一个巨型望远镜方案

提出一个有特色的巨型望远镜(FGT)方案．其主镜口径为30米，主焦比为1．2，由1095块圆环形子镜构成．采用地平式装置．光学系统包括Nasmyth系统、折轴(Coude)系统和一个大视场系统．提出一个由4个镜面组成的新的Nasmyth系统，在约10′的视场范围内像斑小于爱里斑，达到衍射极限．比传统的Nasmyth系统的衍射极限视场大得多．可在这样的大视场内同时作好几个小区域的衍射极限的观测．当由Nasmyth系统转换到折轴系统和大视场系统时，采用主动光学技术改变子镜的面形、倾斜和平移，产生一个新的主镜面形，使折轴系统和大视场系统都能得到很好的像质．大视场系统的视场直径25′，场曲轻微，并有可能校正大气色散．给出了子镜面形和位置的公差，并讨论了望远镜的装置和结构,方案中的特色和创新对未来大望远镜的研制有普遍意义．     

超轻量镜面系统的研制

空间望远镜的研制一直要求系统的轻量化,美国宇航局（NASA）最近研制的韦伯太空望远镜,其主镜系统面密度相对于哈勃空间望远镜已大幅减轻。在韦伯望远镜主镜系统的研制过程中,NASA开展了一系列关于超轻量镜面系统的验证计划,多家机构拿出多个方案参与竞标。本文选取几个比较典型的方案,介绍这些镜面系统的设计思想、结构、材料、加工以及相关测试结果,期望能对国内相关方面的工作提供参考。     

2.4m天文望远镜光学系统的设计及副镜检验的几种可能方案

详细说明了 2 .4m天文望远镜分别采用主镜焦比f/1 .5和f/3时光学系统的设计 :针对主镜焦比为f/3的凸非球面副镜 ,阐述了运用 4种不同检验方案的设计结果 ;重点介绍了计算全息法。并对几种方案作了比较     

Hopes and expectations with GREGOR

This contribution to the series of GREGOR inauguration articles addresses the history of the GREGOR telescope. It was obvious since a long time that the study of the atmospheric dynamics on the Sun needs telescopes with a large aperture. So the first plans to replace the 40 years old Gregory‐Coudé Telescope, with its 45 cm primary mirror, by a large, 1.5‐meter telescope date back to 1997. After a positive review of the project by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in 2000, the large financial support started in 2000. Unfortunately, the new technology of the Cesic mirrors was not yet ripe to produce the large primary mirror with this light‐weight material. So, the project was much delayed. After recollecting for the reader several dates, I also go through some properties of GREGOR. I recall the aims of the project and discuss difficulties and ways to realise the intentions (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A configuration for future giant telescope

A configuration for the Future Giant Telescope is proposed. It is a 30m telescope with segmented primary mirror and alt-azimuth mounting. The aspherical f/1.2 primary mirror is made up of 1095 partial annular submirrors. The optical system includes a Nasmyth system, a coude system and a wide field system. The Nasmyth system has a novel design with four mirrors and provides a ∼10 arcmin field of diffraction-limited images, a much larger field than can be obtained by the traditional Nasmyth system. Several diffraction-limited observations each over a small field, can be carried out simultaneously. By applying active optics to change the shape, tip, tilt and piston of the submirrors, thereby to effect a new aspherical surface of the primary, excellent quality images can be obtained for the coude system and the wide field system. The wide field system has a field of 25 arcmin, the focal surface is only slightly curved and the atmospheric dispersion could be corrected. The tolerances of the surface shape and position for the submirrors, and the telescope mounting and structure are also discussed. The innovations in this configuration should have a general significance for future giant telescopes.     

