库车坳陷的断裂有效运移通道及其物理模拟

库车坳陷区的变形,垂向上可分为3大构造层:盐上层、新生代膏盐层和盐下层。根据该地典型构造的含气性差异,分析了断裂有效输导天然气的地质条件,认为充足且有效的气源条件、沟通源岩与圈闭且不断穿区域性盖层的盐下断裂以及完整的圈闭是决定天然气沿断裂运聚成藏的重要条件,因而不断穿区域性盖层的盐下断裂是有效油气运移通道,并用物理模拟对其进行了验证。通过分析与断裂有效运移通道相配置的砂体的封闭程度、体积和物理性质的差异发现:沿断裂有效运移通道运移的天然气向断裂两侧储层分流的优势运移路径明显不同,在发育断裂有效运移通道时,断裂带内部的流体总是向着断裂带两侧封闭程度差、体积大和物性好的储层分流运移。     

地震泵抽吸作用与油气运聚成藏物理模拟

地震泵抽吸作用是在断裂活动开启过程中,引发流体进入断裂带,并发生垂向运移的作用方式。在裂隙递进扩张形成优势裂隙并进一步发展成大的断裂面的演化过程中,地震泵抽吸作用发生,围岩中的流体在相对负压抽吸作用下进到断裂带中,之后主要在构造应力和异常高孔隙流体压力的共同作用下向上运移,并向着邻近断裂的封闭程度差、体积大、物性好的储层中充注运移,运移效率远远高于达西流和扩散流。断裂周期性破裂活动的特征决定了油气沿断裂的垂向泵吸运移呈周期性、间歇性和脉动的特点,同时也决定了油气易于在断裂错开的最新层位聚集成藏。通过克拉2气田天然气运聚成藏过程物理模拟实验结果表明,紧邻圈闭的盐下断裂为有效的天然气运移通道,穿盐断裂为无效的天然气运移通道,天然气在地震泵抽吸作用下沿断裂运移速度快、效率高,在断裂活动的短时间内可以大规模运聚成藏。     

准噶尔盆地红山嘴一车排子断裂带含油气流体活动特点地球化学研究

从微量元素地球化学和包裹体地球化学角度系统对比分析了准噶尔盆地红车断裂带地区（主断裂及其上下盘）的含油气流体活动特点，结果表明，断裂在构造活动期是油气流体运移的良好通道，断裂上下盘中聚集的油气经由主断裂运移进入，且上盘优先接受充注，油气在断裂带中的运聚主要包括两个期次，每一期次又包括了多个幕，并可能具有幕式活动特征。     

油气幕式成藏及其驱动机制和识别标志

连续稳态流动和周期性(幕式)瞬态流动是沉积盆地流体的 2种流动方式。幕式流体流动是压力和应力的作用引起地层周期性破裂或断裂、先存裂隙周期性开启的结果。幕式成藏是沉积盆地中油气与地层水组成的混相、不连续流体的多期次充注/聚集过程,超压顶界面附近、底辟和深断裂附近是幕式成藏的有利场所。与油气稳态连续聚集过程相比,幕式成藏更快,大 中型油气田可在较短的时间内形成,根据传统模式难以成藏的年轻圈闭可成为有效的勘探目标。幕式流体流动的主要特征是流体成份和流动过程的不连续性、流体流动过程中温度、压力的快速变化及流体流动的多期性和周期性。流体的时空非均质性、流体流动的瞬态温度响应和运移相态分异及其揭示的多期流体相互作用是幕式成藏的有效识别标志。     

断裂带对油气运聚控制作用探讨：以塔里木台盆区阿克库勒凸起与塔中低隆为例

将断裂带分作高渗带和低渗带,利用逾渗数学模型模拟不同渗透性断裂带油气运移特征。不管将断裂考虑为低渗带还是高渗带,断裂都对油气运移有阻挡、汇聚作用。凡是在断裂投影范围内的运移路径都汇聚为一条运移路径,也就是说,断裂控制了其投影范围内的油气运移,增强了油气运移的效率。高渗带断裂和低渗带断裂存在一定的差异性,即：油气运移路径抵达高渗带时,直接进入断裂带内部,且沿着断裂带的上缘发生运移;而油气运移抵达低渗带时,运移路径并不进入断裂带内部,而是沿着断裂带下缘外部汇聚并向上运移。进一步的研究分析表明,在多个断裂带并存的条件下,塔中隆起油气主要聚集于塔中Ⅱ号带以北,且各块体分散聚集,油气分布规律复杂。而阿克库勒地区,只要断层是油气的通道,最终油气都要在高点或封堵好的圈闭聚集。但与鼻隆大角度相交的断层具有阻挡和截流聚集的特点。     

