岩溶地区缺失原岩残余结构红色风化壳的粒度分布特征及成因指示——以贵州平坝为例

选择和使用合适的示踪指标，是揭示岩溶地区红色风化壳物质来源的关键。粒度参数在古环境研究中被大家广泛采用，但是在风化壳物源示踪方面还是新的尝试，尤其在我国。本文选择贵州中部平坝县3个下伏基岩为白云岩的缺失原岩结构的红色风化壳剖面，通过基岩酸不溶物和 剖面的粒度分析，表明红色风化壳物质对下伏基岩有很好的继承性。粒度参数随剖面深度呈规律变化，揭示了标准残积风化壳的发育特征。     

黔北新蒲红色风化壳剖面的粒度分布特征--兼论岩溶区上覆土层的物质来源

粒度分析在风化壳物源示踪方面是一种新的尝试,具有指示直接的特点。尤其当常规的地球化学、矿物学等方法难以直观反映母岩的不均一性对风化壳的影响时,粒度分布特征却可以建立两者的对应关系,从而更为合理地指示风化壳和下伏基岩的关系。黔北新蒲剖面的下伏基岩为局部夹碎屑岩薄层的连续型碳酸盐岩,本文通过对其酸不溶物及上覆红色风化壳粒度分布特征的研究,表明基岩的垂向不均一,导致上覆风化壳粒度分布特征的差异性,同时存在与下伏不同基岩酸不溶物粒度分布特征相对应的风化壳,指示了碳酸盐岩为其上覆风化壳的成土母岩。化学风化指标在剖面的变化也支持了粒度分析结果,即风化壳母岩的不均一性。从碎屑岩夹层和碳酸盐岩对风化壳提供物源的相对份额中指出碳酸盐岩的酸不溶物对上覆风化壳的优势贡献。从粒度参数角度进一步诠释了连续型碳酸盐岩风化残积成土的现实性,为正确理解中国西南岩溶区红色风化壳的成因提供了新的探索手段。综合资料显示,碳酸盐岩特别是连续型碳酸盐岩酸不溶物构成中国西南岩溶区上覆红色风化壳的主要物质来源也是可能的。     

不同前处理方法对红色风化壳粒度测试结果的影响

对红色风化壳粒度分析的前处理方法,目前存在着很大差异,这在一定程度上影响了分析结果的可靠性。采用不同前处理方法对中国西南岩溶区红色风化壳样品进行了粒度测试,结果表明各方法对粒度数据有明显影响。对于富含三水铝石的样品,用盐酸溶液煮沸处理后,可以使游离铝氧化物的胶结作用解体,从而使颗粒充分分散,即方法B效果较好;而对于蒙脱石含量较高的红色风化壳,由于盐酸溶液处理后会破坏蒙脱石晶格及硅胶体的出溶,从而会对矿物产生胶结作用,用方法A较为适宜;其他粘土矿物对不同前处理方法没有明显的敏感性。当利用粘粒含量作为红色风化壳发育程度及红壤类型划分的指标时,不同前处理方法将影响到对成果的正确解释,因此选择合适的前处理方法是必需的。在碳酸盐岩上覆红色风化壳的成因研究方面,以粒度频率分布曲线作为指标时,前处理方法的不同不影响对物源指示的判读,但利用粘粒含量及粉砂/粘粒比等参数时,可能会对研究结果产生影响。     

湘西岩溶区风化壳的物源:石英粒度分布特征的指示

对湘西岩溶区呈镶嵌景观展布的4条风化剖面中石英粒度分布特征的进行对比研究,发现区域上碳酸盐岩风化成土作用具有极大可能性.基岩为灰岩的两条风化剖面(WC1和WC2)的频率分布曲线呈单峰窄峰态,众数值分别为4.9(φ)和4(φ);两条碎屑岩风化剖面(WC3和DBK)的频率分布曲线呈单峰宽峰态,众数值分别约为5.1(φ)和6(φ).而且各剖面基岩与上覆风化壳的石英粒度频率分布曲线呈现良好的对应关系.石英粒度的标准差、偏度、尖度等参数也显示,各剖面样品基本上分布于不同的区域.研究结果还表明:(1)母岩风化过程中,石英粒度分布特征是完全可以继承的;(2)剖面WC1和WC2为碳酸盐岩风化壳.说明在湘西岩溶区,在有利的地貌单元,碳酸盐岩是完全可以风化成土的;(3)不同风化剖面的石英粒度分布特征不同,说明在区域上,风化壳不具有共同的物源,下伏基岩是其上覆风化壳的成土母岩;(4)石英粒度分布特征是用于岩溶区风化壳物源示踪的良好指标.     

贵州高原岩溶台地红色风化壳的物源辨析

贵州高原岩溶台地上广泛分布着相对均一(通常3～5ｍ)的红色风化壳,是中国南方红色风化壳的重要组成部分。但对岩溶台地红色风化壳的成因及其物源长期存在争议。作者最近在黔西、黔中、黔北和黔东等地选取了数十个岩溶台地垄岗之上红色风化壳剖面,运用矿物学、地球化学等方法,首次系统研究了它们的物质来源及成因,认为它们与下伏基岩有明显的继承性,是碳酸盐岩中酸不溶物原地风化残积的产物。碳酸盐岩红色风化壳往往没有明显的半风化过渡带,剖面主体由成分均一的全风化土层构成,仅在土层之下有数厘米到十多厘米厚的碳酸盐岩岩粉层出现,岩-土界面清晰、突变。但一些风化壳中偶尔可见原岩中的风化残余物,如花     