Simulation and analysis of co-phasing errors of the segmented primary mirror tiled by hexagonal segments in LOT

In this paper, co-phasing errors of a segmented primary mirror tiled by hexagonal segments are successfully calculated for the 12-meter Large aperture Optical/infrared Telescope(LOT). Co-phasing errors including out-of-plane errors are simulated separately and comprehensively based on several software simulation platforms. PAOLA simulation results show that the Strehl Ratio(SR) of LOT is larger than 0.8 when the RMS value of tip-tilt obeying a normal distribution is less than 0.018 arcsec, and the SR of LOT is larger than 0.8 when the RMS value of piston obeying a normal distribution is less than 40 nm. Besides,simulation results of Zemax show that the SR of LOT is larger than 0.8 when the RMS value of tip-tilt obeying a normal distribution is less than 0.02 arcsec, and the SR of LOT is larger than 0.8 when the RMS value of piston obeying a normal distribution is less than 40 nm. These simulation results successfully lay a solid foundation for LOT(especially the segmented primary mirror with active optics).     

Φ1650mm口径反射镜的坦克链支撑研究

Phi 1650mm口径反射镜是某套大口径精密光学元件检测装置中的定标校正模块, 用于对检测光路中的缩焦透镜等光学部件进行定标. 反射镜口径越大, 由于自身重力引起的变形问题越严重, 面型精度受到的影响也越大. 对于Phi 1650mm口径反射镜, 系统要求的技术指标是面型误差的均方根(Root Mean Square, RMS)小于1/70波长(波长为\lk 632.8nm). 针对这块光轴始终处于水平状态的大口径反射镜, 提出了坦克链支撑方案, 并与传统的钢带支撑做对比. 对坦克链支撑方案进行有限元分析, 逐步确定了坦克链节数和中心距, 根据标准选取了型号C2162H的双节距大滚子坦克链. 基于赫兹接触理论, 对坦克链滚子与反射镜的边缘非线性接触进行了模型简化. 经过Zernike多项式拟合后, RMS为2.58nm, 满足设计要求. 坦克链支撑结构简单、成像质量好, 同时降低了反射镜的倾覆风险, 可靠性高.     

Spin-cast ZERODUR mirror substrates of the 8 m class and lightweight substrates for secondary mirrors

For about 20 years SCHOTT has been supplying the glass ceramic ZERODUR, a material with very low thermal expansion. Besides many other applications, ZERODUR is excellently suited for the manufacture of mirror substrates for telescopes. About 80% of all telescopes in the western world with mirror diameters >1.8 m have been equipped with ZERODUR during the last 10 years. The development of modern astronomical telescopes is aimed at larger primary mirrors and lighter secondary mirrors.New techniques have been developed by SCHOTT for manufacture of thin monolithic mirror blanks of more than 8 m in diameter. The development of thin meniscus shaped shells using the spin-casting technique was successfully completed last year. During a test production several mirror substrates up to 4.1 m in diameter and down to 57 mm in thickness could be produced. The know-how has been acquired for the fabrication of mirror substrates of more than 8 m in diameter by the spin-casting technique.SCHOTT has also performed considerable developmental work in the field of lightweighted ZERODUR mirror substrates which can be generated using different techniques: forming of the lightweighted structure during casting, fusion of individual components to a total structure and lightweighting of a massive block by various mechanical machining methods.Paper presented at the Symposium on the JNLT and Related Engineering Developments, Tokyo, November 29–December 2, 1988.Registered trademark of SCHOTT Glaswerke, Mainz.     

A model of AW UMa

The contact binary AW UMa has an extreme mass ratio, with the more-massive component (the current primary) close to the main sequence, while the low-mass star at   q ≈ 0.1  (the current secondary) has a much larger radius than a main-sequence star of a comparable mass. We propose that the current secondary has almost exhausted hydrogen in its centre and is much more advanced in its evolution, as suggested by Stpień. Presumably the current secondary lost most of its mass during its evolution with part of it transferred to the current primary. After losing a large fraction of its angular momentum, the binary may evolve into a system of FK Com type.     

