不同季节的大气湍流强度并与其他海区及陆地下垫面大气湍流值相比较.北黄海海区大气湍流强度量级为10-2,比陆地下垫面大气湍流强度低一个量级.由于海洋的特殊性质,对秋季大气湍流强度日变化的分析发现,在大气湍流强度的影响因素中,海洋的热力作用相对较大.对水平方向风速标准差是否满足Monin-Obukhov相似关系进行了探讨,数据显示,在不稳定层结下冬季水平方向无量纲风速标准差与Z/L的关系,基本满足1/3次方律.秋冬在不稳定层结下垂直方向风速标准差满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论.