鄂尔多斯地块周缘大地震间相互作用研究

活动地块作为地质构造单元,其周缘的地震常常较为活跃,并且有时表现出大地震丛集发生的现象.鄂尔多斯地块处于受来自青藏高原NE向的主压应力等多重构造应力作用下的区域构造环境中,地块周缘大地震间相互作用的机制值得研究.本文以鄂尔多斯地块周缘的几次历史地震为例,分别研究了级联断层、地块同侧断层、地块不同侧断层间大地震间应力转移的现象,尝试对地块在其周缘发生大地震时的应力传递和转移行为获得新的认识.得到的结论有：1920年宁夏海原8 1/2级和1927年甘肃古浪8.0级地震分别使六盘山东麓断裂和香山-天景山断裂的大地震期望复发时间提前了800年和20年,六盘山东麓断裂当前的大地震危险性较高.1626年山西灵丘7级地震和1654年甘肃天水南8级地震分别使五台山北麓断裂的大地震复发期望时间提前了50年和279年,鄂尔多斯地块可能将其西南缘受到的部分库仑应力扰动传递到了东缘的五台山北麓断裂.     

鄂尔多斯活动地块周缘几次Ms6级地震前Ms4级地震活动的异常特征

简要地分析了鄂尔多斯活动地块周缘断陷盆地构造和历史地震分布特征,界定了鄂尔多斯活动地块周缘范围,以此范围选取了Ms4级地震资料。对比研宄了鄂尔多斯活动地块周缘几次Ms6级震例前Ms4级地震活动的时间分布和空间分布特点,研究结果显示：Ms4级地震活动在6级地震前时间上出现活跃-平静-打破平静的异常特征,空间上6级地震发生在4级地震活跃地区或4级地震的平静地区。在此基础上,给出了几次Ms6级震例前肘s4级地震显著活跃的震兆意义和需讨论的问题。     

鄂尔多斯地块区内地震活动特征的初步研究

本文根据历史强震资料、有感历史地震资料以及仪器地震记录,研究了鄂尔多斯地块内部地震活动的时间和空间分布特征,探讨了鄂尔多斯地块周缘地震带地震活动与地块区内地震活动的关系。研究表明,鄂尔多斯地块区内曾有多次MS≥5.0破坏性地震发生,为典型的中强地震活动区;地块区地震活动具有时空不均匀性,时间分布呈现出明显的分期特征,空间分布东南强西北弱;地块内部MS≥5.0中强地震活动与其周缘地震强震活动关系密切且主要受其东缘和南缘汾渭地震带MS≥6.0地震活动的控制。     

鄂尔多斯地块周缘近期地震活动趋势分析

依据青藏块体东北缘与鄂尔多斯地块相互作用的“轮闸模型”的有关结论,结合鄂尔多斯地块周缘近年来中强地震活动特征和震源机制解以及青藏块体的地震活动特征,研究了鄂尔多斯地块的现今运动状态.结果表明,鄂尔多斯地块目前继续受青藏块体东北缘强烈左旋压扭作用的控制,其自身构造运动仍处于被完全抑制状态,致使其周缘自1815 年以来的地震活动格局基本未变,而维持着原有的活动水平.     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘强震活动时空特征及地震危险性分析

采用公元 4 0 0～ 2 0 0 0年MS ≥ 6 .0地震资料 ,研究鄂尔多斯块体周缘 ( 34°～ 4 2°N ,1 0 4 .5°～ 1 1 4 .5°E)强震活动时空特征 .结果表明 ,鄂尔多斯周缘强震活动具有时间分期性、时空迁移有序性、填空性与重复性、大地震等间隔分布特点 .地震危险性分析表明下一个 7级地震可能发生在北部边缘的阴山地震带两端 .     

鄂尔多斯和塔里木地块运动与中国大陆强震关系探讨

本文在综合分析地质、 古地磁、 GPS和地震活动资料的基础上, 讨论了鄂尔多斯和塔里木地块的运动与中国大陆强震的关系。 鄂尔多斯和塔里木地块同为中国大陆古老、 完整、 坚固的地块, 内部结构简单。 而两个地块周缘断陷带或挤压造山带较破碎, 其内部结构较复杂。 综合研究表明, 鄂尔多斯地块的整体向东平移并叠加逆时针旋转的运动控制着周缘走滑断裂和地震活动; 塔里木地块向北平移叠加的顺时针旋转及向周缘造山带的俯冲导致周缘断裂和强震的发生。 尽管天山构造带为主要的地震带, 但塔里木地块与天山造山带边界的M_S≥6.0地震主要受塔里木地块运动的影响。 像鄂尔多斯和塔里木这样传统意义上的稳定地块, 实质上是边界强震的主要贡献者。 鄂尔多斯和塔里木完整坚固地块的整体运动, 对其周缘强震的发生起着关键作用。     

鄂尔多斯地块周缘及陕西地区地震活动的灰色预测

本文应用灰色系统理论GM(1,1)模型研究了鄂尔多斯地块周缘及陕西地区地震的集发现象,分别建立了地震集发段的灰色预测模型,得出鄂尔多斯地块周缘Ms≥5.5级地震的下一集发段为1987年至1994年,陕西地区Ms≥4.0级地震的下一集发段为1990年至1995年。经内测检验,所建模型具有较高的预测精度。     

鄂尔多斯及其周缘地热分布的某些特征

利用鄂尔多斯及其周缘的大地热流、地温梯度和地温分布等资料研究了其展布特征和差异性变化，并讨论了地热分布与地壳深浅构造的关系。认为，鄂尔多斯块体内大地热流、地温梯度值整体偏低，而其周缘地区则呈现出环状高值异常带。该区地震活动主要集中分布在鄂尔多斯周缘地区，即鄂尔多斯周缘存在着高热流、高地温梯度和地震丛集分布相统一的现象。这一现象说明，地热和地震活动之间存在着某种必然的联系。     

鄂尔多斯地块周缘地震活动周期及迁移特性

根据中国历史地震资料及现代地震观察资料,研究了鄂尔多斯地块周缘地震活动时间上的周期性及空间上的某些迁移特性。发现:地块周缘的地震活动有700—900年的活跃期;300—400年的活跃幕;20—30年的活跃段。在活跃期中,大震有绕地块周缘逆时针迁移趋势;在活跃幕、段中,中、强震有绕地块周缘顺、逆时针相间转动迁移趋势,并有对角、对边及反向迁移特征。     

渭河盆地现代地震活动特点分析

渭河盆地是环鄂尔多斯地块周缘大型断陷盆地之一。在环鄂尔多斯地块的4个边中,渭河盆地的现代地震活动属于最弱的一边,表现为环鄂尔多斯地块最大的地震空段。渭河盆地内部由多个次级断块组成,但它们对盆地内的现代地震活动控制却不明显。作为青藏高原东北缘紧邻的一个大型外侧盆地,盆地内的现代地震活动与青藏高原的大震活动存在着一定的响应,表现为伴随着青藏高原的大震活动,盆地内部的地震活动也明显增强。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.