综合主动和被动微波数据监测土壤水分变化

微波遥感测量土壤水分的方法主要分主动和被动两种，它们都是基于干燥土壤和水体之间介电常数的巨大差异。估算植被覆盖土壤表面土壤水分必须要考虑地表粗糙度和植被覆盖影响的问题。植被覆盖土壤表面的后向散射包括来自植被的体散射，来自地表的面散射和植被与地表间的交互作用散射项。本研究建立了一个半经验公式模型，用来计算体散射项，综合时间序列的主动和被动微波数据，消除植被覆盖的影响，估算地表土壤水分的变化状况。并应用1997年美国SGP‘97综合实验中的机载800m分辨辐射计ESTAR数据计算表面反射系数，综合Radarsat的SCAN-SAR数据得到体散射项，然后，由NOAA/AVHRR和TM计算得到的NDVI值加权分配50m分辨率的体散射项，最后计算50m分辨率的表面反射系数的变化值，从而得到土壤水分的变化情况，验证数据表明该计算结果与实测值一致。     

航天飞机极化干涉雷达数据反演地表植被参数

利用基于极化干涉测量的基本原理和相干散射模型。提出了基于模拟加温-退火算法的极化干涉雷达数据地表植被参数的反演算法，首先，对极化干涉测量的基本原理和一个考虑了地表和植被散射的二层相干散射模型进行了阐述。接着，对模拟退火算法的基本理论和基于模拟加温-退火算法的地表植被参数反演模型进行了论述，最后，利用和田地区1994年10月9日和10日的航天飞机SIR-CL波段单视散射短阵复数据进行了地表植被参数反演的计算，将反演结果与实测数据比较，表明该反演算法能以较好的精度获取地表植被的高度。     

Neumann分解理论在极化SAR植被分类中的应用

利用Neumann分解理论中体散射模型的各向异性与方向角随机程度对植被的形态特征加以区分,建立各向异性-方向角随机程度平面进行初始分类。在此基础之上,利用Wishart距离进行迭代分类。选取德国Oberpfaffenhofen地区E-SARL波段、SIR-C/X-SARL和C波段三种极化数据进行实验,结果表明,本文方法在植被覆盖区分类效果优于Freeman-Duren和Yamaguchi模型分类结果,能较好地区分针叶林、阔叶林,且L波段分类结果优于C波段分类结果。     

植被高度的极化干涉互协方差矩阵分解反演法

经典三阶段极化干涉SAR植被高反演算法中地面散射相位估计不准确,从而导致植被高反演精度存在偏差。针对这一关键问题,本文提出基于极化干涉互协方差矩阵分解的植被高度反演新方法。该方法利用Freeman分解理论和极化干涉互协方差矩阵,估计出更准确的地面散射相位;然后,结合RVOG模型反演植被高度。利用欧空局（ESA）的软件PolSARpro模拟的L波段极化SAR数据和亚马逊森林地区的ALOS PALSAR L波段数据进行实验,结果表明本文提出的新算法提取的植被高度相比经典三阶段法精度更高,从而验证了算法的有效性和可靠性。     

植被覆盖区土壤水分反演研究——以北京市为例

以北京市为研究区域,联合使用光学遥感数据和雷达数据,对植被覆盖区地表土壤水分进行反演研究。在利用同期光学数据提取出归一化水分指数(normalized differential water index,NDWI)之后,利用water-cloud模型去除植被层在土壤水分后向散射中的贡献,然后考虑到地表粗糙度,在构建后向散射数据库的基础上分别利用HH和HV极化方式的后向散射系数构建土壤水分反演模型,并对反演结果进行对比研究。结果表明,采用HH极化方式反演土壤水分的均方根误差为0.044,相对误差为15.5%;采用HV极化方式反演土壤水分的均方根误差为0.057,相对误差为20.3%;相比而言,HH极化的反演效果更好。     

