中国高本底城市的土壤氡水平及分布

在广东珠海地区采用便携式半导体测氡仪进行了大比例尺土壤氡浓度调查,测点数469个,面积大于100km2。珠海地区地下0.6 m处的平均土壤氡浓度为55.94±58.54 kBq/m3,其中在珠海斗门的第四纪沉积物地区、沉积物和风化花岗岩混合地区,以及风化花岗岩地区的土壤氡浓度分别是7.14±8.75,37.64±25.92和151.25±196.23 kBq/m3。高氡潜势区主要分布在黑云母花岗岩、风化花岗岩地区和新的工业开发区,且表现出与当地岩性密切相关。城市化和工业化改变了原有的天然辐射背景。珠海市区的平均土壤氡浓度分别为广州、泉州和晋江市平均值的8.3倍和15倍。研究结果表明：珠海是一个氡潜势较高的区域,需要进一步开展辐射防护目的的氡测量。     

台山市某地块环境放射性水平研究

本主要测量了广东省台山市某地块的现场地面γ强度、空气氡浓度、土壤氡浓度、水中氡浓度，以及水中微量元素。结果表明，测区内大部分区域地面γ强度为256．1－522nGy/h，个别地段的地面γ强度大于522nGy/h；测区内水中氡浓度一般为0．28－5．31kBq/m^3，个别大于10kBq/m^3，测区内土壤中氡浓度较高，分析表明，测区内地面γ强度和氡浓度偏高的原因除了与地质因素有关外，还与地形等因素有关，最后对该地块放射性水平作出综合评价，提出相应的防护措施。     

一种区域性土壤氡危害的评价方法

在珠海地区测量土壤氡浓度和对应的表层土壤样品中的铀含量,用线性拟合的方法分析了氡与铀的关系.结果表明,土壤氡浓度和铀含量呈正相关关系,氡浓度大于20000Bq/m3的概率和铀含量有较好的线性关系.土壤氡浓度受多个因素的影响,测定值不稳定,故以其超标概率来表征更为科学.根据关系模型和风险分级标准,就可以快速进行区域土壤氡的危害评价.     

土壤氡测量技术在新疆塔什库尔干县地热资源勘查中的应用

土壤氡测量技术是地热地质勘查的一种有效方法,目的是确定隐伏断层和地热流体富集部位。本次笔者在研究区进行了点状网度控制和剖面线状追索两种方法的土壤氡测量工作,野外共采集1 904组数据。根据松散堆积地层物质来源的不同,对数据采用了分区和分段处理方法,发现区内不同地层土壤氡值背景有很大差异:变质岩碎屑堆积背景值为392.1 Bq/m3,花岗岩碎屑堆积为1 930.2 Bq/m3,正长岩和花岗岩混杂堆积为1 571.1 Bq/m3。统计了数据的离散程度,确定了异常下限判断标准,在此基础上分析了区内土壤氡分布特征。研究表明:土壤氡高值分布对隐伏断裂位置和地热异常具有较好的指示意义。     

土壤氡测量在温家梁地区砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用

通过处理温家梁地区土壤氡放射性活度浓度测量数据,划分出土壤氡放射性活度浓度异常范围,在测区内重点成矿预测区圈定了2条EW向土壤氡放射性活度浓度异常带：边家渠—徐家梁—先锋3队—温家湾—皮匠壕和农胜4队—色连3队异常带。证明区域土壤氡放射性活度浓度测量可实现快速评价北方中新生代盆地寻找砂岩型铀矿的目的。     

土壤氡测量在马家滩——新上海庙地区砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用

在鄂尔多斯盆地马家滩-新上海庙地区进行了土壤氡浓度测量的网度试验研究,其结果显示在区域土壤氡测量中,测线线距采用2～3km,同时提出了测区北部苏家井-东湾-鸳鸯湖一带、测量点距为200-400m,可对盆地进行快速评价,中南部石槽村-张家庙子-马家滩一带、中西部碎石井（满闸坑-猫头梁）一带可作为重点成矿区进一步开展研究工作,为该盆地成矿区预测和砂岩型铀矿找矿提供依据。     

