火星磁层探测结果的分析研究

重点介绍和分析了国际上对火星磁层探测所取得的资料，并与地球和太阳系其他一些行星磁层进行了对比，简单介绍了火星磁层的理论研究概况，指出了目前火星磁层研究中的主要问题。     

数值模拟火星古发电机湮灭前磁场特征

火星地壳磁场观测结果表明,该行星目前已经丧失了由其内部发电机作用产生的行星尺度的本征磁场,只在其表面残留不对称分布的剩余磁场.通过MoSST行星液核发电机动力学模式的前期模拟工作发现,在火星古发电机"死亡"之前,很可能处于亚临界发电机状态(此时维持发电机所需能量小于激发发电机所需能量).为了解火星发电机湮灭前的磁场特征,本文选取该亚临界发电机区间内,Rayleigh数(表征驱动发电机能量的无量纲参数)=2480时的火星表面磁场数据,采用自然经验正交函数对其分析,结果表明:在火星古发电机湮灭过程中的亚临界发电机状态下,火星表面磁场形态是非轴向偶极子占优的;并频繁出现磁极倒转和漂移现象,该过程中其磁偶极距随时间呈非单调形态的衰减.     

数值模拟火星磁场古发电机：Rayleigh数对系统的影响

火星表面剩余磁场观测结果表明,火星内核曾经存在过活跃的发电机作用,利用MoSST行星发电机动力学模式模拟了火星古发电机在其活动过程中,系统状态随Rayleigh数Ra（表征发电机驱动浮力强度的重要无量纲参数）改变而变化的情况．模拟结果表明：Rayleigh数和系统中的平均磁场尺度之间呈非单调关系;核幔边界处磁场形态随着Rayleigh数改变而发生变化,尤其磁场的西向漂移速度随着Rayleigh数的减小而降低．     

火星弓激波的基本特征与位形模型

由于火星没有内禀磁场,太阳风可以直接与火星大气和电离层相互作用,并在火星上游形成弓激波.?过去几十年,利用弗伯斯2号(Phobos?2)、火星环球探测者号(MGS)、火星大气与挥发物演化(MAVEN)等探测器对火星空间磁场和等离子体的探测,研究人员对火星弓激波的基本特征、影响火星弓激波位形的主要因素开展了大量研究和探索...     

祝融号火星表面磁场探测仪的沿轨标定

作为中国首次火星探测计划“天问一号”任务的一部分,祝融号火星车于2021年5月15日成功着陆火星表面,并开始在乌托邦平原南部进行科学探测.祝融号火星表面磁场探测仪(RoMAG)是火星车上六个有效载荷之一,它由两个相同的高灵敏度三轴磁通门磁强计组成,随火星车在火星表面进行移动磁测量.尽管在发射前已经进行了火星车磁补偿以消除磁干扰,但由于有效载荷和太阳能电池板等在发射前后的状态不同,需要对磁强计进行沿轨校准,以获得更精确的火星磁场.本文分别利用桅杆偏航旋转和火星车偏航旋转两种方法确定火星水平磁分量.结果表明,两种方法测得的火星水平磁场分量具有较好的一致性,均方根偏差小于2.0nT.火星背景磁场垂直分量则可根据干扰场呈现偶极场分布的假设来约束.磁场测量值与太阳能帆板电流之间的线性相关关系可用于常规探测中的磁场校准,可以得到更精确的火星表面背景磁场.     

火星空间环境中电子通量的统计研究

火星空间环境中不同区域的电子分布在行星演化过程中扮演了重要的角色.然而,整个火星空间环境中电子的分布情况目前还不清楚.本文使用MAVEN航天器2015～2020年共6年的观测数据,统计研究了不同能量(30～5000 eV和20～1000 keV)的电子对应的微分能量通量在整个火星空间环境中的分布.通过统计研究,我们发现...     

火星古发电机及超大型撞击事件

火星高强度的地壳剩余磁场表明火星演化早期存在过活跃的发电机作用,研究结果显示火星演化早期的超大型撞击事件很可能是导致火星发电机“死亡”的重要原因.本文分别对火星古发电机数值模拟,超大型撞击事件及其对发电机作用影响的研究进展进行归纳总结,并基于目前研究现状提出下一步研究方案,为揭示超大型撞击事件是否导致火星发电机湮灭提供有效信息.     

火星感应磁场模型及其磁力线分布

本文利用火星具有电离层而无内禀磁场的特点以及它与太阳风相互作用的性质,通过适当的假设,建立了火星感应磁场模型.此模型建立如下,利用电流连续的特性: Δ·j=0 (j为感应电流)以及对火星磁层中的电流体系分布的合理假设给出电流,并由毕奥-萨伐尔定理得到火星周围的磁场强度的表达式;利用我们自编的磁力线跟踪程序由求得的磁场强度得到火星周围的磁力线分布.我们发现:利用此火星磁场模型得到的火星周围的磁力线分布与卫星观测的结果以及其他方法得到的结果符合的很好.     