植被覆盖地表土壤水分遥感反演

以地域特色突出的新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,联合使用雷达数据和光学遥感数据,对干旱区绿洲土壤和植被水分信息进行提取。在同期光学遥感影像数据提取植被归一化差分水分指数基础上,利用"水-云模型"从雷达数据总的后向散射中去除植被影响,建立土壤后向散射系数与土壤含水量的关系,相关系数为HH极化R2=0.5227,HV极化R2=0.3277。结果表明利用C波段HH极化雷达影像数据结合光学影像数据,进行干旱半干旱地区棉花、玉米等农作物种植区地表土壤水分反演时,在中等覆盖条件下去除植被影响有较好的效果。     

一种自适应的混合Freeman/Eigenvalue极化分解模型

全极化SAR数据的极化分解在土地利用分类、目标检测与识别以及地表参数反演等领域得到了广泛应用。目前,主要有基于特征值分解和基于模型分解2类极化分解方法。混合Freeman/Eigenvalue极化分解结合了两者的优势,避免了基于模型的极化分解中负功率问题并且能够利用已知的散射机制解释分解后的散射分量。为了进一步拓展该分解在不同地表类型中的应用,通过引入参数Neumann一般化体散射模型,提出了一种自适应的极化分解模型。利用德国Black Forest地区的L波段AirSAR(airborne synthetic aperture Radar)全极化数据进行实验,并与现有的Yamaguchi三分量模型和自适应非负分解(adaptive nonnegative eigenvalue decomposition,ANNED)对比分析,以验证模型的有效性。研究表明,自适应的混合Freeman/Eigenvalue极化分解模型保证了分解能量的非负性及完全分解,适应于不同类型的地表,能有效地区分不同地类。     

用ERS风散射计数据估算土壤水分方法的研究

欧空局ERS1/2卫星上的风散射计(WSC),分辨率是50km,4天内能覆盖全球超过80%的范围,并可在多角度下对地物目标进行观测。本文研究利用该散射计数据估算土壤水分的方法。首先,利用基于ERS散射计数据建立的全球C波段雷达后向散射系数数据库,根据传统的几何光学模型(GOM),反演得到与土壤含水量密切相关的法线方向Fresnel反射率,并与两个采样点(安多和那曲)上的实测降雨量及土壤水分相对比,证明了ERS散射计数据与土壤水分的高相关性;第二步,以水云模型为基础,结合AIEM模型,发展了一种简化模型来估算土壤水分绝对值,分别利用气象站实测点数据和同时期的Basist湿度指数(BWI)进行验证,表明反演结果能较好反映土壤水分的空间分布状况。     

四分量散射模型在极化SAR相干斑滤波中的应用

在分析四分量极化散射理论基础上,提出了一种新的极化SAR数据相干斑滤波算法。该算法首先应用四分量散射模型对原始极化SAR数据进行分解,以获得像素的散射类型和总功率值;然后采用极化特征和空间特征的相似性度量,在滤波窗口内选取中心像素的同质区;最后根据同质区的局部统计特性,应用线性最小均方滤波器进行滤波处理。AIRSAR系统L波段极化SAR数据的实验结果表明,该算法不仅可有效抑制相干斑,而且对极化和边缘等细节信息也有较好的保持。     

基于全极化SAR数据反演鄱阳湖湿地植被生物量

鄱阳湖是中国最大的淡水湖,也是国际重要湿地,对其生物量进行长期、定量研究有助于加深对区域乃至全球碳平衡的认识和理解。探讨了利用全极化Radarsat-2 C波段数据反演鄱阳湖湿地生物量的方法,改进了基于辐射传输理论的植被冠层散射模型,模拟了C波段湿地植被的后向散射特性;应用极化分解技术,增加了神经网络训练数据,并用后向反馈神经网络(BP)算法,反演了鄱阳湖湿地植被生物量。与野外实测生物量比较的结果表明:将改进的植被冠层散射模型和全极化分解得到的后向散射系数引入BP神经网络算法,能够有效降低生物量反演误差;全极化SAR数据在生物量反演中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Influence of surface and vegetation characteristics on C-band radar measurements for soil moisture content

