天山乌鲁木齐河源区1号冰川运动速度特征及其动力学模拟

冰川运动造成了冰川物质的再分布,改变了冰体所处的水、热环境,维系了冰川的动态平衡.冰川表面速度是冰川运动的基本体征,通过对天山乌鲁木齐河源区1号冰川2006-2008年连续2 a的月观测,获得了冰川表面运动速度的时、空变化特征,并对其进行了动力学模拟验证.结果表明:冰川运动速度分布是冰川厚度、冰面坡度及冰川基岩形态等因素综合作用的结果,而厚度的改变是运动速度季节性变化的主要影响因素.     

祁连山东段宁缠河1号冰川和水管河4号冰川表面运动速度研究

祁连山东段冷龙岭北坡冰川融水是河西走廊重要的水源补给,然而却少有现代冰川运动观测资料. 通过在该区域宁缠河1号和水管河4号冰川布设花杆,观测了冰川表面的运动速度. 结果表明：2010-2012年,面积较大的水管河4号冰川表面年平均运动速度(5.2 m·a^-1)要高于面积相对较小的宁缠河1号冰川(2.8 m·a^-1). 水管河4号冰川最大运动速度出现在花杆观测区域的最上部(接近物质平衡线),宁缠河1号冰川最大运动速度出现在坡度较大的区域,说明冰川最大运动速度通常出现在平衡线附近,但还要考虑坡度等地形因素的影响. 较之早期的观测资料,水管河4号和其他中国西部地区冰川的运动速度呈现出减缓趋势,可能是物质平衡持续亏损导致冰川厚度变薄的直接结果.     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川消融区运动特征分析

基于2009年5月至2011年10月科其喀尔冰川的花杆观测资料,对其消融区的表面运动特征进行分析. 结果表明：冰川消融区的年水平运动速度最大值为86.69 m·a^-1,年垂直运动速度最大值为15.34 m·a^-1,均出现在冰川海拔4 000~4 200 m的消融区上部;在靠近冰川末端的冰舌下部,受冰量补给减弱、厚层表碛覆盖等影响,冰川运动缓慢,年水平运动速度小于5 m·a^-1,而垂直运动速度值小于2 m·a^-1. 大多数横剖面的水平运动速度具有从中部向边缘逐渐减小的特征,而有的剖面却出现局部速度增大的区域. 整体而言,冰川水平及垂直运动速度随海拔降低而减小,符合冰川运动的一般规律,但主要受地形作用的影响,垂直运动速度随海拔的变化会出现波动. 消融期月水平运动速度与同期气温和降水的变化具有一定的相关性,可能反映出气候快速变化对冰川运动的影响.     

基于Landsat-8 OLI影像的天山南伊内里切克冰川2016年冰川表面运动状态提取与分析

利用Landsat-8 OLI传感器获取的2016年3-9月覆盖天山西段托木尔峰-汗腾格里地区的3期光学遥感影像数据,基于频谱归一化互相关算法提取并分析了该地区南伊内里切克冰川在最近一年消融期内不同时段的表面运动速度分布及其时空变化特征。研究结果表明：2016年消融期内靠近该冰川上游区域可观测到约为55 cm·d^-1最大运动速度;由于受到冰川下游物质补给量减弱、表碛物增多等因素影响造成冰川末端区域运动速度最小,整个消融期内冰川主体运动速度基本介于20~50 cm·d^-1之间,其平均运动速度约为35 cm·d^-1。而且,可观测到位于冰川上游区域在2016年3月9日至9月17日时段内,冰川运动速度呈递增趋势,相反位于冰川下游区域冰川运动速度呈现减弱趋势。另外,与早期研究对比可知,该冰川运动速度有所减缓且冰川末端明显处于退缩状态。     

基于延时摄影监测冰川表面运动过程的研究北大核心CSCD

延时摄影因可靠、高效和低成本的优势,在冰川监测中应用广泛,特别是对于获取冰川表面连续变化信息而言。本文基于2020年3月—2021年9月物候相机拍摄的梅里雪山明永冰川末端照片及多期无人机影像,利用地面摄影测量技术和互相关算法,提取了日尺度冰川表面运动速度。结果表明:通过物候图像获取的冰川表面运动速度分辨率高,从海拔2 880~3 150 m a. s. l.,冰川总位移介于(129.38±7.76)~(669.95±247.88) m,年均表面运动速度达(79.14±4.74)~(412.86±152.75) m·a-1,呈从中间向两侧减缓的空间分布特征。冰川表面运动速度随季节变化,夏季流速[(0.13±0.06)~(1.99±0.37) m·d-1]快于冬季流速[(0.07±0.06)~(1.35±0.37) m·d-1]。与冬季流速相比,夏季流速受降水和气温升高的影响不稳定。根据流速分离结果,明永冰川末端底部全年处于融化或压融状态,底部滑动对冰川表面运动速度的贡献介于76%~93%。冬季底部滑动占表面流速高达82%,夏季底部滑动对冰川运动起绝对主导作用。本文采用的技术为进一步研究季风海洋型冰川的运动机制提供了参考方案。     

