Ⅱ风浪列率谱的实验研究

利用风浪实验资料,系统地研究了列率谱随风速,风区的演变规律。与频率谱的计算结果比较表明：在主含能频段,特别在峰频附近,两种谱估计方法所得结果基本吻合。但在高频段,特别在二倍峰频附近,两种谱估计方法所得结果存在明显差异。文中就其存在的差异给出了可能的物理解释。     

宽带声学多普勒流速剖面仪信号中心频率估计

BBADCP(Broadband ADCP)具有空间和时间分辨率高、能够精确测量缓流浅水流速等诸多优点。但是使用FFT方法对其中心频率估计往往存在分辨率低、误差大和精度小等缺点。因此,发现一种能够满足准确性要求的功率谱估计方法就显得意义重大。本文首先运用常用的功率谱估计方法对仿真的BBADCP信号进行功率谱估计求取中心频率,发现MUSIC方法效果最为理想。然后再对测量的BBADCP信号进行估计,同样得出MUSIC算法对中心频率的估计最好。本文旨在找出一种估计BBADCP信号中心频率的最为优化的方法。无论从数学原理上还是实际效果来看,MUSIC方法都比其它方法更适用于BBADCP信号,满足误差要求。     

波谱仪调制功率谱估计算法性能的仿真研究

基于星载波谱仪海浪方向谱探测原理，仿真了不同海况、风速下的海浪波谱仪接收信号，并采用周期图法、Welch法、AR模型法以及最小方差法共4种不同的调制谱估计方法反演出海浪谱，比较各种调制谱估计方法的海浪方向谱反演性能。仿真结果表明:对于一定方位向下的一维海浪谱反演，不同调制谱估计方法反演海浪谱性能优劣没有绝对的顺序。对于二维海浪谱反演，在成长中海浪条件下周期图法反演性能最差，其他3种方法的反演性能没有绝对优劣顺序；对于成熟风浪，最小方差法在积分能量误差、有效波高误差两个指标上的反演性能最好，在主波波向、主波波长误差上，周期图法反演性能最差，其他3种方法没有绝对优劣顺序。在涌浪条件下，AR模型法反演性能优于其他3种方法。在不同海况下，随着波谱仪中心入射角的下降，反演性能会下降。基于这些仿真结果，本文推荐最小方差法作为充分成长海浪的海浪方向谱反演的调制谱估计方法，AR模型法作为涌浪海浪方向谱反演的调制谱估计方法。     

由压力、流速估计波浪方向谱数据处理方法

通过现场观测水底压力和矢量流速，可以估计海面波浪方向谱，此方法称为ＰＵＶ法。本文由不规则线性波浪理论和洪广文［２］方向谱概率模式结合导出ＰＵＶ估计谱的计算式，并针对实测数据受到干扰的问题、依据相关理论与经验，提出了谱估计的数据处理与修正方法     

现代海浪功率谱估计的改进算法

海浪谱是随机海浪的一个重要统计性质,它不仅包含着海浪的二阶信息,而且还直接给出了海浪组成波能量相对于频率和方向的分布。谱方法已经成为研究海浪及其有关问题的有力工具。文中主要参照现代谱估计中的THREE谱估计方法,对基于Kullback-Leibler度量的随机信号的功率谱估计方法中优化参数的求解算法进行了改进,并与基于Hellinger度量的谱估计方法进行了比较。通过数值模拟和谱分析证实基于这两种度量的功率谱估计算法都能有效地避免谱线分裂和谱峰偏移现象。     

Ⅲ变浅作用下列率谱和频率谱的实验研究

为研究变浅作用下的非线性海浪，本文利用并矢相关谱估计方法，设计并进行了多种强度下，由深水传入近岸浪变浅作用下，列率谱和频率谱随水深和坡度变化的实验比较研究。     

时空联合估计权向量的MVDR自适应波束形成方法

为实现短数据条件下权向量的稳定优化估计,提出1种时空联合估计权向量的MVDR自适应波束形成方法。该方法结合时域解析信号的MVDR自适应波束形成算法中构造时域解析信号的方法和直接数据域算法中空间滑动的方法,以减少一半权向量为代价,实现了在更短的数据长度下稳定优化地估计协方差矩阵和权向量。数值仿真实验和海上实验数据处理结果表明:与常规波束形成和直接数据域相比,该方法具有更好的稳定性和更好的波束性能,即主瓣更窄,旁瓣更低,阵增益更高。     

