两个N—酰基神经鞘氨醇的分离和结构鉴定

从南海细枝竹节珊瑚Ｉｓｉｓ ｍｉｎｏｒｂｒａｃｈｌａｓｔａ及柔软肉芝软珊瑚Ｓａｒｃｏｐｈｙｔｏｎ ｍｏｌｌｅ中各分离得到一固体化合物Ｉ与Ⅱ，经光谱数据分析及化学方法分析鉴定Ｉ为一个含有三个双键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇（首次是从柳珊瑚中分离得到的含多个不饱和键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇）；Ⅱ为一个新的含有两个双键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇。     

海胆纲动物天然活性物质研究概况

对已从海胆纲动物中分离到的几种生物活性物质在分离提取及生理药理活性方面的研究情况做一概要介绍。１多聚不饱和脂肪酸１．１提取制备方法多聚不饱和脂肪酸（ＰｌｏｙｕｎｓａｔｕｒａｔｅｄＦａｔｔｙＡｃｉｄ,ＰＵＦＡ,又称ＨｉｇｈＰｏｌｙｕｎｓａｔｕｒａｔｅｄＦａｔｔｙＡｃｉｄ,ＨＰＵＦＡ）系指含有多个双键的长链脂肪酸,主要有二十碳五烯酸（ＥｉｃｏｓａｐｅｎｔａｅｎｏｉｃＡｃｉｄ,ＥＰＡ）、二十二碳六烯酸（Ｄｏ－ｃｏｓａｈｅｘａｅｎｏｉｃＡｃｉｄ,ＤＨＡ）和花生四烯酸（ＡｒａｃｈｉｄｏｎｉｃＡＣｉｄ,ＡＡ…     

南海厚指海绵化学成分的研究

对采自我国南海海域的厚指海绵Ｐａｃｈ７ｃｈａｌｉｎａ ｓｐ。的化学成分进行了研究。从中分离出１个新的化合物（Ⅰ）。经ＦＴ－ＩＲ,ＭＳ,１ＨＮＭＲ,＾１３ＣＮＭＲ,ＤＥＰＴ等波谱方法鉴定为长链脂及醇某油醚：３－二十七烷氧基－１,２－丙二醇。并应用ＧＣ／ＭＳ技术对其舅醇成分进行了鉴定。     

豹皮菌中两种氨基酸成分对N－甲基D－门冬氨酸（NMDA）受体的作用

报道豹皮菌（Ａｍａｎｉｔａｐａｎｔｈｅｒｉｎａ）中两种氨基酸成分ＫＩ－Ⅰ、ＫＩ－Ⅱ对ＮＭＤＡ（Ｎ－Ｍｅｔｈｙｌ－Ｄ－Ａｓｐａｒｔａｔｅ）受体的活性研究。ＫＩ－Ⅰ和ＫＩ－Ⅱ对ＮＭＤＡ受体的作用是通过大鼠大脑皮质和脊髓突触部分的受体结合实验进行的。实验结果指出：ＫＩ－Ⅰ是一种高活性ＮＭＤＡ受体激动剂；ＫＩ－Ⅱ是ＮＭＤＡ受体拈抗剂。     

圆形短指软珊瑚化学成分的研究

从中国海南岛三亚附近海域采集的圆形短指软珊瑚Sinularia gyrosa中分离得到4个化合物，经IR，^1H NMR和^13C NMR谱分析确定它闪的化学结构分别是孕甾烯醇酮（Ⅰ），24-亚甲基胆甾醇（Ⅱ），神经酰胺（Ⅱ），鲨肝醇（Ⅳ）。其中（Ⅰ）是首次从该种软珊瑚中分离得到。     

产自两株海洋真菌的三种鞘脂类的结构测定

3种鞘脂类代谢产物N-2’-羟基十六碳酰基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-9-甲基-4E,8E-十八碳二烯-1-醇(A)、N-2’-羟基-3’E-十八碳烯酰基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-9-甲基-4E,8E-十八碳二烯-1-醇(B)和N-十六碳酰基二氢鞘氨醇(C)分别产生于来源于中国南海的2株海洋真菌(菌株编号为1924和3893),通过2DNMR、MS等方法测定了它们的结构。这是首次从南海红树内生真菌分离得到的3种鞘脂类代谢产物。     

豹皮菌中2－Amino－3－（1，2－dicarboxyethylthio）propanoic Acid非对映异构体的分离和鉴定

从豹皮菌中的新鲜子实体的乙醇提取物中分离得到一种ＮＭＤＡ受体格抗剂，经理化常数和波谱数据的测定鉴定为２－Ａｍｉｎｏ－３－（１，２－ｄｉｃａｒｂｏｘｙｅｔｈｙｌｔｈｉｏ）ｐｒｏｐａｎｏｉｃａｃｉｄ非对映异构体的混合物，该化合物是首次从豹皮菌中得到，经进一步分离，得到两种非对映体异构体。     

北沙参的化学成分研究

为了进一步研究药材北沙参(Glehnia littoralis F. Schmidt ex Miq)的药效物质基础,采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶色谱Sephadex LH-20和高效液相色谱方法,从药材北沙参中分离得到了8个化合物.运用IR、1DNMR、2DNMR及与文献比较,鉴定它们的结构分别为:羽扇豆醇(Ⅰ)、桦木醇(Ⅱ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅲ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅳ)、人参炔醇(Ⅴ)、法卡林二醇(Ⅵ)、(8E)-1,8-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,10-diol(Ⅶ)和异欧前胡素(Ⅷ).其中,化合物Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅳ为首次从该药材中分离得到.     

南海卡氏豆荚软珊瑚化学成分研究Ⅱ

动用光谱动用和ＧＣ－ＭＳ方法首次从卡氏豆荚软珊瑚Ｌｏｂｏｐｈｙｔｕｍｃａｔｅｌａｉ中分离和鉴定出８个化合物：１，十六碳酸；２，异丁基十六碳酸酯；３，鲨肝醇；４，十六酸丙酯；５，２，３－二羟基丙基十八酸酯；６。２β，３β－环氧基－５ａ－－雄甾烷－１７－醇；７，１４－甲基－５－α－胆甾－８－烯－３－酮；８，２α，３α－环氧基－５α－雄甾烷－１７－醇。     

冲绳海槽北部Rd—82和Rd—86孔氧同位素记录及其古环境分析

本文对冲绳海槽北部Ｒｄ－８２孔浮游有孔虫Ｎ．ｄｕｔｅｒｔｒｅｉ和Ｒｄ－８６孔Ｎ．ｄｕｔｅｒｔｒｅｉ及Ｇ．ｓａｃｃｕｌｉｆｅｒ的氧同位素记录进行了分析。Ｒｄ－８２孔浮游有孔虫的氧同位素组成可清晰地划分氧同位素１－４期，跨越地质时代０－７１ｋａ；Ｒｄ－８６孔可划分氧同位素１－４期及５ａ－５ｃ亚期，跨越地质时代为０－１１０ｋａ。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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