祁连山七一冰川表面运动特征最新观测研究

为了保持对祁连山七一冰川运动变化情况观测的连续性,进一步揭示全球气候变暖背景下山岳冰川的运动变化规律,对布设在七一冰川表面的花杆进行了定期观测,获取了2012年7-8月以及2013年8-9月冰川考察期间的最新观测数据（花杆位置、冰川末端边界以及物质平衡等数据资料）,通过对数据进行分析,获得了七一冰川表面的运动状况以及末端进退变化情况. 结果表明：空间分布特征方面,七一冰川在横剖面以及纵剖面的运动保持了一般山岳冰川的运动规律;横剖面上,主流线附近冰川运动速度较两侧运动速度要大;纵剖面上,由冰川末端到零物质平衡线,冰川运动速度逐渐增大;运动方向上,七一冰川运动速度矢量大多沿主流线向下运动,或者稍微偏离主流线一定方向. 在冰川运动速度时间分布特征方面,七一冰川在消融季与非消融季的运动速度差异显著,消融季运动速度要明显大于非消融季运动速度. 最近几十年,七一冰川整体运动速度呈现出了逐年减小的趋势. 在2012年8月至2013年8月期间,冰川末端退缩了大约5～7 m,退缩较为显著.     

新疆帕米尔跃动冰川遥感监测研究

2015年5月,新疆克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州阿克陶县公格尔九别峰北坡克拉牙依拉克冰川发生跃动,造成草场和部分房屋被冰体淹没,本文针对这一冰川跃动事件的发生过程进行研究.利用2013-2015年间ASTER立体像对数据监测了克拉牙依拉克冰川的冰川表面高程的变化,并利用2015年4月13日至2015年7月11日期间的LandsatOLI数据监测了冰川的表面运动速度变化.监测发现,克拉牙依拉克冰川从2015年4月13号开始活动强烈,表面运动速度呈加快趋势,2015年5月8-15日期间冰川表面运动速度达到最高水平,其最大运动速度在西支中部达到了(20.40±0.42)m·d^-1,冰川跃动达到顶峰.冰川跃动"积蓄区"位于西支冰川平衡线以下区域,跃动向下游接收区输送冰体体积约为2.4×10⁸m³,大量冰体堆积在东西支汇合口地段(海拔3100~3500m),造成了该处冰面隆起,其中最大隆起高度为(130.58±0.70)m.本文获得了西支冰川由静止期、跃动状态、恢复到稳定状态期间的冰面高程和表面运动速度变化,为本地区冰川跃动机理的研究奠定了基础.     

祁连山冷龙岭宁缠河3号冰川表面流速特征分析

2009年9月对祁连山冷龙岭宁缠河3号冰川外围建立控制网, 于冰川表面布设了13根标志杆, 随后分别于2010年7月、2010年9月再次对设立在冰川表面的花杆点进行测量, 获取2009/2010年度、2009年9月-2010年7月与2010年7-9月3个时段宁缠河3号冰川表面流速.结果显示: 2009/2010年度宁缠河3号冰川最大流速出现在海拔4 430 m附近, 为3.76 m·a^-1;2009年9月-2010年7月表面流速最大值出现在海拔4 430 m附近, 为0.32 m·月^-1;2010年7-9月最大流速出现在海拔4 380 m附近, 为0.47 m·月^-1.总体来看, 2009/2010年度宁缠河3号冰川纵剖面上流速变化较为缓和, 显示出流速随海拔变化而变化的规律. 但不同季节表面流速在纵剖面上的分布情况不同, 横剖面上主流线附近流速最大, 向冰川两边逐渐递减, 各观测点均平行于主流线方向向冰川末端运动, 表现出冰川运动一般规律. 在冰川表面运动速度观测区域内东南边缘流速略大于西北边缘, 同时与规模相近的冰川运动速度相比, 宁缠河3号冰川运动速度较大.     

