1989年3月13—14日大磁暴期间的磁扰和等效电离层电流体系

本文研究1989年3月13—14日大磁暴期间中低纬度区地磁场扰动的特点。用中国地磁台链9个台站地磁场三分量的时均值得出等效电流体系,并分离出Sq,对称环电     

地球自转速率对海平面纬向变化影响的初步研究

本文用了太平洋地区内近３００个验潮站的海平面观测资料，计算了不同纬度带平均海症状贩 年际变化与地球自转速率年际变化之间的相关性，利用简化的地球海洋模型，从理论上定性地讨论了地球自转速率变化影响海洋纬向运动的可能物理机制。     

米兰科维奇的气候变化天文理论与温度变化预测

本文叙述了米兰科维奇气候变化天文理论的基本思想,讨论了地球表面温度变化的预测方法,预测了纬度65°带处未来五十万年的温度变化。     

地球自转参数序列EPR（SHA）的谱结构

本利用AR谱估计的Marple算法分析了ERP（SHA）序列中的谱结构，地球自转（日长变化和极移）的一些基本周期在谱结构中的存在表明，ERP（SHA）序列伯可靠性以及它在天和地球物理方面的可应用性。本还给出了ERP（SHA）序列的高频变化结果。     

华盛顿海军天文台天顶筒纬度观测残差与厄尼诺,南方涛动现象的相关性

厄尼诺、南方涛动是地球大气、海洋系统年际变化中最为显著的一种地球动力学运动。现在通常采用Ｔａｈｉｔｉ（１４８°Ｗ，１８°Ｓ）和Ｄａｒｗｉｎ（１３１°Ｅ，１２°Ｓ）两地海平面气压之差这一定量指标来刻划这一种大气、海洋系统的运动，简称为南方涛动指数ＳＯＩ。本文分析华盛顿海军天文台天顶筒１９３２－１９９１年间纬度观测的残差，证实它与ＳＯＩ在年际变化的频段内显著相关：最大相关系数达到０．６－０．７以上，但纬度残差的变化要滞后ＳＯＩ约２年时间。这很可能是一个证据，说明陆地部分的铬垂线变化与大气、海洋系统的大规模运动有关联。     

关于UT0和UT1关系的准确概念

有些文献中关于UT0和UT1的关系的概念不够明确，甚至有明显的错误。本文论述了UT0和UT1关系的准确概念，指出：1、UT1是地球自转参数之一，它正比于地球绕暧时历书轴的自转角。UT1的数值与地球坐标系的参考的选取无关，也就是与地极坐标的原点的选取无关。因此，各服务机构得到的UT1序列之间除观测误差外不存在其他系统误差，它们是直接可比的。2、UT0不是地球自转参数，它仅是用单台站观测资料归算UT1过程中人为赋予的暂定值，因此没有独立的天文意义。一个具体UT0序列只对一特定台站有意义，它不具有全球意义。UT0的数值与地球坐标系的参考极的选取有关，即与极坐标原点的选取有关。     

1935.0—1941.0年緯度变化的周期項

由1935.0—1941.0年的五个纬度台站:水泽、基塔布、卡尔洛福特、盖切尔斯堡和乌基阿的纬度观测资料,得到1)星表的系统误差将在纬度变化中引入虚假成分和影响纬度变化中的周年和半年周期成分;2)用新的星表系统重新推算纬度变化,求得张德勒周期平均为414日,振幅为0″.074;周年周期平均为362日,振幅为0″.140;3)在分析纬度观测结果时受到对各台站不一样的地方性因素的影响。     

一种人造地球卫星的摄动计算方法

本文给出一种人造地球卫星的地球引力场摄动计算方法,它消除了 e=0和临界倾角(i=63°26′或116°34′)两类奇点。     

太阳大气等离子体的电流研究

该文讨论了太阳大气等离子体中电流的成因和对各种爆发活动的作用和影响,对目前的研究现状和存在的问题进行了分析讨论,指出虽然磁场是太阳物理观测和研究的关键要素,但是电流也是理解能量的传输与耗散、不稳定性的驱动和激发、等离子体的加热和粒子加速等太阳物理过程的重要概念.该文还提出了一个定性的改进电路模型,认为电流主要产生于太阳内部的发电机过程,同时电路在日冕部分的环形磁场位型也将产生部分新经典电流,通过磁通量管流入太阳大气,并在日冕区域通过磁场重联等过程释放能量.对该模型尚待解决的问题也进行了简单讨论.     