Soil moisture estimation using microwave remote sensing faces challenges of the segregation of influences mainly from roughness and vegetation. Under static surface conditions, it was found that Radarsat C-band SAR shows reasonably good correlation and sensitivity with changing soil moisture. Dynamic surface and vegetation conditions are supposed to result in a substantial reduction in radar sensitivity to soil moisture. A C-band scatterometer system (5.2 GHz) with a multi-polarization and multi-angular configuration was used 12 times to sense the soil moisture over a tall vegetated grass field. A score of vegetation and soil parameters were recorded on every occasion of the experiment. Three radar backscattering models Viz., Integral Equation Model (IEM), an empirical model and a volume scattering model, have been used to predict the backscattering phenomena. The volume scattering model, using the Distorted Born Approximation, is found to predict the backscattering phenomena reasonably well. But the surface scattering models are expectedly found to be inadequate for the purpose. The temporal variation of soil moisture does show good empirical relationship with the observed radar backscattering. But as the vegetation biomass increases, the radar shows higher sensitivity to the vegetation parameters compared to surface characteristics. A sensitivity analysis of the volume scattering model for all the parameters also reveals that the radar is more sensitive to plant parameters under high biomass conditions, particularly vegetation water content, but the sensitivity to surface characteristics, particularly to soil moisture, is also appreciable.     

The inversion method study of sub-canopy soil moisture estimation using repeat pass SIR-C PolInSAR data

From repeat pass SIR-C L band polarimetric SAR interferometric data and fully maximum likelihood inversion decomposition model of PolInSAR, a method for sub-canopy soil moisture estimation using repeat pass SIR-C PolInSAR data is proposed. At the same time, the potential and validity of fully maximum likelihood inversion decomposition model of PolInSAR for sub-canopy soil moisture inversion is investigated. Firstly, from the random oriented volume over ground two layer coherent scattering model and the statistical characteristics of Pol-InSAR coherency matrix, the fully maximum likelihood inversion decomposition model is used to reconstruct or recover the surface polarimetric coherency matrix with volume scattering components significantly removed; then, from recovered surface polarimetric coherency matrix, co-HH, VV and cross-HV polarization backscattering coefficient are obtained, and the sub-canopy soil moisture are inverted from Oh and Dihedral scattering model. At last, Compared the inversion result with the field measurement and the climate data of hetan region from 1951 to 2006, the preliminary result indicates that the proposed method based on fully maximum likelihood inversion decomposition model has enough high inversion accuracy, if the new spaceborne or airborne polarimetric SAR interferometric data with synchronously spaceborne or airborne-ground measurement will be acquired, the validity and accuracy of proposed inversion method will be further investigated and validated.     

基于MODIS影像的森林火灾火线检测方法

结合归一化火灾差异指数NDBR(normalized difference burn ratio)和MODIS多波段影像梯度边缘分析手段检测火线, 应用B样条函数拟合火线并确定火势蔓延方向。为对比验证, 基于火线的Kriging插值实现火灾外推预测, 与30min后的火灾参考数据目视对比与统计：火线的预测变化与参考影像基本保持一致, 火灾外推影像的均值和熵约为参考影像的86%和81%, 火迹地检测的Kappa系数达80.2%。试验表明, 提出的森林火线特征自动检测方法在动态火灾监测中是可行、有效的。     

全极化SAR图像的山地低矮植被区域土壤含水量估计

山区土壤含水量对山区植被生长监测、滑坡预测等工作具有重要意义,因此针对山地低矮植被区域,提出了全极化SAR图像的土壤含水量估计方法。为解决山地区域SAR图像几何形变和极化旋转问题,根据入射角、坡度、坡向信息定义了可测区域与不可测区域,并对可测区域后向散射系数进行校正。其次以密西根模型为基础,发展了低矮植被的散射模型。在假定植被和土壤特征不变的情况下,基于此散射模型并结合校正数据建立了山区土壤含水量反演方法。结果表明,模型反演的土壤含水量和实验点实测值基本一致,两个实验点反演值分别为14%和15%,实测值为11.45%和15.80%,能够满足一般应用的需求。     