喀喇昆仑山西北部冰川运动速度地形控制特征

为了探讨地形和海拔对冰川季节和年平均运动速度的影响程度,利用2013-2018年GoLive数据与ASTER GDEM V2数据对喀喇昆仑山西北部3 389条冰川的地形（坡度、坡向、海拔）和冰川运动速度进行了综合分析。结果表明：冰川表面运动速度在物质平衡线处（3 970~4 770 m）达到最快,是冰川积极维持物质平衡的一种体现。坡度平缓地区在不同海拔下的冰川运动速度有明显的差别,但是不同坡度地区的冰川运动速度随海拔变化的趋势基本一致,均呈现先增大后减小。北坡冰川运动速度较平稳,南坡和西南坡的冰川运动速度（均为0.25 m·d^-1）最快并且变化幅度较大,最小值与最大值相差近4倍。冰川运动速度不是呈现单一的季节性变化,同时还会受到地形的控制。低海拔区域冰川运动速度在消融期（3-6月）较快,中海拔区域在消融前（11月至次年2月）较快。     

天山托木尔峰地区青冰滩72号冰川表面运动速度特征研究

托木尔峰地区是天山最大的冰川分布区,是阿克苏地区主要水资源补给地.一直以来,该区冰川运动资料空白,严重阻碍了对冰川水资源现状及未来变化评估工作的开展.鉴于以上情况,中国科学院天山冰川站在2008年8月到2009年8月3次开展了对天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川表面运动速度的观测,获得了冰川表面运动速度特征变化状况.结果表明...     

冰川动力学模式模型进展及研究

冰冻圈是气候系统中的一个重要圈层, 其中冰川又是冰冻圈的重要组成部分, 冰川、 尤其是山地冰川的本构方程和建模一直是冰川动力学的核心任务。首先, 简要回顾冰川模型的研究和发展, 简要介绍了基于Navier-Stokes方程耦合温度场的三维冰川模型。然后, 介绍了冰川建模过程中的常用的静水压力近似、 一阶近似、 浅冰近似等的基本概念, 总结了冰川的动力数值模式建立的主要方法, 对于常用的GLIMMER冰盖模式的物理框架及其应用进行了介绍。最后, 针对目前的简化模型难以准确地描述山地冰川的物理过程及其变化的问题, 提出了一个基于全Navier-Stokes方程的山地冰川模型及其动力框架、 边界条件处理的设想。本文可为建立、 发展冰川及冰架模型, 尤其建立和发展山地冰川模型提供基础知识和参考。     

Calving processes and the dynamics of calving glaciers

Calving of icebergs is an important component of mass loss from the polar ice sheets and glaciers in many parts of the world. Calving rates can increase dramatically in response to increases in velocity and/or retreat of the glacier margin, with important implications for sea level change. Despite their importance, calving and related dynamic processes are poorly represented in the current generation of ice sheet models. This is largely because understanding the ‘calving problem’ involves several other long-standing problems in glaciology, combined with the difficulties and dangers of field data collection. In this paper, we systematically review different aspects of the calving problem, and outline a new framework for representing calving processes in ice sheet models. We define a hierarchy of calving processes, to distinguish those that exert a fundamental control on the position of the ice margin from more localised processes responsible for individual calving events. The first-order control on calving is the strain rate arising from spatial variations in velocity (particularly sliding speed), which determines the location and depth of surface crevasses. Superimposed on this first-order process are second-order processes that can further erode the ice margin. These include: fracture propagation in response to local stress imbalances in the immediate vicinity of the glacier front; undercutting of the glacier terminus by melting at or below the waterline; and bending at the junction between grounded and buoyant parts of an ice tongue. Calving of projecting, submerged ‘ice feet’ can be regarded as a third-order process, because it is paced by first- or second-order calving above the waterline.First-order calving can be represented in glacier models using a calving criterion based on crevasse depth, which is a function of longitudinal strain rate. Modelling changes in terminus position and calving rates thus reduces to the problem of determining the ice geometry and velocity distribution. Realistic solutions to the problem of modelling ice flow therefore depend critically on an appropriate choice of sliding law. Models that assume that basal velocities are controlled by basal drag can replicate much of the observed behaviour of calving glaciers with grounded termini, but an important limitation is that they cannot be used to model floating glacier termini or ice shelves. Alternative sliding laws that parameterise drag from the glacier margins provide more flexible and robust ways of representing calving in ice sheet models. Such models can explain a remarkable range of observed phenomena within a simple, unifying framework, including: downglacier increases in velocity and strain rates where basal and/or lateral drag diminishes; flow acceleration in response to thinning through time; the tendency for glaciers to stabilise at ‘pinning points’ in relatively shallow water or fjord narrowings; the constraints on ice shelf stability; and the contrasts in calving rates between tidewater and freshwater calving glaciers. Many unresolved issues remain, however, including the role played by the removal of backstress in the acceleration of retreating calving glaciers, and the controls on melting at and below the waterline.     