纬度观测的实际精度

本文研究了纬度地方非极项(简称地方项)的性质,通过对同一测站上两台仪器纬度观测值差的分析,说明纬度观测实际精度远低于内部符合精度。并指出地方项主要成分是观测室异常折射等因素造成的观测误差,而板块运动、垂线变化等地球物理因素所起的作用是次要的。     

Potential and inductive electric fields in the magnetosphere during auroras

During quiescent auroras the large-scale electric field is essentially irrotational. The volume formed by the plasma sheet and its extension into the auroral oval is connected to an external source by electric currents, which enter and leave the volume at different electric potentials and which supply sufficient energy to support the auroral activity. The location of the actual acceleration of particles depends on the internal distribution of electric fields and currents. One important feature is the energization of the carriers of the cross-tail current and another is the acceleration of electrons precipitated through relatively low-altitude magnetic-field-aligned potential drops.Substorm auroras depend on rapid and (especially initially) localized release of energy that can only be supplied by tapping stored magnetic energy. The energy is transmitted to the charged particle via electric inductive fields.The primary electric field due to changing electric currents is redistributed in a complicated way—but never extinguished—by polarization of charges. As a consequence, any tendency of the plasma to suppress magnetic-field-aligned components of the electric fields leads to a corresponding enhancement of the transverse component.     

Observed nonpotential magnetic fields and the inferred flow of electric currents at a location of repeated flaring

We have analyzed the vector magnetic field of an active region at a location of repeated flaring to determine the nature of the currents flowing in the areas where the flares initiated. The component of electric current density crossing the photosphere along the line-of-sight was derived from the observed transverse component of the magnetic field. The maximum concentrations of these currents occurred exactly at the sites of flare initiation and where the photospheric field was sheared the most. The calculated distribution of current density at the flare sites suggested that currents were flowing out of an area of positive magnetic polarity and across the magnetic inversion line into two areas of negative polarity. This interpretation was reinforced by a calculation of the source field, the magnetic field produced in the photosphere by the electric currents above the photosphere. In the vicinity of the flare sites, the calculated source field exhibited three particular characteristics: (1) maximum magnitudes at the sites of flare initiation, (2) a rotational direction where the vertical current density was concentrated, and (3) a fairly constant angular orientation with the magnetic inversion line. The source field was thus very similar to the field produced by two arcades of currents crossing the inversion line at the locations of greatest magnetic shear with orientations of about 60° to the inversion line. With this orientation, the inferred arcades would be aligned with the observed chromospheric fibrils seen in the H data so that the currents were field-aligned above the photosphere. The field thus exhibited a vertical gradient of magnetic shear with the shear decreasing upward from the photosphere. We estimated the currents in the two arcades by matching the source field derived from observations with that produced by a model of parallel loops of currents. We found that the loops of the model would each have a radius of 4500 km, a separation of 1830 km, and carry a current of 0.15 × 10¹² A. Values of vertical current densities and source fields appearing in the umbrae of the two large sunspots away from the flare sites were shown to lie at or below the level of uncertainty in the data. The main source of this uncertainty lay in the method by which the 180° ambiguity in the azimuth of the transverse field is resolved in umbral areas. We thus concluded that these quantities in large umbrae should be treated with a healthy skepticism. Finally, we found that the source field at the flare sites was produced almost entirely by the angular difference between the observed and potential field and not by the difference in field intensity.     

Variations of magnetic fields and electric currents associated with a solar flare

The high-resolution vector magnetograms obtained with the solar telescope magnetograph of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory of the active region AR 4862 on 7 October, 1987, close before and after a solar flare, were used to calculate the electric current densities in the region. Then the relations between the flare and the magnetic fields as well as the electric currents were studied. The results are: (i) the transverse magnetic fields, and hence the longitudinal electric currents in the region before and after the flare, are evidently different, while the longitudinal magnetic fields remain unchanged; (ii) this confirms the result obtained previously that the flare kernels coincide with the peaks of longitudinal electric density in active regions; (iii) the close relation between the flare kernels and the electric currents indicates that the variations of the transverse magnetic fields and the longitudinal electric currents arise not from the general global evolution of the active region, but from the flare. These results tend to the conclusion that the triggering of a solar flare might be related with the plasma instability caused by the surplus longitudinal electric currents at some local regions in the solar atmosphere.     