固体径迹探测技术在环境氡监测中的应用

对醋酸纤维素和CR-39探测器进行比较研究,在确定两种探测器的蚀刻条件和改进径迹计数方法的基础上,对CR-39探测器进行刻度,刻度系数为0.035 Tc/cm2/Bq.h/m3。应用固体径迹测氡方法对安阳地区和成都市室内外氡浓度进行测量,结果表明安阳地区室内外氡浓度范围在13.0 Bq/m3~54.2 Bq/m3之间,成都市室内外氡浓度范围14.1 Bq/m3~43.2 Bq/m3之间,低于GB/t16146-1995规定的氡浓度标准。监测过程发现,装饰地板材料是影响室内氡浓度的一个主要因素,水泥厂、钢铁厂等工业污染是影响室外氡浓度水平的重要因素。     

土壤氡测量国际比对及几个重要问题

为了保证我国氡填图方法研究中关键参数土壤氡浓度测量结果的准确性和可靠性,笔者所在的实验室作为首次参加氡国际比对的中国组织,参加了2010年在捷克举行的3个氡参考点Cetyně、Bohostice和Buk现场测量国际比对。经T-学生分布检验,当显著性水平α=1%时,本实验室在氡参考点上45个测点的实测土壤氡浓度值cA与全部比对测量参加者的CA(2000年以来该参考点全部组织的平均值)数据有很好的一致性;3个参考点的平均氡浓度与自2000年以来在这些氡参考点进行试验的所有成功组织(N=180)提交数据形成的数据库中的数据高度一致,总相对误差小于6%。该成果表明本实验室的土壤氡测量技术已达国际相应水平。通过本次氡国际比对,发现了我国土壤氡测量中仪器校准、土壤气体采样技术等方面存在的问题,建议系统开展土壤氡测量方法及其技术规范等研究。     

北京广东典型地区室内氡气浓度与地质背景关系

为了解不同地质背景条件室内氡浓度水平,采用脉冲电离室测氡仪AlphaGUARD测量了北京广东不同地质背景典型测点的室内氡浓度,同时对广东某一测点进行了长期的室内氡监测。测量和研究结果表明：地表岩性是影响室内氡浓度高低的重要因素之一。地处花岗岩地区的建筑物内氡浓度高于其他岩性地区的室内氡浓度,广东室内氡水平明显高于北京地区,广东北京花岗岩地区的平均室内氡浓度分别为69.98 Bq/m^3和43.97 Bq/m^3,第四系覆盖地区的平均室内氡浓度分别为43.60 Bq/m^3和35.74 Bq/m^3。民用住宅卧室内的室内氡浓度略高于公共建筑物办公室内的室内氡浓度。因此,结合地质背景研究室内氡的水平与分布对指导开展室内氡调查中确定抽样方案、选择测点及进行区域尺度室内氡评价有重要的实用价值。     

四平市区土壤中氡的分布规律

在国内对测量天然条件下城市土壤中氡还为数不多的情况下，利用静态活性炭吸附法，对四平市区土壤中氡进行了测量，分析了四平土壤中氡的分布规律。区内土壤中氡浓度的变化范围为0.1-46.7Bq/l，个别点测值高出世界土壤中氡浓度平均值（7.4Bq/l)的8．6倍。根据土壤中镭的含量计算了空气中氡的变化规律，在距地表1m高的空气中氡浓度平均值为3.54Bq/l，此值在世界正常值范围（1－10Bq/l)内。     

泉州市、晋江市土壤中氡气浓度与地质背景的关系

通过泉州市、晋江市土壤中氡气测量,取得约465 km2土壤氡气环境调查成果,从结果来看,泉州市区和晋江市区土壤中氡气浓度普遍较低;市郊主要为山地,土壤中氡气浓度普遍较高;从土壤中氡气浓度水平的分布来看,土壤中氡气浓度水平主要与地质背景有关,二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩、钾长浅粒岩及黑云片岩风化土壤中氡气浓度明显高于其他地质背景来源土壤。     

