高精度GPS形变监测网数据处理的理论与方法

分析了高精度GPS形变监测网数据处理中系统误差的影响,给出了顾及系统误差影响的自由网平差模型;针对粗差在GPS观测数据中存在的广泛性,在对平差模型进行整体性检验的基础上,采用检验方法消除粗差对平差结果的影响;结合抗差估计,对中国地壳运动观测网络工程1999～2003年观测数据进行了处理,验证了模型的精度和可靠性.     

GPS网平差中定权问题研究

GPS观测数据之间大多存在比较强的相关性，同时还包含粗差、系统误差及偶然误差。传统的方法是利用先验方差阵进行经典平差，提出在保持相关观测量间相关性不变的条件下，用标称精度改正权进行经典平差，通过实验数据分析和比较，采用此方法对GPS网进行平差可取得满意的结果。     

用拟准检定法和补偿最小二乘估计解算污染半参数模型

现代自动化测绘技术采集的测量数据中系统误差和粗差都在所难免,需要同时考虑系统误差和粗差共存的平差问题.针对污染半参数模型中含有系统误差和观测值受到污染而不严格服从正态分布的情形,文章探讨了用拟准检定法抵御粗差,用补偿最小二乘法分离系统误差.算例表明:用拟准检定法对粗差进行定位定值并对观测误差进行修正后,再利用补偿最小二乘法解算半参数模型,可以得到较好的结果.     

系统偏差和观测粗差对不同期观测GPS网结果的影响

为确保不同期观测GPS网平差结果的正确性,必须考虑观测粗差、基准位移以及不同期观测间系统偏差对参数结果的影响。通过附加尺度和方位的函数模型,将基准位移、系统偏差统一看成"观测粗差",通过抗差估计来控制其对参数的影响。最后通过固定基准的最小二乘、抗差最小二乘、自适应序贯平差和抗差自适应序贯平差计算了一实测GPS网,结果表明采用该方法能取得满意的效果。     

条件平差模型两种粗差检验方法的等价性

针对测量数据处理中常用的条件平差模型,该文介绍了条件平差模型按残差进行粗差探测的方法和实施步骤,导出了条件平差模型按观测值偏差进行粗差探测的公式,证明了当观测误差独立时,这两种检验方法对于检验单个粗差的等价性。并通过算例证实了直接利用偏差估值构建的检验单个独立观测值的统计量与按残差构建的统计量完全相同。     

抗差高斯-雅克比组合平差法

基于粗差出现的频率信息,建立了观测污染分布模型和粗差数目二项分布模型,讨论了超定方程组基础解粗差分群的性质。通过对基础解解集进行聚类分析,提取基础解解集的零粗差分群,并提出了抗差高斯雅克比组合平差法。以GPS伪距单点定位为例,利用观测方程基础解的零粗差分群进行了抗差高斯雅可比组合平差。算例表明,即使杠杆观测为粗差观测,抗差高斯雅可比组合平差法仍具有高效性和稳健性。     

GPS网平差中异常观测的平差补偿方法

首先分析了异常观测信息对参数结果的影响;然后以假设检验为手段通过残差向量构造粗差判别统计量,以一定的置信水平判定哪个观测值可能含有异常,有针对性地在相应的观测方程中引入新的平差参数。通过附加参数的平差补偿模型求出异常大小,从而控制异常数据对结果的影响。实测GPS算例表明,通过该方法能够有效地抵制参数先验信息异常的影响,并能解出异常误差的大小。     

GPS网平差中异常观测的平差补偿方法

首先分析了异常观测信息对参数结果的影响;然后以假设检验为手段通过残差向量构造粗差判别统计量,以一定的置信水平判定哪个观测值可能含有异常,有针对性地在相应的观测方程中引入新的平差参数。通过附加参数的平差补偿模型求出异常大小,从而控制异常数据对结果的影响。实测GPS算例表明,通过该方法能够有效地抵制参数先验信息异常的影响,并能解出异常误差的大小。     