现场ηUV、PUV和UV波浪方向谱估计方法及比较

波浪方向谱的现场观测和谱估计方法是海洋动力研究的重要基础课题之一。本文依据不规则线性波理论，推导了ηＵＶ、ＰＵＶ和ＵＶ方法方向谱计算式，并利用η和ＰＵＶ实测数据进行了方向谱估计，同时比较了各种模式优劣，为现场波浪观测提供依据。     

贝叶斯统计方法在海浪方向谱研究中的应用

较详细介绍了贝叶斯统计方法在海浪方向谱估计中的应用,指出先验分布的不同对估计结果没有影响,由于均匀分布与最大熵原则相对应,使其具有某种特殊性.数值模拟表明贝叶斯方法对双峰方向分布估计的有效性,将其应用于黑海实测资料,证明双峰方向分布的出现依赖于估计方法分辨力的大小,而用最大似然法得到的双峰方向分布值得怀疑.最后给出出现双峰方向分布的一种可能物理解释.     

一种舰船轴频电场实时检测方法

为了能够在低信噪比的条件下提高目标的检测概率,降低目标的漏警率和虚警率,提出了一种基于信号特征的舰船轴频电场实时检测方法。 根据舰船的螺旋桨转速与轴频的对应关系确定了特征频段, 将特征频段内经过线谱、连续谱分离及线谱识别后的功率谱估计的最大值作为特征量。 根据环境变化,设置具有自适应功能的动态阈值,对信号进行实时检测,确定疑似目标点。 然后通过模量判断,线谱倍频判断和线谱稳定性判断,最终确认目标是否存在。 对仿真信号和实测信号进行了特征提取和检测,在不同海况和较低信噪比下实现了目标检测。     

利用X波段雷达提取海浪信息的分析

利用X波段雷达海浪信息提取系统,通过对龙口屺姆岛海域岸基试验数据分析,获得了有效波高、主波频率、主波波向等海况参数,并和该区域的浮标数据进行了比较分析,结果表明利用X波段雷达系统能够有效地获得海况信息。     

Directional spread parameter at intermediate water depth

The characteristics of directional spread parameters at intermediate water depth are investigated based on a cosine power ‘2s' directional spreading model. This is based on wave measurements carried out using a Datawell directional waverider buoy in 23 m water depth. An empirical equation for the frequency dependent directional spreading parameter is presented. Directional spreading function estimated based on the Maximum Entropy Method is compared with those obtained using a cosine power ‘2s' parameter model. A set of empirical equations relating the directional spreading parameter corresponding to the peak of wave spectrum to other wave parameters like significant wave height and period are obtained. It shows that the wave directional spreading at peak wave frequency can be related to the non-linearity parameter, which allows estimation of directional spreading without reference to wind information.     

Strong near-inertial oscillations in geostrophic shear in the northern South China Sea

With observational data from three Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) moorings, we detected strong near-inertial oscillations (NIO) in the continental shelf region of the northern South China Sea in July 2008. The amplitude of the near-inertial current velocity is much greater than that of diurnal and semi-diurnal tides. The power of the NIOs is strongest in the intermediate layer, relatively weak in the surface layer, and insignificant in the near-bottom layer. The spectral analysis indicates that the NIOs have a peak frequency of 0.0307 cph, which is 2% lower than the local inertial frequency, i.e., a red-shift. The near-inertial wave has an upward vertical phase velocity, which involves a downward group velocity and energy flux. The estimated vertical phase velocity is about 43 m day⁻¹, corresponding to a vertical wave length of about 58 m. The horizontal scale of the NIOs is at least hundreds of kilometers. This NIO event lasted for about 15 days after a typhoon’s passage. Given the northeastward background flow with significant horizontal shear, both Doppler shift and shear flow modulation mechanisms may be responsible for the red-shift of the observed NIOs. For the shear flow mechanism, the observed negative background vorticity and the corresponding effective Coriolis frequency reduce the lower limit of admissible frequency band for the NIOs, causing the red-shift. Meanwhile, the mooring area with the broadened frequency band acts as a wave-guide. The trapping and amplification effects lead to the relatively long sustaining period of the observed NIOs.     