与盐构造相关的流体流动和油气运聚

盐构造的形成必然伴随着流体的活动 ,盐构造和流体构成了一个有机的反馈系统。含盐盆地中主要的流体类型有含盐热流体、烃类流体、富金属热流体及同生水和大气水等。盐构造在流体流动中起着重要的作用 :( 1)改造流体动力系统 ,包括密度驱动和超压驱动 ;( 2 )提供复杂的流体流动的通道网络 ,主要由盐丘上部的地堑式断裂簇和流体底辟通道、盐体 /围岩接触断裂等构成 ;( 3 )规定流体流动域———特定的流体赋存的特定的空间 ;( 4 )捕获流体共同运动。对于油气而言 ,盐构造既提供了油气运移的驱动力和运移通道 ,又提供了丰富的圈闭。在此基础上文中概括了盐构造、流体流动及油气运移和聚集相互关系的模式。地震剖面上的特征反射、岩心中的脉体、流体包裹体以及流体的理、化参数的空间变化等 ,可以帮助示踪与盐构造相关流体的流动路径 ,追溯流体流动的历史 ,认识油气成藏的过程。     

准噶尔盆地油气运移基本方式与机理探讨

在准噶尔盆地,以断裂为主,联合输导层(储层和不整合)的“断控体系”是油气运移的基本固体格架。文中从油气形成和演化过程中的有机-无机相互作用入手,分析了准噶尔盆地油气运移的基本方式和机理。结果表明,油气在输导层运移过程中,随有机质热演化、成岩演化,以及距油源断裂的远近不同,伴随着的水量有着显著变化。流体性质的差异导致了不同的储层水岩反应和油气成藏机制,据此,可将油气在输导层中的运移方式划分出两种基本类型:机械-侵蚀型和机械型。而在断裂带地区,断裂对储层中高压流体系统的沟通,触发了“减压沸腾”作用,伴随着流体沸腾,油气呈幕式运移聚集。     

准噶尔盆地油气运移基本方式与机理探讨

在准噶尔盆地,以断裂为主,联合输导层(储层和不整合)的“断控体系”是油气运移的基本固体格架。文中从油气形成和演化过程中的有机-无机相互作用入手,分析了准噶尔盆地油气运移的基本方式和机理。结果表明,油气在输导层运移过程中,随有机质热演化、成岩演化,以及距油源断裂的远近不同,伴随着的水量有着显著变化。流体性质的差异导致了不同的储层水岩反应和油气成藏机制,据此,可将油气在输导层中的运移方式划分出两种基本类型:机械-侵蚀型和机械型。而在断裂带地区,断裂对储层中高压流体系统的沟通,触发了“减压沸腾”作用,伴随着流体沸腾,油气呈幕式运移聚集。     

碳酸盐岩内断裂带结构及其与油气成藏

以野外观察描述为手段,系统研究了碳酸盐岩断裂变形机制的影响因素及断裂带结构演化过程,剖析了碳酸盐岩地层中断裂带结构与流体运移的关系。研究表明,影响碳酸盐岩内断裂变形机制的因素包括岩性、孔隙度、变形深度、温度、胶结作用、先存裂缝等,控制断裂带结构形成的因素包括滑动位移和破裂模式等。低孔隙度碳酸盐岩以裂缝发育为主,高孔隙度碳酸盐岩变形早期产生变形带,带内裂缝联接逐渐发育成断层带。随着埋藏深度的增加,断裂带结构不同：埋藏深度小于3 km,断层核主要发育无内聚力的断层角砾岩和断层泥;埋藏深度大于3 km,断层核普遍发育有内聚力的断层角砾岩和碎裂岩,破碎带发育多种成因的裂缝。随着位移的增加,破裂模式从早期的破裂作用变为后期的碎裂作用,最终形成碎裂流。断裂带演化是一个四维过程,断层核和破碎带发育情况直接影响断层对油气的运移和封闭的作用。断裂变形机制、断裂带内部结构以及与流体运移关系的研究,都可为封闭性提供重要的理论依据。     

准噶尔盆地腹部断裂和不整合面流体活动特征对比

断裂和不整合面是油气流体运移的良好通道,但对其流体活动特征的差异研究却不甚深入。以准噶尔盆地腹部地区为例,主要从流体活动的矿物岩石学记录入手,对断裂和不整合面的流体活动特征进行了对比研究。结果表明,断裂带流体活动复杂,在活动期均是油气流体运移的良好通道,并呈现出"幕式"特征,流体来源以深源含油气流体与大气降水影响为主。相比而言,不整合面之上流体来源较为单一,主要是含油气流体,而不整合面之下与断裂带地区类似,受到深源含油气流体与大气降水的复合影响。总体而言,断裂带流体活动强度要比不整合面上下的储层更强,断裂与不整合面纵横交叉之处是油气流体活动的有利通道,距不整合面越远,其流体活动强度越弱。这些认识可为区域油气勘探提供科学依据,也可供国内外同类研究类比参考。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of