长江三峡工程庙河—奉节库段水库诱震危险性分析

本文分析了三峡工程水库诱发地震的诱震条件,认为庙河～奉节库段诱震危险性较大。同时,根据世界上44座诱震水库的统计资料,考虑库深、库容、应力场、断层活动性及介质条件五个因素,用概率统计法对发震强度进行了预测;从发生构造型水库地震角度,对水库地震的震级上限进行了估算。预测了可能的发震地段,结果是:该库段存在诱发Ms≥5级地震的可能性,但最高上限不会超过6级。可能的发震地段为巴东方、荒口、水田坝～狮子岩和神天观等地.     

水库诱发地震机制研究

根据摩尔－库仑破裂准则，利用库区应力摩尔圆的移动和半径的变化以及岩石破裂线的变动，分析了库区不同区域的诱震机制，指出水库诱发地震易发生在断裂带及其附近，断层穿过库心正下方时大大增加诱震的危险性；分级蓄水则可以减小诱发快速响应型地震的可能性。     

统计预测模型对三峡库区诱发地震预测的应用

通过实地考察并结合前人的研究成果,在地震地质背景研究的基础上,将长江三峡工程坝址至巫山库段划分为5个预测区共12个预测单元,选用8个诱震因素,运用统计预测模型预测了水库诱发地震的可能性及诱发地震震级。结果表明,库水蓄至最高水位,三峡工程坝址至巫山库段中多数预测单元诱发微震和不发生地震的概率值高,无震可能性较大。但九湾溪断层沿线、仙女山断层库段具备诱发3.0～4.5级或4.5～6.0级地震的可能;考虑到龙会观5.1级地震与高桥断裂的关系,预测结果显示高桥断裂沿线具有诱发强烈水库地震(≥6.0级)的可能性,其预测概率值为0.23     

从新丰江水库地震的环境条件讨论水诱发地震的研究及其预测

新丰江水库诱发6.1级地震与库区存在库水渗透(漏)—储积(存)及孕(诱)震的活动构造有关。水库诱发地震预测应重视库区总体环境条的研究。对比新丰江库及长江三峡水库的环境组合条件,认为三峡水库三斗坪坝址诱发水库地震的可能性很小,而庙河一香溪库段存在有利干诱震的环境因子,发震的可能性较大,但其震级将不超过5 1/2级。     

贵州洪家渡电站水库诱发地震前期研究

本文通过地质构造背景、岩溶条件、光弹模拟实验分析,对洪家渡水库可能存在的诱震条件进行研究。在归纳云贵岩溶地区水库地震诱震条件的基础上,用水库地震类比的方法,对洪家渡水库地震进行预测。研究结果认为,洪家渡水库在蓄水至设计水位的1—5年内可能诱发地震。     

重庆三江口水库诱发地震分析研究

通过野外地震地质调查并参考前人研究成果,分析三江口水库区的地质构造背景、地震活动性及水文地质条件等资料,对该水库诱发地震的可能性进行分析。构造类比法分析表明:蓄水后发生构造型水库诱发地震的可能性较小,但有可能发生岩溶塌陷型水库诱发地震。概率预测法分析表明:库首段(新滩子—狮狸弯)发震概率较小,仅为0.02;库中段(狮狸弯—牛鼻子)岩溶不太发育,诱震可能性较小,不发震的概率为0.96;库尾段(牛鼻子—峡马口)有可能诱发微震,发震(M3.0)概率为0.10。     

龙滩水库诱发地震危险性研究(英文)

位于广西与贵州边界的、红水河上游的(?)滩水利枢纽工程,属特大型工程。因此研究蓄水后诱发地震的危险性是重要的技术难题之一。本文利用概率预测法,断层稳定分析法,数值模拟法等对于蓄水后发震可能性及可能部位作了估计;利用综合影响参数与震级关系式和两级综合模糊评判方法对于可能的最大诱震强度做了估算。最终认为,该水库蓄水后诱发地震的可能性较高,有可能诱发中强地震,可能的发震位在大坝西10—20公里左右,对大坝的影响为Ⅶ度。     

水库诱发地震中的断层响应分析

通过对过去近半个世纪水库诱发地震资料的分析,认为水库诱发地震的诱发因素尽管复杂,但一些国内外水库诱发震例表明,水库诱发地震的断层响应现象是明显的,这种现象由水库诱发地震的非均匀分布性、集中呈带性、地震带与水库位置关系的非确定性、地震带沿库区某些断层展布等方面所反映.     