Estimation of Wind Wave Frequency Spectra by Use of the Arcsine Law

In the present study,the surface elevation of wind waves oberved in laboratory and in the Bohai Sea are adopted for the estimation of the wind wave frequency spectrum by use of the method of the arcsine law(MAL).The traditional method uses the surface elevation to calculate the correlation and then estimate the frequency spectrum while the MAL,presented by Yu and Lan(1979),uses the time sequence of zero-crossing points of surface elevation rather than directly the surface elevation to calculate the correlation.66 sets of wind wave data obtained in laboratory and 420 sets of data observed in the Bohai Sea are adopted for the examination of the method introduced by Yu and Lan.Results show that the MAL can give reliable estimation of wind wave spectra.Correlation and form of spectra estimated by the MAL are similar to those estimated by the traditional method.The peak frequency and the spectral density in peak frequency by the MAL are close to those obtained by the traditional method.     

Effect of traveling wave on the vortex-induced vibration of a long flexible pipe

It is expected that the vortex-induced vibration response of long flexible tubular structures exposed to a shear current will consist of multiple modes of standing and traveling waves simultaneously. The vibration characteristics of traveling wave caused by VIV and its effect on the vibration form for a flexible pipe model are presented in this paper. Two methods are proposed to reveal the characteristics of standing and traveling waves from the perspective of an instantaneous illustration and a time-averaged statistical analysis separately. The first is associated with the adoption of an illustration method depending upon an instantaneous local upper envelope to identify the dominance of the standing or traveling wave. It is found that the in-line and cross-flow wave types show synchronization in that the wave types are mostly changeless or occasionally transform from one type to the other nearly simultaneously. In both the in-line and cross-flow directions, it is evident that the vibration response is not dominated by the standing wave characteristics but can often be characterized by the alternate presence of a traveling wave and a hybrid standing-traveling wave. The second method is associated with the adoption of the significant strain peak concept proposed to estimate the occurrence of the peak strain response and fatigue damage risk. It is found that the strain peak value attributed to in-line static strain accounts for a large proportion of the final equivalent significant strain peak near the pipe end with high reduced velocities, especially when the flow velocity is high. With the occurrence of a hybrid pattern of standing-traveling wave for higher velocities, the distribution of the significant cross-flow strain peak becomes uniform and its corresponding wave shape is apt to be flat.     

论风浪的局域结构──Ⅱ.风浪局域小波能谱的性质及应用

引入了局域小波能谱的局域间歇性度量,分析了不同风速下的风浪资料,结果表明,局域小波能谱可依局域频率分为三部分。风浪的群性在三维局域小波能谱图像下显示得更为明显,与风浪有关的一切性质都是局域的,包括风浪的群性。讨论了局域小波谱峰值与谱峰频率的涨落,指出了前者在工程设计中的重要意义,并发现了后者与风浪破碎有关的两种非线性现象。     

基于海面多普勒谱模型的海浪反演精度分析

Microwave remote sensing is one of the most useful methods for observing the ocean parameters. The Doppler frequency or interferometric phase of the radar echoes can be used for an ocean surface current speed retrieval,which is widely used in spaceborne and airborne radars. While the effect of the ocean currents and waves is interactional. It is impossible to retrieve the ocean surface current speed from Doppler frequency shift directly. In order to study the relationship between the ocean surface current speed and the Doppler frequency shift, a numerical ocean surface Doppler spectrum model is established and validated with a reference. The input parameters of ocean Doppler spectrum include an ocean wave elevation model, a directional distribution function, and wind speed and direction. The suitable ocean wave elevation spectrum and the directional distribution function are selected by comparing the ocean Doppler spectrum in C band with an empirical geophysical model function(CDOP). What is more, the error sensitivities of ocean surface current speed to the wind speed and direction are analyzed. All these simulations are in Ku band. The simulation results show that the ocean surface current speed error is sensitive to the wind speed and direction errors. With VV polarization, the ocean surface current speed error is about 0.15 m/s when the wind speed error is 2 m/s, and the ocean surface current speed error is smaller than 0.3 m/s when the wind direction error is within 20° in the cross wind direction.     