An Effective Model to Retrieve Soil Moisture from L- and C-Band SAR Data

This study investigated an appropriate method for soil moisture retrieval from radar images and coincident ground measurements acquired over bare soil and sparsely vegetated regions. The adopted approach based on a single scattering integral equation method (IEM) was developed to establish the relationship between backscatter coefficient and surface soil parameters including volumetric soil moisture content and surface roughness. The performance of IEM in 0–7.6 cm is better than that in 0–20 cm. Moreover, IEM can simulate correctly the backscatter coefficients only for the root mean square (RMS) height s < 1.5 cm at C-band and s < 2.5 cm at L-band by using an exponential correlation function and for s > 1.5 cm at C-band and s > 2.5 cm at L-band by using Gaussian function. However, due to the difficulties involved in the parameterization of soil surface roughness, the estimated accuracy is not satisfactory for the inversion of IEM. This paper used a combined roughness parameter and Fresnel reflection coefficient to develop an empirical model. Simulations were performed to support experimental results and to highlight soil moisture content and surface roughness effects in different polarizations. Results showed that a good agreement was found between the IEM simulations and the SAR measurements over a wide range of soil moisture and surface roughness characteristics. The model had a significant operational advantage in soil moisture retrieval. The correlation coefficients were 77.03 % at L-band and 81.45 % at C-band with the RMSEs of 0.515 and 0.4996 dB, respectively. Additionally, this work offered insight into the required application accuracy of soil moisture retrieval at a large area of arid regions.     

The negative alpha filter: a new Processing technique for polarimetric SAR interferometry

In this letter we develop a new concept, the negative alpha filter, which we suggest has application for quantitative estimation of surface parameters beneath vegetation using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (POLInSAR). We first derive the filter and then validate it using simulations of L-band coherent forest scattering. We then show initial results of applying the filter to airborne data from the German Aerospace Center's E-SAR L-band sensor.     

Soil Moisture Estimation in a Vegetated Area Using Combination of AIRSAR and Landsat5-TM Images

High difference between dielectric constant of water (dielectric constant about 80) and dielectric constant of dried soil (dielectric constant about 2–3) makes Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) highly capable in soil moisture estimation. However, there are other factors which affect on radar backscattering coefficient. The most important parameters are vegetation cover, surface roughness and sensor parameters (frequency, polarization and incidence angle). In this paper, the importance of considering the effects of these parameters on SAR backscatter coefficients is shown by comparing different soil moisture estimation models. Moreover, an experimental soil moisture estimation model is developed. It is shown that this model can be used to estimate soil moisture under a variety of vegetation cover densities. The new developed model is based on combination of different indices derived from Landsat5-Thematic Mapper and AIRSAR images. The AIRSAR image is used for extraction of backscattering coefficient and incidence angle while TM image is used for calculation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Brightness Temperature. Then a soil moisture estimation model which is named as Hybrid model is developed based on integration of all of these parameters. The accuracies of this model are assessed in the NDVI ranges of 0–0.2, 0.2–0.4 and 0.4–0.7 by using SAR data in C band and L band frequencies and also in different polarizations of HH, HV, VV and TP. The results show that for instance in L band with HV polarization, R-square values of 0.728, 0.628 and 0.527 are obtained between ground measured soil moisture and estimated soil moisture values using the Hybrid model for NDVI ranges of 0–0.2, 0.2–0.4 and 0.4–0.7, respectively.     

利用SIR-C极化数据提取地面参数

本文根据简化的积分公式模型（ＩＥＭ）,分析了面散射过程中后向散射系数与地面参数之间的关系。利用航天飞机成像雷达（ＳＩＲ－Ｃ）获取极化的雷达图像,提取新疆北部地区冲扇的散射系数以及介电常数（湿度）与粗糙度。由图像获得的地面参数数据,可以用于分布冲积扇成因、时代以及其次的关系。