论褶皱构造在水库诱发地震中的作用

水库诱发地震（简称水库地震）问题是一个因扰水电工程设计部门的重要问题。但关于水库地震的成因机制许多学者尚存在着不同的看法。笔者根据自己的实际工作体会认为,水库地震产生的主因应当是库水的地下渗漏。照此思路,笔者通过对两个诱震实例的分析,简单地阐述了褶皱构造的存在对库水地下渗漏可能带来的影响,并认为褶皱构造是通过其伴生的裂隙、断层为库水下渗提供了途径,在褶皱由高渗透性岩石构成情况下更是如此。     

珊溪水库M_L4.6震群精确定位与发震构造研究

利用浙江、福建区域地震台网和珊溪水库台网给出的P波走时资料,通过震源位置和速度结构联合反演方法,重新确定了珊溪水库地震的震源参数。并通过假设发震断层可以用一个平面进行拟合的思路,利用重新确定的震源参数拟合得到了发震断层面参数。收集了2267条P波到时数据,求解了ML4.0以上地震震源机制解,结合水库区的断层活动性特征和宏观调查资料,讨论了珊溪水库地震序列的发震构造。     

RELIABILITY BASED ANALYSIS ON RESERVOIR INDUCED EARTHQUAKES

Reservoir induced earthquakes (RIE) are caused by impoundment of reservoir,with the characteristics of small magnitude and shallow focal depth,but they can also lead to not only economic loss,but also many serious secondary disasters,such as dam destruction,landslide,producing greater damages far more than the damages directly produced by earthquakes.So study on RIE is quite significant in the field of dam construction,thus more attentions should be paid to RIE.There are many factors to induce reservoir earthquakes,such as geological condition,rock mass mechanical index,state of crustal stress,pore pressure distribution,all of which are extremely difficult to measure due to the presence of many randomness;even if applying most advanced methods to measure them,the values fluctuate in great range,without a certain value in time and space.The great variety of these parameters gives rise to troubles to analyze RIE by deterministic approaches.How to handle the randomness of these factors has become vital problem in the field of RIE research.In this study,based on probability theory,and taking the main influence factors as stochastic variables,a new method to analyze probability of RIE was proposed by applying reliability theory.Firstly,the factors inducing reservoir earthquakes were analyzed,of which pore pressure in fault caused by water impounding of reservoir plays a vital role in triggering earthquakes.Then,taking these factors,including attitude,friction coefficient,cohesion of fault plane,stress state of fault plane and pore pressure in fault,as stochastic variables,performance function of triggering earthquakes was established by applying Coulomb stress on the fault plane,and reliability theory was used to analyze probability of earthquake induced by main factors.A special case analysis showed that:(1) The probability of induced earthquakes dramatically increases as pore pressure in fault increases;under the condition of equal pore pressure at triggering earthquakes area,probability of induced earthquakes obviously rises with enlarging of variation of pore pressure;(2) those faults with strike approximately parallel to horizontal maximum principal stress direction or with steep dip angle about more than 60° are prone to inducing earthquake;(3) as horizontal minimum principal stress increases,which has greater effect on induced earthquakes than horizontal maximum principal stress,probability of induced earthquakes becomes lower and fault keeps in more stable condition;(4) probability of induced earthquakes gradually decreases with the increase of friction coefficient and cohesion of fault plane;However,the effect of friction coefficient on induced earthquakes is much greater than the cohesion of fault plane.     

新疆克孜尔水库地震危险性预测研究

应用库区多项形变观测资料，对克孜尔水库蓄水后出现的形变异常及诱发水库地震的危险性进行了研究。结果认为：①穿过水库大坝的F2活断层在水后出现水平和垂直形变的特大异常变化主要是前期水库施工开挖土石方、填筑土石方及水库蓄水引起地面负荷变化的综合效应所致；②克孜尔水库虽然存在诱发水库地震的潜在因素，但从库容、坝高、F2活断层产状、地质构造背景、水地质条件、岩性以及世界各国发生水库 诱发地震的充分条件；③由库区各项形变观测资料分析表明，库区地壳形变已由施工－蓄水初期时的反向异常变化恢复到了施工蓄水前的正常变化状态，各种受力因素经过调整达到了新的平衡，已进入相对稳定的继承性运动期，因此今后因蓄水诱发水库地震的可能性不大。     

浙江珊溪水库2014年震群活动发震机理研究

本文使用双差定位法对2014年9月12日至12月30日浙江珊溪水库发生的4184次地震进行重定位,并采用CAP方法对11次M_L≥3.0地震事件的震源机制解进行反演,讨论了震群序列的活动特征及其与断裂之间的关系,分析了水库水位与地震之间的关系.重新定位的结果显示,在空间分布上,2014年震群序列发生在2006年震群序列NW向延伸的方向上,两者形成一条线性条带,该条带平行分布于双溪—焦溪垟断裂南侧.重定位得到的震源主要在0.7—6 km深度范围内分层分布,垂直于地震条带走向的震源剖面刻画出的结构面以高角度倾向SW.震源机制解结果显示多数地震为走滑型,均存在一个与地震条带走向一致的NW向节面,呈右旋走滑错动性质.考虑到断裂的定位误差,线性分布的震群活动极有可能沿双溪—焦溪垟断裂的破裂面活动,精定位的震源位置和震源机制刻画出了该断裂的几何结构和活动性质.但由于多数地震的震源深度在6 km以上,因此震群活动不能归为双溪—焦溪垟断裂活动的结果,即双溪—焦溪垟断裂不是这两次震群的发震构造,而且仍然属于水库诱发地震,而水库地震存在激发该断裂发生构造地震的可能.水库水位上升或者下降与震群活动关系不大,震群活动有随时间进一步增强的趋势, 可能是库水沿库底断层破裂面长期渗透和扩散增加了孔隙压所致.      