“洞察”号能够完成火星内部结构探测的使命吗?

本文聚焦于“洞察”号(InSight)的SEIS项目,介绍它的主要科研目标,以及已有的初步探测与解释成果.作者试图就“洞察”号能在什么程度上实现对火星内部结构探测的科研目标作出评论.评论从三个方面展开:即它能够基本回答的问题,部分回答的问题,及基本上不可能回答的问题.基于到目前为止的观测事实,可以说SEIS的数据分析结果对“洞察”号着陆点附近的浅地表结构会有精细的描述;对火星壳层的局部结构会有相当的了解.有可能会对火星上部幔层结构提供一些比以前更为严密的约束.但是,到目前为止SEIS数据对人类加深对于火星核结构了解的贡献应该是相对有限的.主要原因是缺乏能量足够大的震源来产生传播于整个火星的波动场.     

火星磁鞘中小尺度磁洞发生率的观测

小尺度磁洞是一种尺度通常小于质子回旋半径的磁结构,其特征是该结构内的磁场强度相对于周围环境存在一个显著的减弱.这种结构可能与能量转换和粒子加速、磁场重联和动力学尺度上的湍流密切相关.最近,小尺度磁洞在金星和火星磁鞘中被报道.利用美国航天局MAVEN(Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN)卫星4个月的观测数据,本文统计分析了火星磁鞘中的小尺度磁洞的发生率.统计结果表明,小尺度磁洞主要出现在环境磁场强度在4≤B≤12 nT,等离子体的速度在250～450 km·s^-1,密度在3≤N≤12 cm^-3范围.在这个参数范围内,小尺度磁洞在背景太阳风流速相对更快、背景磁场相对更弱的时候发生率更高,且相对集中在背景密度在6～9 cm^-3之间.此外,靠近火星磁鞘中心的小尺度磁洞的发生率要高于磁鞘两侧,这意味着火星磁鞘可能是小尺度磁洞的一个源区.     

Numerical simulation of Martian historical dynamo: Impact of the Rayleigh number on the dynamo state

The observed Mars remnant magnetism suggests that there was an active dynamo in the Martian core. We use the MoSST core dynamics model to simulate the Martian historical dynamo, focusing on the variation of the dynamo states with the Rayleigh number Ra (a non-dimensional parameter describing the buoyancy force in the core). Our numerical results show that the mean field length scale does not vary monotonically with the Rayleigh number, and the field morphology at the core mantle boundary changes with Rayleigh number. In particular, it drifts westward with a speed decreasing with Rayleigh number. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40328006)     

Grain size dependent potential for self generation of magnetic anomalies on Mars via thermoremanent magnetic acquisition and magnetic interaction of hematite and magnetite

Early in the history of planetary evolution portions of Martian crust became magnetized by dynamo-generated magnetic field. A lateral distribution of the secondary magnetic field generated by crustal remanent sources containing magnetic carriers of certain grain size and mineralogy is able to produce an ambient magnetic field of larger intensity than preexisting dynamo. This ambient field is capable of magnetizing portions of deeper crust that cools through its blocking temperatures in an absence of dynamo. We consider both magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) as minerals contributing to the overall magnetization. Analysis of magnetization of magnetic minerals of various grain size and concentration reveals that magnetite grains less than 0.01 mm in size, and hematite grains larger than 0.01 mm in size can become effective magnetic source capable of magnetizing magnetic minerals contained in surrounding volume. Preexisting crustal remanence (for example ∼250 A/m relates to 25% of multi-domain hematite) can trigger a self-magnetizing process that can continue in the absence of magnetic dynamo and continue strengthening and/or weakening magnetic anomalies on Mars. Thickness of the primary magnetic layer and concentration of magnetic carriers allow specification of the temperature gradient required to trigger a self-magnetization process.     

Investigating the ancient Martian magnetic field using microwaves

The new microwave palaeointensity technique has been used to investigate samples from the Martian meteorite Nakhla. This technique is a promising new way to obtain absolute palaeointensity information regarding the ancient Martian magnetic field as recorded by the Martian meteorites. Assuming that a part of the magnetic remanence is of thermal origin and originating on Mars the two samples studied yield estimates of 4 μT for the Martian magnetic field at 1.35 Ga.     

Interaction of the solar wind with Mars from Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER observations

The observations of the magnetometer/electron reflectometer (MAG/ER) investigation onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) have greatly contributed to improve our understanding of the interaction of the solar wind with Mars. These observations established conclusively that a global dynamo-generated magnetic field does not exist at Mars, and that the interaction with solar wind is of the atmospheric type. This article reviews the most important results obtained from MGS MAG/ER on the study of two major features in the Mars solar wind interaction. The first feature is the occurrence of large-amplitude, highly coherent waves at the proton cyclotron frequency in the region upstream from the Martian bow shock. The second feature is the magnetic pileup boundary (MPB), a well-defined plasma boundary inside of which the planetary exospheric ions outnumber the solar wind ions. The study of these two elements is crucial to characterize the properties of the Martian exosphere. In addition, the occurrence of an MPB at comets and Venus reveals common processes to all these unmagnetized atmospheric bodies in spite of their different physical nature and characteristic scales.     