Mais comment s'écoule donc un glacier ? Aperçu historique

Ice and snow have often helped physicists understand the world. On the contrary it has taken them a very long time to understand the flow of the glaciers. Naturalists only began to take an interest in glaciers at the beginning of the 19th century during the last phase of glacier advances. When the glacier flow from the upslope direction became obvious, it was then necessary to understand how it flowed. It was only in 1840, the year of the Antarctica ice sheet discovery by Dumont d'Urville, that two books laid the basis for the future field of glaciology: one by Agassiz on the ice age and glaciers, the other one by canon Rendu on glacier theory. During the 19th century, ice flow theories, adopted by most of the leading scientists, were based on melting/refreezing processes. Even though the word ‘fluid’ was first used in 1773 to describe ice, more the 130 years would have to go by before the laws of fluid mechanics were applied to ice. Even now, the parameter of Glen's law, which is used by glaciologists to model ice deformation, can take a very wide range of values, so that no unique ice flow law has yet been defined. To cite this article: F. Rémy, L. Testut, C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

基于SAR影像的喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰地区冰川运动速度特征及其影响因素分析

合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)具有其全天候、全天时、穿云透雾的工作能力, 广泛应用于山地冰川动态监测中. 利用2006年6-9月三期ALOS/PALSAR雷达影像, 采用偏移量跟踪技术, 提取了喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰(珠峰)区域的冰川运动速度, 分析了区域内冰川运动速度空间差异及其影响因素. 结果表明: 研究区31条山谷冰川平均运动速度为9.3 cm·d^-1, 总体上以珠峰-洛子峰南北向山脊线为界限, 东侧和东南侧冰川日均运动速度(11.1 cm·d^-1)普遍高于北部和西北部冰川日均运动速度(5.4 cm·d^-1). 冰川消融区非表碛区冰川平均运动速度为表碛覆盖区平均运动速度的2.2倍, 冰面湖的发育在一定程度上加剧冰川运动速度波动. 在气候与非气候因子共同作用和相互间的此消彼长中, 研究区65%的冰川的运动速度自中值高度往下显著减小, 16%的冰川自中值高度往下呈显著增大趋势, 19%冰川消融区运动速度无显著变化趋势.     

Extent,age and dynamics of Marine Isotope Stage 3 glaciations in the southwestern Baltic Basin

Houmark‐Nielsen, M. 2010: Extent, age and dynamics of Marine Isotope Stage 3 glaciations in the southwestern Baltic Basin. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00136.x. ISSN 0300‐9483 The southwestern Baltic region is known as a major crossroad for the expansion of Pleistocene glaciers from the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS). At the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 25–20 kyr BP), steady‐flowing inter‐stream glaciers expanded radially from the major ice divide over central Scandinavia. During the subsequent deglaciation phase (20–15 kyr BP), streaming ice was flowing through the Baltic gateway onto the North European lowland. The lithology and directional ice‐flow properties of pre‐LGM till formations of Baltic provenance in Denmark (the Ristinge till and Klintholm till) suggest that the ice‐sheet dynamics during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 glacier expansion were similar to those for the post‐LGM advances. Increasing geological evidence indicates that glaciers extended onto the Circum‐Baltic lowlands during MIS 3. Reconstructions of flow paths and estimates of the basal ice‐sheet coupling in Denmark suggest that southward flow of the SIS through the Baltic was probably the result of ice streaming. Despite methodological uncertainties, available OSL and ¹⁴C dates indicate that glaciers advanced at least twice during the mild second half of the Middle Weichselian (c. 75–25 kyr BP), most probably in connection with Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) events 14–13 (54–46 kyr BP) and 8–5 (35–30 kyr BP). The chronology and dynamics of glacier expansion in the southwestern Baltic in response to long‐term cooling trends, the contemporary presence of a low Arctic biota in large parts of Scandinavia and of possible leads or lags in relation to North Atlantic climate changes during MIS 3 are discussed.     