The 14 April 2012 Koyna Earthquake of M<Subscript>w</Subscript> 4.8: insights into active tectonics of the Koyna region

The 14 April 2012 earthquake of M_w 4.8 is the best monitored event in the Koyna region, a globally significant site of reservoir triggered seismicity in western India. Hence, investigation of this event assumes great importance, also considering its epicentral location close to that of the 1967 Koyna earthquake of M 6.3, the world’s largest reservoir triggered earthquake. Inversion of P-wave amplitude data along with the first motion polarities at 30 digital seismic stations provides a well-constrained strike-slip type focal mechanism solution, similar to that of the 1967 earthquake. The mechanism is further confirmed by moment tensor inversion of 3-component waveform data recorded at the three nearest broadband stations. The depth distribution of the aftershocks clearly delineates a NNE-SSW trending fault plane dipping about 78° to the WNW and coinciding with the trend of the Donachiwada fault, as well as the left-lateral fault plane of the focal mechanism solution obtained. The precise location, focal mechanism and the seismicity distribution from our dense network indicate that the activity in the Koyna region is mainly controlled by the NNE-SSW trending Donachiwada (D) fault zone rather than the Koyna River Fault Zone (KRFZ) on the west as suggested previously.     

新疆克孜尔震群活动与水库蓄水关系研究

分析了拜城县克孜尔水库附近震群的活动特征、跨断层（Ｆ２）形变测量资料及库区的地质构造和水文地质条件，认为库区附近的震群活动与水库蓄水无关，亦不属于水库诱发地震，而且不是由于Ｆ２断层活动所致。     

水库地震的综合概率增益预测法研究

在水库地震预测中首次引进了地震概率增益综合预测模型,叙述了该方法的基本原理;探讨了影响水库地震最大震级发生的因素;结合中国水库及其水库地震震例资料,对水库地震综合影响因素E值、库容、库水深度因素或指标预测水库地震最大震级的效能R值和经验概率增益K值进行了统计和评价,表明概率增益综合预测能够对各种预测方法预测水库地震的效果进行定量分析。在此基础上,选择国内外若干水库进行了水库地震最大震级回溯性检验,表明该方法作为一种新的水库地震最大震级预测方法是可行的     

利用三维孔隙弹性模型探讨紫坪铺水库对汶川地震的影响

本文基于三维孔隙弹性理论,建立了紫坪铺水库及周边地区的有限元模型.根据紫坪铺水库开始蓄水到汶川地震发震时刻的水位变化情况,计算了整个区域的孔隙压力和库仑应力.详细讨论了断层及周围地层的弹性模量和扩散系数对计算结果的影响.计算结果表明:从弹性角度看,断层的弹性模量对汶川地震震源处的库仑应力影响很小;震源处的库仑应力随着断层和周围地层的扩散系数增大而增大.当给定弹性模量和扩散系数代表性值的时候,计算结果表明在汶川地震发震时刻,震源处的库仑应力变化量为+1 kPa左右,这表明紫坪铺水库使得汶川地震发震断层更加危险.是否这个量级的库仑应力就能够触发汶川地震还需要进一步探讨.通过分析库区周边小震的分布,发现小震分布区域均是库仑应力增加的地区,因此紫坪铺水库周边的小震应该与紫坪铺水库蓄水有直接关系.     

Research status of earthquake forecasting in hydraulicfracturing induced earthquakes

In the new types of industrial activities including unconventional energy extraction associated with shale gas and hot dry rock, gas reservoir operations, CO2 geological storage, undergoing research on induced earthquake forecasting has become one of the forward positions of current seismology. As for the intense actual demand, the immature research on induced earthquake forecasting has already been applied in pre-assessment of site safety and seismic hazard and risk management. This work will review systematically recent advances in earthquake forecasting induced by hydraulic fracturing during industrial production from four aspects: earthquake occurrence probability, maximum expected magnitude forecasting, seismic risk analysis for engineering and social applications and key scientific problems. In terms of earthquake occurrence probability, we introduce statistical forecasting models such as an improved ETAS and non-stationary ETAS and physical forecasting models such as Seismogenic Index (SI) and hydro-mechanism nucleation. Research on maximum expected magnitude forecasting has experienced four stages of linear relationship with net injection volume of fluid, power exponential relationship and physical forecasting regarding fault parameters. For seismic risk analysis, we focus on probabilistic seismic hazard assessment and quantitative geological susceptibility model. Furthermore, this review is extended to key scientific problems that contain obtaining accurate fault scale and environmental stress state of reservoir, critical physical process of runaway rupture, complex mechanism of fault activation as well as physical mechanism and modeling of trailing effect. This work in understanding induced earthquake forecasting may contribute to unconventional energy development and production, seismic hazard mitigation, emergency management and scientific research as a reference.