选权拟合的粗差参数化平差模型

由于数据探测法、多维粗差同时定位与定值法、拟准检定法以及部分最小二乘法不能同时解算待估参数和粗差,提出了基于选权拟合的粗差参数化平差模型。首先推导了选权拟合的等价模型;在此基础上提出了参数化粗差的平差模型。由于粗差参数化之后观测系统呈现出不适定性,因此,对非粗差部分采取平方和最小的约束,实际上是构造虚拟观测方程。但是,由于事先并不知道粗差的位置,提出了通过搜索来构造虚拟观测方程系数矩阵的方法。算例表明,这种方法用于GPS单点定位可以有效地消除粗差观测的影响。     

同步卫星观测误差的分布规律及处理

本文利用经典平差方法对鑫诺卫星的观测数据进行处理,采用偏度、峰度正态假设检验其残差值是否服从偶然分布,进而判断参数估计结果可靠与否。检验结果表明,残差时间序列的频率直方图不服从正态分布,最小二乘平差方法在处理此观测数据所得到的估计结果是不可靠的。鑫诺卫星观测数据不仅含有偶然误差,还存在系统误差等。本文采用数字滤波方法模型化系统误差及迭代平差的方法,达到提高数据处理精度的目的。     

Graph Theory Applications to GPS Networks

This paper aims at presenting a new perspective of GPS networks, based on principles from graph theory, which are used to describe some connectivity properties of GPS networks. This is possible using a directed, connected graph and an incidence matrix. As the incidence matrix maintains information about the GPS graphy, the fundamental set of independent loops in the GPS network can be read from the incidence matrix. A spanning tree serves as a primary tool in locating the independent loops. According to the loop law the coordinate differences around loops sum up to zero. The measured vectors contain random and gross errors. Hence, if the entire independent loops sums are less than a certain threshold in three components, we can guarantee that there are no gross errors in the observations. The fundamental set of independent loops, based on different spanning trees, is used to detect gross errors in the observations without using adjustment computation. We use a small, simulated network containing gross errors to demonstrate the proposed algorithm. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Uncertainty in GPS Networks due to Remaining Systematic Errors: The Interval Approach

A realistic assessment of the total uncertainty budget of Global Positioning System (GPS) observations and its adequate mathematical treatment is a basic requirement for all analysis and interpretation of GPS-derived point positions, in particular GPS heights, and their respective changes. This implies not only the random variability but also the remaining systematic errors. At present in geodesy, the main focus is on stochastic approaches in which errors are modeled by means of random variables. Here, an alternative approach based on interval mathematics is presented. It allows us to model and to quantify the impact of remaining systematic errors in GPS carrier-phase observations on the final results using deterministic error bands. In this paper, emphasis is given to the derivation of the observation intervals based on influence parameters and to the study of the complex linear transfer of this type of uncertainty to estimated point positions yielding zonotopes. From the presented simulation studies of GPS baselines, it turns out that the uncertainty due to remaining systematic effects dominates the total uncertainty budget for baselines longer than 200 km.     

利用附加系统误差参数的升降轨InSAR-GPS数据融合方法建立三维形变场

针对合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）监测形变时高空间分辨率的优势以及GPS监测数据高精度、高时间分辨率的特点,对升、降轨InSAR与GPS数据融合获取高精度的三维形变场的方法展开研究。提出以高精度的GPS观测值为约束,对升、降轨InSAR观测方程分别添加一个跟点的位置有关的系统误差函数,以对InSAR数据中残留的系统误差进行修正,减弱或消除系统误差的影响。模拟数据和实测数据表明,该方法能够有效地补偿不同轨道InSAR数据与GPS数据间的系统误差影响,且计算简单;采用附加系统误差参数的升、降轨InSAR-GPS综合形变分析模型建立的三维形变场具有更高的精度。     

Method for determining weight matrix for resolving three-dimensional surface deformation using Multi-LOS D-InSAR technology

Three-dimensional surface deformation is resolved using deformations obtained from multiple line of sight differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (multi-LOS D-InSAR). However, the random model is susceptible to both accidental errors (such as errors due to noises) and system errors (such as orbital errors and topographic errors). To solve this problem, we present a weight-determining method based on high-precision global positioning system (GPS) observations. Specifically, the precision of multi-LOS D-InSAR deformation observations is evaluated based on high-precision GPS deformation observations from the same period. Then, by considering the influence of system errors and accidental errors on the deformation of a pixel observed by multi-LOS D-InSAR, a combined fitting model associated with the positions and elevations of a pixel is built. Finally, the precision of deformations from multi-LOS D-InSAR is evaluated pixel-by-pixel by using the built model. As a result, the weights of observations in the model for resolving three-dimensional surface deformation using multi-LOS D-InSAR can be determined. We verify the feasibility and precision of the weight-determining method through a simulation experiment and a real data experiment, respectively. The verification results show that the proposed weight-determining method based on high-precision GPS observations provides higher reliability for the resolved three-dimensional surface deformation.     