The present-day atmosphere of Mars: Where does it come from?

Recent observations and missions to Mars have provided us with new insight into the past habitability of Mars and its history. At the same time they have raised many questions on the planet evolution. We show that even with the few data available we can propose a scenario for the evolution of the Martian atmosphere in the last three billion years. Our model is obtained with a back integration of the Martian atmosphere, and takes into account the effects of volcanic degassing, which constitutes an input of volatiles, and atmospheric escape into space. We focus on CO₂, the predominant Martian atmospheric gas.Volcanic CO₂ degassing rates are obtained for different models of numerical model crust production rates [Breuer, D., Spohn, T. 2003. Early plate tectonics versus single-plate tectonics on Mars: Evidence from magnetic field history and crust evolution. J. Geophys. Res. - Planets, 108, E7, 5072, Breuer, D., Spohn, T., 2006. Viscosity of the Martian mantle and its initial temperature: Constraints from crust formation history and the evolution of the magnetic field. Planet. Space Sci. 54 (2006) 153–169; Manga, M., Wenzel, M., Zaranek, S.E., 2006. Mantle Plumes and Long-lived Volcanism on Mars as Result of a Layered Mantle. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2006, Abstract #P31C-0149.] and constrained on observation. By estimating the volatile contents of the lavas, the amount of volatiles released in the atmosphere is estimated for different scenarios. Both non-thermal processes (related to the solar activity) and thermal processes are studied and non-thermal processes are incorporated in our modelling of the escape [Chassefière, E., Leblanc, F., Langlais, B., 2006, The combined effects of escape and magnetic field history at Mars. Planet. Space Sci. Volume 55, Issue 3, Pages 343–357.]. We used measurements from ASPERA and Mars Express and these models to estimate the amount of lost atmosphere.An evolution of the CO₂ pressure consistent with its present state is then obtained. A crustal production rate of at least 0.01 km³/year is needed for the atmosphere to be at steady state. Moreover, we show that for most of the scenarios a rapid loss of the primary (and primordial) atmosphere due to atmospheric escape is required in the first 2 Gyr in order to obtain the present-day atmosphere. When CO₂ concentration in the mantle is high enough (i.e. more than 800 ppm), our results imply that present-day atmosphere would have a volcanic origin and would have been created between 1 Gyr and 2 Gyr ago even for models with low volcanic activity. If the volcanic activity and the degassing are intense enough, then the atmosphere can even be entirely secondary and as young as 1 Gyr. However, with low activity and low CO₂ concentration (less than 600 ppm), the present-day atmosphere is likely to be for the major part primordial.     

火星环境探测结果分析

本文对空间飞行器所观测取得的火星环境的资料进行了分析研究，并对有关火星磁层和电离层及其与太阳风机相互作用的研究结果进行了概述。     

The Riga Dynamo Experiment

Cosmic magnetic fields, including the magnetic field of the Earth,are produced by the homogeneous dynamo effect in moving electricallyconducting fluids. We sketch the history of the underlying theoryand comment on previous attempts to realize homogeneous dynamos inthe laboratory. For the main part, we report on two series ofexperiments carried out at the Riga dynamo facility. In November1999 a slowly growing magnetic field eigenmode was observed forthe first time in a liquid metal experiment. In July 2000, themagnetic field saturation regime was studied and a number ofinteresting back-reaction effects were observed. A preliminaryinterpretation of the measured data is also presented.     

The initial temporal evolution of a feedback dynamo for Mercury

Various possibilities are currently under discussion to explain the observed weakness of the intrinsic magnetic field of planet Mercury. One of the possible dynamo scenarios is a dynamo with feedback from the magnetosphere. Due to its weak magnetic field, Mercury exhibits a small magnetosphere whose subsolar magnetopause distance is only about 1.7 Hermean radii. We consider the magnetic field due to magnetopause currents in the dynamo region. Since the external field of magnetospheric origin is antiparallel to the dipole component of the dynamo field, a negative feedback results. For an αΩ-dynamo, two stationary solutions of such a feedback dynamo emerge: one with a weak and the other with a strong magnetic field. The question, however, is how these solutions can be realized. To address this problem, we discuss various scenarios for a simple dynamo model and the conditions under which a steady weak magnetic field can be reached. We find that the feedback mechanism quenches the overall field to a low value of about 100–150 nT if the dynamo is not driven too strongly.     

Small-Scale Magnetic Helicity and Nonlinear Stabilization of the Dynamo

According to present-day ideas, nonlinear saturation of the astrophysical dynamo and, in particular, the solar dynamo, are based on the consideration of the magnetic helicity balance, to which the helicities of the large-scale magnetic field and small-scale field related to it contributed. We show that, in a mirrorasymmetric medium, the small-scale magnetic field generated by the small-scale dynamo also has a nonzero magnetic helicity, which also should be taken into account in the magnetic helicity balance.