四川阿坝土壤与空气中氡气浓度及分布调查

采用IED-3000R轻便型测氡仪,对四川阿坝地区土壤、空气中的氡气浓度开展初步调查。结果表明：(1)测区空气中氡气浓度较高,均在平均值185 Bq/m3附近;(2)所测得土壤的氡气浓度范围为2 736～93 486 Bq/m3,平均值为26 021 Bq/m3,远远高于全国城市土壤中氡气浓度7 300 Bq/m3的平均值,同时在156个土壤氡气浓度被测点中共有91个测点氡气浓度值超过20 000 Bq/m3,而按照国家标准,对于民用建筑工程土壤中氡气浓度超过20 000 Bq/m3要进行不同程度的防氡工程;(3)地质环境、土壤松散度、岩土性质、土壤含水率为影响阿坝地区土壤氡气浓度的主要因素。     

Anomalous soil radon fluctuations – signal of earthquakes in Nepal and eastern India regions

The present paper deals with pre-seismic soil radon-222 recorded at two different locations 200 m apart, at Jadavpur University main campus, Kolkata, India. Solid state nuclear track detector method is used for detection of the radioactive radon gas. Two simultaneous 4-month long time series data have been analysed. Anomalous fluctuations in the radon datasets have been observed prior to recent earthquakes in Nepal and eastern India during the monitoring period, mainly, the massive 25th April 7.8 M Nepal earthquake. The simultaneous measurements assist in identifying seismogenic radon precursor efficiently.     

Radon soil–gas as a geological mapping tool: case study from basement complex of Nigeria

In an effort to quantify the geogenic radon soil–gas potential and appraise the use of radon technique as a geological mapping tool in a crystalline basement rock terrain of Ile–Ife Nigeria, radon measurement concentration were made using a radon detector instrument (EDA RD-200) that measures radon isotopes by a scintillator cell coupled to a photomultiplier tube. The data were collected from soils derived from three different lithologic rock units. The observed values were then correlated with the geology of the area. Significant differences in the radon soil–gas concentrations among the three geologic units were observed. Granite gneiss has the highest concentration, followed by grey gneiss and mica schist in that order. The geometric mean (GM) concentration of radon-222 measured in soils directly overlying the three different rock types were 301.4 pCi/l for granite gneiss, 202.8 pCi/l for the grey gneiss, and 199.4 pCi/l for mica schist. Conversely, the average values for radon-220 averaged 1510.0, 815.4, and 733.0 pCi/l for granite gneiss, grey gneiss, and mica schist rocks, respectively. Statistical t test (α=0.05) results indicated that there was no significant difference in the geometric mean of radon soil–gas measured between low and medium potential zones. However, significant differences were found between the low and high radon potential zones, and between the medium and high zones. The low concentrations of radon soil–gas emission observed in this study is explained in terms of the seasonal variation due to thermal convection fluid movement, while the radon concentrations were found to be controlled by the lithology and geochemistry of the underlying bedrock.     

Measurement of soil-gas radon in some areas of northern Rajasthan,India

The health hazards of the radioactive gas radon on general public are well known. In order to understand the level and distribution of ²²²Rn concentrations in soil-gas in Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan, a ²²²Rn survey was carried out for the first time using RAD7, an electronic radon detector manufactured by Durridge Company (USA), at different locations covering a total area of 10,978 km ², having a population of approximately 20 lakh. The measurement of ²²²Rn concentration in soil-gas was carried out at four different depths (10, 40, 70, and 100 cm). The radon concentration in soil-gas for 10, 40, 70, and 100 cm depths ranged from 0.09–4.25, 0.15–6.30, 0.50–9.18, and 0.72–10.40 kBq m ^?3, respectively. The minimum value of radon concentration is observed in 33 GB village at 10 cm depth and maximum for Mohanpura village at 100 cm depth. As expected, our data show an increase of soil-gas radon concentration levels with depth. The present results are compared with the available radon data from other studies.     