Accuracy improvement of zenith tropospheric delay estimation based on GPS precise point positioning algorithm

In the precise point positioning(PPP),some impossible accurately simulated systematic errors still remained in the GPS observations and will inevitably degrade the precision of zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD) estimation.The stochastic models used in the GPS PPP mode are compared.In this paper,the research results show that the precision of PPP-derived ZTD can be obviously improved through selecting a suitable stochastic model for GPS measurements.Low-elevation observations can cover more troposphere informat...     

带有未知物理信息的边坡监测滤波算法

为合理利用边坡的几何信息和物理信息,控制几何观测异常对形变参数估计的影响,建立了一种带有未知系统误差的滤波模型,并给出了一种基于移动窗口的系统误差自适应拟合法,同时给出了相应的状态预测向量的协方差矩阵估计方法。GPS监测网的计算结果表明,该算法可以通过拟合地球物理信息来减弱观测异常所带来的影响,提高形变参数解算精度。     

城市环境GPS/UWB组合系统定位精度研究

GPS可见卫星数量不足使得观测方程抗差性下降,在城市环境下一般难以精确定位。文章通过GPS/UWB组合定位抑制GPS观测粗差对定位精度的影响,提升组合系统的定位性能。实验证明,组合系统较GPS单系统在观测值数量、RDOP值、浮点解精度、双差模糊度浮点解精度和固定解精度方面均得到大幅改善。文章认为,借助UWB优秀的测距性能有效地提高了GPS的生存能力,特别是在城市峡谷等GPS信号遮挡严重的环境下应加设一定数量的UWB基准站,保证用户定位的连续性与准确性。     

BDS/GPS组合定位可靠性分析与粗差探测研究

全球导航卫星系统多系统融合定位是未来无人驾驶等智能应用的关键基础设施,无人驾驶等智能应用经常需要面对城市等复杂环境,由于受到建筑物的遮挡与多路径的影响,观测值出现误差的概率也在不断增加,因此分析多系统融合定位可靠性并进行粗差的探测识别,确保定位结果准确可靠具有重要意义。基于可靠性理论与假设检验粗差探测方法,采用MGEX(multi-GNSS experiment)测站数据进行可靠性评估与粗差探测实验。实验结果表明,BDS(BeiDou navigation satellite system)/GPS(global positioning system)组合下,双频IF(ionospheric-free)组合定位解算的最小可探测粗差与最大不可探测粗差对定位的影响值较单BDS解算分别下降了7.105 m、22.368 m,双系统较单系统可靠性提升明显。BDS/GPS组合下,双频IF组合定位解算的最小可探测粗差与最大不可探测粗差对定位的影响向量较单频解算结果下降了4.105 m、1.621 m,双频数据较单频数据的可靠性更优。基于可靠性评估结果开展了模拟粗差探测实验,结果表明,双频观测值包含...     

利用序列平均的高精度GPS基线解算模型

系统分析了改进随机模型和改进函数模型两类GPS基线解算模型的优缺点,在此基础上,提出了一种基于序列平均的高精度GPS基线解算模型,即采用动态单历元技术进行静态基线解算,充分利用多路径效应的低频特性,采用小波变化理论,对坐标序列进行多路径效应的去除,提取低频残差项进行序列平均,得到基线向量解。同时,以动态坐标序列为依据,对出现粗差历元或者卫星进行处理,有效弥补了仅采用残差序列进行粗差判断的不足,提高了基线解算的精度和可靠性。实验表明,新模型可以更为有效地削弱多路径效应的影响,而且对于较短的观测时间尤为突出;结合坐标序列和残差序列,能更为有效地进行粗差的探测和去除,提高基线解的精度和可靠性。