Localized ionization patches in the nighttime ionosphere of Mars and their electrodynamic consequences

Using an electron transport model, we calculate the electron density of the electron impact-produced nighttime ionosphere of Mars and its spatial structure. As input we use Mars Global Surveyor electron measurements, including an interval when accelerated electrons were observed. Our calculations show that regions of enhanced ionization are localized and occur near magnetic cusps. Horizontal gradients in the calculated ionospheric electron density on the night side of Mars can exceed 10⁴ cm⁻³ over a distance of a few tens of km; the largest gradients produced by the model are over 600 cm⁻³ km⁻¹. Such large gradients in the plasma density have several important consequences. These large pressure gradients will lead to localized plasma transport perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field which will generate horizontal currents and electric fields. We calculate the magnitude of these currents to be up to 10 nA/m². Additionally, transport of ionospheric plasma by neutral winds, which vary in strength and direction as a function of local time and season, can generate large (up to 1000 nA/m²) and spatially structured horizontal currents where the ions are collisionally coupled to the neutral atmosphere while electrons are not. These currents may contribute to localized Joule heating. In addition, closure of the horizontal currents and electric fields may require the presence of vertical, field-aligned currents and fields which may play a role in high altitude acceleration processes.     

A model for quiescent prominences with helical structure

We present a model for quiescent prominences with helical structure. The model is described by two magnetic fields, one produced by photospheric or subphotospheric currents, the other due to currents along the cylindrical model prominence.On leave from Max-Planck Institut für Physik und Astrophysik, München.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.     

Explorations of electric current system in solar active regions

In this paper we explore techniques to identify sources of electric current systems and their channels of flow in solar active regions. Measured photospheric vector magnetic fields (VMF) together with high-resolution white-light and H filtergrams provide the data base to derive the current systems in the photosphere and chromosphere. Simple mathematical constructions of fields and currents are also adopted to understand these data. As an example, the techniques are then applied to infer current systems in AR 2372 in early April 1980. The main results are: (i) In unipolar sunspots the current density may reach values of 10³ CGSE, and the Lorentz force on it can accelerate the Evershed flow, (ii) Spots exhibiting significant spiral pattrn in the penumbral filaments are the sources of vertical major currents at the photospheric surface, (iii) Magnetic neutral lines where the transverse field was strongly sheared were channels along which strong current system flows, (iv) The inferred current systems produced oppositely-flowing currents in the area of the delta configuration that was the site of flaring in AR 2372.     

Prominence motions and their implications for magnetic fields

Using results obtained in our earlier paper (Ballester and Kleczek, 1983) and the equipartition principle we attempt to calculate the lower limits of magnetic fields in three solar prominences. The values are then compared with the magnetic fields found by experimental methods. Furthermore, we have calculated by Ampère's law the lower limits of electric currents inside the conical surface where the knot's motion is located. The results obtained are compared with a few determinations of electric currents in prominences, that can be found in the bibliography. An attempt is made to use a three-currents system to explain the configuration of magnetic fields in solar prominences.     

On the magnetic reconnection of electric currents in solar flares

The role of the electric currents distributed over the volume of an active region on the Sun is considered from the standpoint of solar flare physics. We suggest including the electric currents in a topological model of the magnetic field in an active region. Typical values of the mutual inductance and the interaction energy of the coronal electric currents flowing along magnetic loops have been estimated for the M7/1N flare on April 27, 2006. We show that if these currents actually make a significant contribution to the flare energetics, then they must manifest themselves in the photosphericmagnetic fields. Depending on their orientation, the distributed currents can both help and hinder reconnection in the current layer at the separator during the flare. Asymmetric reconnection of the currents is accompanied by their interruption and an inductive change in energy. The reconnection of currents in flares differs significantly from the ordinary coalescence instability of magnetic islands in current layers. Highly accurate measurements of the magnetic fields in active regions are needed for a quantitative analysis of the role of distributed currents in solar flares.     

Testing Circuit Models for the Energies of Coronal Magnetic Field Configurations

Circuit models involving bulk currents and inductances are often used to estimate the energies of coronal magnetic field configurations, in particular configurations associated with solar flares. The accuracy of circuit models is tested by comparing calculated energies of linear force-free fields with specified boundary conditions with corresponding circuit estimates. The circuit models are found to provide reasonable (order of magnitude) estimates for the energies of the non-potential components of the fields, and to reproduce observed functional dependences of the energies. However, substantial departure from the circuit estimates is observed for large values of the force-free parameter, and this is attributed to the influence of the non-potential component of the field on the path taken by the current.     

Electric fields and currents in the ionosphere generated by field-aligned currents observed by TRIAD

On the basis of the experimental data on the ionospheric conductivities and field-aligned currents the electric fields and currents in the ionosphere generated by the field-aligned currents were computated for various magnetic activity conditions. The model of the ionospheric conductivities by Vanyan and Osipova (1975) was used taking into account the influence of the universal time seasons and magnetic activity. The field-aligned current patterns and their change with magnetic activity was set on the basis of the TRIAD data. It is shown that the calculated patterns of the ionospheric electric fields and currents are in agreement with the measured electric fields and the equivalent current systems of the magnetic disturbances in high latitudes. The conclusion is made that the magnetospheric field-aligned currents are the main sources of the presently known polar magnetic disturbances.