不同前处理方法对北方红色风化壳粒度测试影响的初步探讨

选取中国北方岩溶区红色风化壳为研究对象,首先用浓度为30%的H2O2去除样品中的有机质,然后用4种不同的前处理方法分别进行处理,其中方法A未用盐酸溶液处理,方法B、C、D均用盐酸溶液分解可能存在的残余碳酸盐和次生游离氧化物,以消除其对机械颗粒可能存在的胶结作用,此外方法C的HCl在煮沸的条件下反应,方法 B的HCl在常温条件下进行,方法D则更改了超声波振荡的时间。本文样品采用Beckman公司生产的LS13320 型激光衍射粒度测试仪进行测量。结果表明,样品前处理方法对中国北方红色风化壳粒度分析结果有影响,不同的前处理方法使样品的粒度值最大产生5%左右的变化;从实验的稳定性上考虑,4种方法的平行试验标准偏差最大达到6.78%。在现有的认识条件下,粒度测量结果的可重复性是最基本的要求。本文认为方法C的测量效果要好于其他方法。      

辽东半岛夷平面发育特征初步探究*

夷平面是一种与长期稳定的构造环境相关联的大尺度地貌景观,将夷平面与风化壳作为整体来研究是现代夷平面研究的主流。为了探讨辽东半岛夷平面的性质、形成环境等发育特征,对该地区的红色风化壳进行地球化学分析和粒度测试。辽东半岛红色风化壳主要出露于半岛东西两侧,厚度多在4 m左右,化学蚀变指数CIA平均值为82.70,ba值((Na₂O+K₂O+CaO+MgO)/Al₂O₃)平均为0.39,S/A值(SiO₂/Al₂O₃)平均为4.86,黏粒含量平均为8.31%。从分析数据可以看出,辽东半岛红色风化壳是下伏基岩原地风化的产物,推测其形成于温暖、湿润的气候条件下,与南方岩溶区红色风化壳相比具有盐基淋溶率低、富铝化程度低和黏化作用弱的发育特征。结合区域地貌特征,认为研究区红色风化壳的发育主要经历了4个阶段: (1)岩溶作用在古侵蚀基准面之上的整个岩体内进行,地貌起伏逐渐增大;(2)地貌起伏达到最大,覆盖型岩溶、灰色风化壳开始发育;(3)岩溶双层夷平面基本形成;(4)灰色风化壳的发育近乎停止,原本位于古侵蚀基准面之下的灰色风化壳在构造运动作用下全部抬升于现代侵蚀基准面之上形成红色风化壳。因此,研究区的夷平面为古夷平面,发育阶段为红土化阶段。该研究成果可为辽东半岛新近纪以来的新构造运动及海平面变化研究提供初步依据。     

辽东半岛夷平面发育特征初步探究

夷平面是一种与长期稳定的构造环境相关联的大尺度地貌景观,将夷平面与风化壳作为整体来研究是现代夷平面研究的主流。为了探讨辽东半岛夷平面的性质、形成环境等发育特征,对该地区的红色风化壳进行地球化学分析和粒度测试。辽东半岛红色风化壳主要出露于半岛东西两侧,厚度多在4 m左右,化学蚀变指数CIA平均值为82. 70,ba值((Na_2O+K_2O+CaO+MgO)/Al_2O_3)平均为0. 39,S/A值(SiO_2/Al_2O_3)平均为4. 86,黏粒含量平均为8. 31%。从分析数据可以看出,辽东半岛红色风化壳是下伏基岩原地风化的产物,推测其形成于温暖、湿润的气候条件下,与南方岩溶区红色风化壳相比具有盐基淋溶率低、富铝化程度低和黏化作用弱的发育特征。结合区域地貌特征,认为研究区红色风化壳的发育主要经历了4个阶段:(1)岩溶作用在古侵蚀基准面之上的整个岩体内进行,地貌起伏逐渐增大;(2)地貌起伏达到最大,覆盖型岩溶、灰色风化壳开始发育;(3)岩溶双层夷平面基本形成;(4)灰色风化壳的发育近乎停止,原本位于古侵蚀基准面之下的灰色风化壳在构造运动作用下全部抬升于现代侵蚀基准面之上形成红色风化壳。因此,研究区的夷平面为古夷平面,发育阶段为红土化阶段。该研究成果可为辽东半岛新近纪以来的新构造运动及海平面变化研究提供初步依据。     

贵州岩溶地区土层的物质来源、成土过程、年代学及与石漠化相关性研究

贵州岩溶地区生态脆弱性的特征之一就是土层瘠薄,其土层的形成和演化方式一直是学术界的争论焦点.本研究以贵州岩溶区为研究对象,通过对土层的物质来源、碳酸盐岩风化成土作用的地球化学过程、红土的定年、石漠化成因等问题的探讨,明确地提出碳酸盐岩风化成土作用的二阶段模式;贵州岩溶区土层的主要物源来自碳酸盐岩风化成土作用;岩溶台地上广泛存在的红土是一种古土壤(1～25 Ma B.P.);碳酸盐岩风化壳岩土界面处地球化学碱性障导致稀土超常富集;碳酸盐岩类型与石漠化分布有着本质的联系.这些结论对于进一步研究青藏高原隆升在其东南翼的响应、岩溶地区生态环境和生态重建工作有着重要的科学意义.     

青藏高原古岩溶的存在及其与东邻地区岩溶的对比

青藏高原古岩溶属形成于土下环境,经刻蚀作用剥露地表后,以石林、岩墙等形式广泛存在于山顶夷平面的外围,并不同程度地叠置气下改造特征。根据青藏高原及东邻岩溶区覆盖型岩溶和红色风化壳的剥露情况及改造特征对比,作者认为上述地区覆盖型岩溶从东到西具有良好的一致性,是岩溶双层夷平面的组成部分,其现阶段的不同表现是不同程度刻蚀作用的结果。      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.