有效发挥政府职能 推进防震减灾事业发展

防震减灾是国家公共安全的重要组成部分，事关人民群众生命财产安全和经济社会可持续发展。防震减灾是政府的一项重要职责，在工作中只有有效地发挥政府职能，整个防震减灾事业才能得以较快地发展。     

周恩来总理与我国的地震工作方针

周恩来总理与我国的地震工作方针王国治（中国北京国家地震局）周恩来同志生前是我国政府首脑，他把毕生的精力和心血无私地奉献给了国家和民族事业。他在保卫国土完整和国家安全；发展国民经济，提高人民生活水平；防御和减轻自然灾害，保障人民生命财产安全等，都做出了...     

对强化市县两级防震减灾工作的探讨

0前言构建和谐社会是建立在人口、资源、环境和安全四大要素基础上的发展战略,四者缺一不可。在安全要素中,地震灾害是自然灾害之首,能否做好防震减灾工作是事关人民生命安全,事关群众切身利益,事关经济社会可持续发展,事关落实以人为本执政理念的大事。要想实现我国政府提出的突出重点、全面防御,健全体系、加强管理,社会参与、共同抵御的战略部署,实现抗御6级地震的总体目标,市、县两级防震减灾工作的好坏是成败的关键。因此,进一步加强对市、县防震减灾工作的领导,建立健全市、县工作体系,强化市、县两级防震减灾工作的基础建设,是监测预…     

政府职能在减轻地震灾害中的作用

0前言 地震安全,事关人民群众生命财产安全和经济社会可持续发展。随着社会的发展和国家实力的增强,国家已把地震安全作为社会公共安全的重要组成部分,惨烈的2008年汶川大地震,更把地震安全推到了众人关注的地位。采取各种有效措施,最大限度地减轻地震灾害损失,已成为各级人民政府义不容辞的职责。     

试述地震预报的科学概念

地震是直接威胁人类生命财产安全的主要自然灾害之一。因此地震预报受到多地震国家、地区人民的关注,对地震学家具有强烈的吸引力。在我国,由于党和政府的高度重视,以及地震科     

山西省委常委、常务副省长李小鹏出席全省市（厅）级领导干部防震减灾管理培训班

2011年9月2日,省委常委、常务副省长李小鹏出席全省市（厅）级领导干部防震减灾管理培训班闭幕式并作重要讲话。李小鹏副省长指出,防震减灾事关经济社会发展大局,事关人民群众生命财产安全,做好防震减灾工作不仅是贯彻落实科学发展观的必然要求,也是推进我省转型跨越发展的客观需要。     

草原之火生死劫

草原火灾是破坏草地生态平衡、降低畜牧承载能力、促使草原退化,危害草原人民生命财产安全的世界性重大自然灾害之一。     

我国将举办自然灾害与减灾知识竞赛

我国是世界上自然灾害严重的少数国家之一。为推进减灾工作的协调发展,减轻自然灾害对人民生命财产和经济建设的危害,我国政府于1989年4月成立了中国国际减灾十年委员会。国务院副总理、中国国际减灾十年委员会主任田纪云同志对搞好减灾工作,特别强调了加强减灾宣传,提高全民减灾意识的重要意义。为此,中国国际减灾十年委员会办公室和国家科委社会发展科技司,定于1990年10月10日(     

增强责任感使命感最大限度减轻地震灾害——中国地震局局长陈建民在汶川地震抗震救灾一周年纪念大会上的讲话摘要

陈建民局长指出,党中央、国务院高度重视防震减灾工作。胡锦涛总书记在全国抗震救灾总结表彰大会和2008年两院院士大会上强调指出,“提高防灾减灾能力,是保护人民生命财产安全、保卫改革开放和社会主义现代化建设成果的必然要求,必须把防灾减灾工作作为关系经济社会发展全局的一项重大工作进一步抓紧抓好。要做好自然灾害规律研究、加强自然灾害监测和预警能力建设等六个方面的工作”。     

张掖市震灾预防和灾后重建工作

0前言在省委、省政府的正确领导下,在省地震局具体指导和大力支持下,张掖市政府和地震局认真贯彻“预防为主,防御与救助相结合”的防震减灾工作方针,始终把防震减灾工作当作事关人民生命财产安全、经济发展和社会稳定的大事来抓,切实加强对全市防震减灾工作的领导,狠抓震害预防     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...