Mechanical design of the solar telescope GREGOR

The mechanical structure of the GREGOR telescope was installed at the Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife, in 2004. New concepts for mounting and cooling of the 1.5‐meter primary mirror were introduced. GREGOR is an open telescope, therefore the dome is completely open during observations to allow for air flushing through the open, but stiff telescope structure. Backside cooling system of the primary mirror keeps the mirror surface close to ambient temperature to prevent mirror seeing. The large collecting area of the primary mirror results in high energy density at the field stop at the prime focus of the primary which needs to be removed. The optical elements are supported by precision alignment systems and should provide a stable solar image at the optical lab. The coudé train can be evacuated and serves as a natural barrier between the outer environmental conditions and the air‐conditioned optical laboratory with its sensitive scientific instrumentation. The telescope was successfully commissioned and will start its nominal operation during 2013 (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On the photometry of geostationary satellites near the equinox dates

Long-term photometric observations (on scales of half a year to one year) at different positions of geostationary satellites (GSS) relative to an observer are necessary to determine photometric, optogeometrical, and dynamic characteristics of faint GSSs needed to be identified. We propose to perform photometric measurements of GSSs during their ingress into and egress from the Earth’s shadow near the equinox dates. At the equinoxes, the GSS brightness is several magnitudes higher, making it possible to effectively use telescopes with mirror diameters of 50–70 cm. A much larger amount of information on reflective properties of an object can be derived during observation on these dates than when performing long-term observations at large phase angles.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Complexes of activity of the solar cycle and very large scale convection

The magnetic field pattern associated with large scale convective motions, which are much larger than the supergranules and have been conceived as a source of maintenance of the solar differential rotation, is calculated in the framework of a slowly and differentially rotating thin spherical shell, including the effects of thermal conductivity and viscosity. The approximations of Boussinesq are used and the initial state of the magnetic field is assumed to be purely toroidal.The resulting magnetic field pattern rotates rigidly on the differentially rotating Sun with some phase delay to the convective pattern, if it is assumed that only the predominant mode with the maximum growth rate is actually realized in the solar convection zone. The obtained magnetic and convective patterns and their properties seem to explain naturally the various aspects of large scale ordering of solar activity such as the existence and behavior of complexes of activity, the rigid body rotation of proton flare active longitudes, their association with UMR's, the existence of ghost and mirror image of UMR's themselves and the fact that the rotational period derived from sunspot data is shorter than that derived spectroscopically from fluid velocity.     

制约卫星轨道寿命的另一种机制

近点共振会导致太阳系小天体(小行星,自然卫星以及大行星和月球的人造卫星)的轨道偏心率出现变幅较大的长周期变化,特别是以月球和大行星为中心天体的大倾角轨道(确切地说是倾角接近90°的极轨道)卫星,由于类似的原因,偏心率的增大而导致近星距rp=a(1-e)≤ae(ae是中心天体的赤道半径),使其落到中心天体上,结束轨道寿命,这与耗散机制大不相同,因此将对其作理论分析,并以计算实例加以证实.     

Prospects of stellar abundance studies from near‐IR spectra observed with the E‐ELT

In 2006 ESO Council authorized a Phase B study of a European AO‐telescope with a 42 m segmented primary with a 5‐mirror design, the E‐ELT. Several reports and working groups have already presented science cases for an E‐ELT, specifically exploiting the new capabilities of such a large telescope. One of the aims of the design has been to find a balance in the performances between an E‐ELT and the James Webb Space Telescope, JWST. Apart from the larger photon‐collecting area, the strengths of the former is the higher attainable spatial and spectral resolutions. The E‐ELT AO system will have an optimal performance in the near‐IR, which makes it specially advantageous. High‐resolution spectroscopy in the near‐infrared has, however, not been discussed much. This paper aims at filling that gap, by specifically discussing spectroscopy of stellar (mainly red giant), photospheric abundances. Based on studies in the literature of stellar abundances, at the needed medium to high spectral resolutions in the near‐infrared (0.8–2.4 μm), I will try to extrapolate published results to the performance of the E‐ELT and explore what could be done at the E‐ELT in this field. A discussion on what instrument characteristics that would be needed for stellar abundance analyses in the near‐IR will be given (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The design of the Central-Axis Reflector (ZAS)