便携式高频地波雷达台湾海峡浪高观测

As an important equipment for sea state remote sensing, high frequency surface wave radar(HFSWR) has received more and more attention. The conventional method for wave height inversion is based on the ratio of the integration of the second-order spectral continuum to that of the first-order region, where the strong external noise and the incorrect delineation of the first- and second-order Doppler spectral regions due to spectral aliasing are two major sources of errors in the wave height. To account for these factors, two more indices are introduced to the wave height estimation, i.e., the ratio of the maximum power of the second-order continuum to that of the Bragg spectral region(RSCB) and the ratio of the power of the second harmonic peak to that of the Bragg peak(RSHB). Both indices also have a strong correlation with the underlying wave height. On the basis of all these indices an empirical model is proposed to estimate the wave height. This method has been used in a three-months long experiment of the ocean state measuring and analyzing radar, type S(OSMAR-S), which is a portable HFSWR with compact cross-loop/monopole receive antennas developed by Wuhan University since 2006. During the experiment in the Taiwan Strait, the significant wave height varied from 0 to 5 m. The significant wave heights estimated by the OSMAR-S correlate well with the data provided by the Oceanweather Inc. for comparison, with a correlation coefficient of 0.74 and a root mean square error(RMSE) of 0.77 m. The proposed method has made an effective improvement to the wave height estimation and thus a further step toward operational use of the OSMAR-S in the wave height extraction.     

Variations in wave direction estimated using first and second order Fourier coefficients

In most design applications such as alignment of the berthing structure and breakwater alignment, it becomes necessary to determine the direction of design wave. There are two different approaches to determine wave direction. One involves the use of first order Fourier coefficients (mean wave direction) while the other uses second order Fourier coefficients (principal wave direction). Both the average wave direction over the entire frequency range (0.03–0.58 Hz) and the direction corresponding to the peak frequency are used in practice. In the present study, comparison is made on wave directions estimated based on first and second order Fourier coefficients using data collected at four locations in the west and east coasts of India. Study shows that at all locations, the mean and principal wave directions for frequencies ranging from 0.07 to 0.25 Hz (±0.5 times peak frequency) co-vary with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 but at lower and higher frequencies, difference between the parameters is large. Average difference between the mean wave direction at peak frequency and the average over the frequency related to spectral energy more than 20% of maximum value is less, around 13°. Study shows that average difference in the sea and swell directions is around 39°.     

基于多传感器融合的波浪谱数据获取与传输方法研究

波浪谱分析是研究随机波浪、构建波浪模型、计算海浪要素的主要方法,也是海洋工程设计、波浪能应用研究等的重要依据。目前对于现场波浪数据的获取仅局限于波浪特征参数和部分频段数据,为了获取准确有效的波浪谱信息,提出微机电系统(Micro-Electro-Mechanical System,MEMS)和全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS)测波传感器相结合的波浪谱数据获取方法以及利用北斗短报文数据传输的通信方式。综合考虑波浪谱数据特点和北斗短报文通信能力,波浪谱数据选用半精度数据类型编码并设计了相应的数据传输格式。现场海试结果表明该方法对于全波谱数据计算和传输较为准确,有效波高、峰值周期、平均波向和方向扩展的准确率相比于单独GPS传感器计算结果分别提升了12.5%(0.1m)、5%(0.2s)、8%(13°)和13%(8°),为海浪观测资料获取提供了新方法和新思路,可以进一步满足海洋多要素研究和对完整频谱分析的实际应用需求。