Dynamics of an active rock glacier (Ötztal Alps, Austria)

The rock glacier Innere Ölgrube, located in a small side valley of the Kauner Valley (Ötztal Alps, Austria), consists of two separate, tongue-shaped rock glaciers lying next to each other. Investigations indicate that both rock glaciers contain a core of massive ice. During winter, the temperature at the base of the snow cover (BTS) is significantly lower at the active rock glacier than on permafrost-free ground adjacent to the rock glacier. Discharge is characterized by strong seasonal and diurnal variations, and is strongly controlled by the local weather conditions. Water temperature of the rock glacier springs remains constantly low, mostly below 1°C during the whole melt season. The morphology of the rock glaciers and the presence of meltwater lakes in their rooting zones as well as the high surface flow velocities of >1 m/yr point to a glacial origin. The northern rock glacier, which is bounded by lateral moraines, evolved from the debris-covered tongue of a small glacier of the Little Ice Age with its last highstand around A.D. 1850. Due to the global warming in the following decades, the upper parts of the steep and debris-free ice glacier melted, whereas the debris-covered glacier tongue transformed into an active rock glacier. Due to this evolution and due to the downslope movement, the northern rock glacier, although still active, at present is cut off from its ice and debris supply. The southern rock glacier has developed approximately during the same period from a debris-covered cirque glacier at the foot of the Wannetspitze massif.     

现代冰川过程与全球环境气候演变

文章从宏观和微观两个方面扼要阐述了现代冰川过程与全球变化之间的关系。南极冰盖和格陵兰冰盖冰川物质平衡值目前还没有确切结论，虽然它与全球海平面的升降密切相关。山地冰川末端进退变化和冰川物质平衡与全球升温对应较好。极地冰盖现代降水中的稳定同位素比率，主要阴、阳离子、生物有机酸、微粒、超痕量重金属元素、宇宙尘埃以及火山灰等杂质的含量，为认识地球现代环境气候状况提供了丰富的资料。极地冰盖冰芯的分析结果为重建过去气候环境提供了大信息量，高保真度和高分辨率的资料为预测未来气候环境奠定了坚实基础，具有其它任何载体无法取代的优越性。山地冰川的现代和过去气候环境记录，对研究全球和区域性气候环境状况与变迁意义重大     

Latest Pleistocene and Holocene glacier fluctuations in western Canada

We summarize evidence of the latest Pleistocene and Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Canadian Cordillera. Our review focuses primarily on studies completed after 1988, when the first comprehensive review of such evidence was published. The Cordilleran ice sheet reached its maximum extent about 16 ka and then rapidly decayed. Some lobes of the ice sheet, valley glaciers, and cirque glaciers advanced one or more times between 15 and 11 ka. By 11 ka, or soon thereafter, glacier cover in the Cordillera was no more extensive than at the end of the 20th century. Glaciers were least extensive between 11 and 7 ka. A general expansion of glaciers began as early as 8.4 ka when glaciers overrode forests in the southern Coast Mountains; it culminated with the climactic advances of the Little Ice Age. Holocene glacier expansion was not continuous, but rather was punctuated by advances and retreats on a variety of timescales. Radiocarbon ages of wood collected from glacier forefields reveal six major periods of glacier advance: 8.59–8.18, 7.36–6.45, 4.40–3.97, 3.54–2.77, 1.71–1.30 ka, and the past millennium. Tree-ring and lichenometric dating shows that glaciers began their Little Ice Age advances as early as the 11th century and reached their maximum Holocene positions during the early 18th or mid-19th century. Our data confirm a previously suggested pattern of episodic but successively greater Holocene glacier expansion from the early Holocene to the climactic advances of the Little Ice Age, presumably driven by decreasing summer insolation throughout the Holocene. Proxy climate records indicate that glaciers advanced during the Little Ice Age in response to cold conditions that coincided with times of sunspot minima. Priority research required to further advance our understanding of late Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation in western Canada includes constraining the age of late Pleistocene moraines in northern British Columbia and Yukon Territory, expanding the use of cosmogenic surface exposure dating techniques, using multi-proxy paleoclimate approaches, and directing more of the research effort to the northern Canadian Cordillera.     

极海洋型冰川是什么冰川——与景才瑞先生商榷

施雅风和谢自楚曾将中国现代冰川分为极大陆型冰川、亚大陆型冰川和海洋型冰川。这个分类方案因符合中国现代冰川的基本特征而得到广泛承认与应用。近年,景才瑞提出“极海洋型冰川”的概念,示意第四纪冰期时中国东部中低山地既然不存在基本的冰川类型,则可能存在一种比海洋型冰川更加高温湿润的特殊冰川。本文认为,这样类型的冰川是不存在的。海洋型冰川已经涵盖了处于融点冰温的临界冰川,即使再多的降水,也不能在正温条件下演变成冰川。故“极海洋型冰川”的概念是不能成立的。第四纪环境研究表明,冰期时大陆架广泛出露,西伯利亚-蒙古高压强迫下的冬季风加强,中国东部气候是朝着更加干旱的方向变化的,其海洋型特征也要大大降低。