The Central-Axis Reflector, the design principle which is presented below is a segmented-mirror telescope. The inventions relate mainly to the optical system and to the tracking apparatus.A large number of small individual mirror bodies, ground off-axis (hexagonal/polygonal) produce one primary mirror with closed circular aperture when joined together.The overall design of the tracking apperatus results directly —and thus without unnecessary adornment — from the two planes of to aminimum but which are required for tracking of the telescope.Paper presented at the Symposium on the JNLT and Related Engineering Developments, Tokyo, November 29–December 2, 1988.     

大口径离轴非球面镜预应力环抛方法研究

提出了一种加工离轴非球面的预应力环抛方法,基于预应力加工方法的基本原理,利用环抛机来磨制离轴非球面.设计了一套专门的加载装置,将拼接镜面中具有不同离轴量的非球面子镜转化成曲率半径相同的球面子镜进行磨制,可以在同一台环抛机上进行抛光.利用这种方法,花费连续40 h的时间,磨制了一块按照中国30 m极大口径望远镜(CFGT)主镜参数比例缩小的离轴抛物面,顶点曲率半径21.6 m,离轴量3.6 m,离轴口径为330 mm,最大非球面度为16μm.试验表明该方法效率高,适用于批量加工,特别是极大口径天文望远镜拼接主镜的大批量非球面子镜研制.     

一种新型轻量化反射镜结构及其在空间望远镜相关跟踪摆镜上的应用研究

本文提出一种新的反射镜轻量化方案。此方案在结构特征和减重比例上接近蜂窝结构,减重效果比背面开孔的镜子和拱形镜要好得多;同时又可避免蜂窝镜的制造难度。另外,本文还就此方案在空间太阳望远镜(SST)的相关跟踪摆镜上的应用进行探讨,给出了主要结构参数和镜面变形分析结果,其结果表明,此轻量化平面镜能满足SST的使用要求。     

Evolutionary and structural properties of mirror star MACHOs

There can exist a hidden sector of the Universe in the form of parallel “mirror” world which has the same particle physics as the observable world and interacts with the latter only gravitationally. Big Bang nucleosynthesis bounds demand that the mirror sector should have a smaller temperature than the ordinary one. This implies that the mirror matter could play a role of dark matter, and in addition its chemical content should be dominated by helium. Here we study the evolutionary and structural properties of the mirror stars which essentially are similar to that of the ordinary stars but with higher helium contents. Being invisible in terms of photons, they could be observed only as MACHOs in the microlensing experiments. Using a numerical code, we compute evolution of stars with large helium abundances (Y = 0.30–0.80) and a wide range of masses, from 0.5 to 10 M. We found that helium dominated mirror star should have much faster evolutionary time (up to a factor 30) than the ordinary star with the same mass. In addition, we show the diagrams of luminosities, effective temperatures, central temperatures and densities, and compute the masses of the He-core at ignition and the minimum mass for carbon ignition, for different chemical compositions. The general conclusion is that mirror stars evolve faster as compared to ordinary ones, and explode earlier as type II supernovae, thus enriching the galactic halo of processed mirror gas with higher metallicity, with implications for MACHO observations and galaxy evolution.     

Capabilities of a giant hybrid air shower detector

Recent reports of superhigh energy cosmic rays beyond the expected spectral cutoff have intensified interest in the unknown origin of the highest energy cosmic rays. There is a need for a much larger data base of more precisely measured air showers. This requires new sensitive detectors of enormous aperture. Combining a ground array of particle counters with an optical detector of atmospheric fluorescence yields a detector of outstanding capability. Such a hybrid detector provides far more accurate measurements of energies, arrival directions, and primary particle atomic masses than can be achieved by either type of detector separately.