A comparison of field and laboratory analytical methods for radon site investigation

Soil-gas radon measurements provide a valuable tool in assessing probable indoor radon levels on a regional basis. However, in Great Britain, seasonal weather changes can cause large changes in soil-gas radon concentration. Although this does not significantly constrain systematic radon potential mapping programmes, it does cause difficulties in responding to ad-hoc requests for site-specific radon investigations. The relationship between soil-gas radon and gamma spectrometry measurements made in the field with radon released from a representative sample of soil in the laboratory has been investigated as part of a program to develop a method of radon potential mapping and site investigation which can be used at any time of the year. Multiple soil and soil-gas samples were collected from sites underlain by bedrocks with widely varying radon potentials. For each geological unit, sites both free of and covered by glacial drift deposits were sampled. Soil and soil-gas samples were taken at the same depth of 60–100 cm. The effectiveness of these radon site investigation procedures has been evaluated by studying the relationship between the soil-gas radon, gamma spectrometry and radon emanation data with an independent estimate of the radon risk. The geologic radon potential (GEORP), which is the proportion of existing dwellings which exceed the UK radon Action Level (200 Bq m⁻³) for a particular combination of solid and drift geology within a defined geographic area, has been used for this study as the independent estimate of radon risk. Soil-gas radon, radon emanation and eU (equivalent uranium by field γ spectrometry) are all good geochemical indicators of radon risk (GEORP) in Derbyshire but only soil-gas radon correlates significantly with GEORP in Northamptonshire. Radon in soil gas discriminates more effectively between sites with different radon potential in Northamptonshire if soil permeability is also taken into account. In general, measurement of soil-gas radon in the field provides the most universally applicable indicator of radon potential. If soil-gas radon concentrations cannot be determined because of climatic factors, for example when the soil profile is waterlogged, measurement of radon emanation in the laboratory or measurement of eU can be used as radon potential indicators in some geological environments. This applies particularly in areas where the soil composition rather than the composition and permeability of the underlying rock or superficial deposits are the dominant controls of radon potential. It appears, therefore, that it may be necessary to use different radon site investigation methods according to the specific factors controlling radon emanation from the ground. In some cases no method will provide a reliable indicator of radon risk under unfavourable climatic conditions.     

土壤氡气测量在鄂尔多斯盆地西缘砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用

在鄂尔多斯盆地某矿床进行土壤Rn测量条件试验的基础上,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘研究区进行了区域测量工作。通过对数据处理,划分出5片具有成矿远景的异常区,并对异常进行评价解释,为钻探施工提供了重要的参考依据。研究结果表明,土壤Rn测量方法能够在盆地区域范围内划分出异常区,是一种快速评价砂岩型铀矿化的重要地球化学勘查方法。     

The measurement of soil gases and shallow temperature for determination of active faults in a geothermal area: a case study from Ömer–Gecek,Afyonkarahisar (West Anatolia)

Afyonkarahisar is a very important geothermal province of western Anatolia and has low and medium enthalpy geothermal areas. This study has been carried out for the preparation of distribution maps of soil gases (radon and carbon dioxide) and shallow soil temperature and the exploration of permeable tectonic regions associated with geothermal systems and reveal the origins of radon and carbon dioxide gases. The western district of the study area is characterized by the high radon concentration (168.30 kBq/m³), carbon dioxide ratio (0.30%), and soil temperature (21.0 °C) values. Fethibey and Demirçevre faults, which allow the circulation of geothermal fluids, have been detected in the distribution maps of radon, carbon dioxide, and shallow depth temperature and the directions of the curves in these maps correspond to the strikes of Demirçevre faults. The effect of the fault plays an important role in the change of carbon dioxide concentration along the W-E directional geological section prepared to determine the change of soil gas and shallow depth temperature values depending on lithological differences, fault existence, and geothermal reservoir depth. On the other hand, it was determined that Rn²²² concentration and soil temperature changed as a function of geothermal reservoir depth or lithological difference. Tuffs in Köprülü volcano-sedimentary units are the main source of radon due to their higher uranium contents. Besides, the carbon dioxide in Ömer–Gecek soils has geothermal origin because of the highest carbon dioxide content (99.3%) in non-condense gas. The similarities in patterns of soil temperature, radon, and carbon dioxide indicate that the variation in soil temperatures is related to radon and carbon dioxide emissions. It is concluded that soil gas and temperature measurements can be used to determine the active faults in the initial stage of geothermal exploration successfully.