路堑边坡传递系数法与改进

传统的边坡稳定性系数计算方法假定滑坡块条间相互作用力方向与上一块条底滑面的方向相同,但当滑面较陡与较缓或有地下水作用时,条间力方向不能保证一直与底移滑面方向相同,从而使计算有所偏差.为此提出了改进的传递系数法,推导出静水和动水作用情况下传递系数法的计算公式.最后通过新传递系数法对假定边坡稳定性系数进行计算,并与其他稳定性系数计算法计算出的系数进行对比,结果显示改进的传递系数法具有一定的精度及可靠性.     

边坡三维极限平衡法的通用形式

基于以下假定条件:(1) 稳定系数定义为材料的强度折减系数;(2) 土体为刚体,底滑面服从Mohr-Columb强度破坏准则;(3) 微条柱底部法向力dNz的作用点处于条柱底部中点;(4)滑面剪力与底滑面和xoz平面交线的夹角为。本文建立了边坡三维极限平衡法的通用形式,通过给定不同的限制条件,可分别得到三维普通条分法 、三维简化毕肖普法 、三维简化简布法 、三维Spencer法 等三维极限平衡的具体算法。     

边坡稳定性分析的条块稳定系数法

鉴于传统条分法对边坡安全系数定义和使用的局限性,引入了条块稳定系数的概念。分析了条间力推力线高度的影响因素,假定条间力传递时都具有相同的条间力稳定系数 ,并考虑了条块重力偏心矩的影响。根据条块的力和力矩平衡关系以及条间力假定,建立了求解条块稳定系数的四元方程组。在此基础上,求得条块稳定系数随滑动面的分布状况。根据条块稳定系数随滑动面的分布规律划分了滑体的主滑段、抗滑段和牵引段,大致判断滑坡的滑动模式。根据滑面上抗滑力和下滑力之比的定义,求解边坡整体稳定系数。采用传统条分法和所建立的条块分析法分别以圆弧滑动和折线形滑动的两个实例进行了验算,说明了条块分析法的优越性和可靠性。     

三维边坡整体主滑方向的确定

边坡主滑方向直接关系到边坡整体稳定性及边坡加固中的下滑推力计算,目前边(滑)坡主滑方向主要根据经验半经验的方法确定,如坡体内监测点位移整体矢量方向、平行于坡体底滑面或依据坡体滑动失稳机制进行相应的假设等,对于复杂边坡体则很难给出准确的主滑方向。基于最小势能原理,在坡体当前应力的基础上推导出二维和三维边坡主滑方向的理论公式,简单滑块算例和三维边坡算例验证了文中方法的合理性。除计算坡体主滑方向外,该公式还可计算沿滑移路径的主滑方向曲线,为坡体稳定性分析及剩余下滑推力计算提供更为准确的理论支持。     

框架预应力锚杆边坡支护结构稳定性分析

以极限平衡理论及框架预应力锚杆边坡支护结构的滑动面破坏模式为基础,采用毕肖普法,并考虑竖向条间剪力对滑移面抗剪强度的影响,建立了边坡最危险滑移面的搜索模型,并推导了稳定系数的求解公式。运用遗传算法对支护结构最危险滑移面进行动态搜索和确定,计算其稳定性系数。该方法避免了在优化设计中陷入局部最小值的缺点,更具有有效性和准确性。     

边坡稳定分析三维极限平衡条柱间力的讨论

根据在自重作用下潜在滑体在斜面上运动的规律,提出条柱底滑面上抗滑力方向垂直于底滑面与水平面交线的假定,并引用条间抗剪强度发挥系数的概念,运用各条柱的3个方向力的平衡和边坡整体3个方向的力矩平衡,提出了一种计算边坡稳定性的三维极限平衡方法,通过对算例的计算结果分析发现：当忽略条柱间全部剪力作用时,得到的安全系数与二维Spencer法计算结果相近;考虑部分条柱间剪力作用时,得到的安全系数与文献[5]计算结果相近;当考虑条柱间横向剪力对边坡稳定性的贡献时,即考虑条柱间全部作用力,得到的安全系数最高,这种假定更能反映边坡实际受力情况,因此,所得的结果更接近于实际     

对边坡稳定性分析圆弧条分法的改进

边坡稳定性分析中的圆弧条分法在工程实际中被广为应用.但该方法在具体计算时存在两点困难一是计算过程繁琐,在搜索最危险滑动面时,每给定一个滑动面,都要重新确定分条的边界和高度、宽度和分条数目等参数;二是潜在滑动面的不确定性,针对这一问题已有许多学者提出多种搜索最危险滑动面的方法,这些方法各有优缺点.本文针对这两方面的问题作了一些改进.首先是将边坡的地面线用分段直线方程表示,将滑动面用一圆弧方程表示,这样可以将原公式中的求和部分化为积分式,从而推导出了求解稳定系数的解析式.另一方面是提出了一种搜索最危险滑弧滑动面的简洁方法,该方法先固定圆弧滑动面的后缘点和剪出点,则稳定系数随过这两点圆弧的曲率而变化,通过几何关系将稳定系数的转化为一个距离参数t的一元函数,令该该函数一阶导数为零,求得参数t,并获得稳定系数极小值及其对应的滑动面.若变动后缘点和剪出点,重复以上计算,可最终求得最危险滑动面的位置及相应的稳定系数.     

考虑滑床不同地基系数的抗滑桩受力特征研究

基于目前在抗滑桩理论研究方面多将滑床层状地层等效成均质体,在多层地基横向受荷桩挠曲微分方程的基础上,推导出考虑滑床不同地基系数的弹性抗滑桩嵌固段变位、内力和应力计算的公式。用Matlab软件编写了抗滑桩变位、内力和应力计算与图形处理程序,有效提高了抗滑桩变位、内力和应力分析效率和计算精度。工程实例表明,考虑滑床不同地基系数计算方法对比等效法,滑面处位移、滑面处转角、剪力最大值、弯矩最大值分别增大25.76%、18.04%、14.90%和4.16%,而滑动面处桩侧应力较等效法减小44.91%。该研究成果对滑坡为不同岩性的岩体进行抗滑桩设计具有指导意义。     

三维复杂块体系统边坡深层加固条件下稳定性及破坏机制模型试验研究

白鹤滩水电站左岸为强卸荷岩体三维复杂块体系统高边坡,采用三维地质力学模型试验,进行了边坡变形特性、失稳破坏过程、破坏机制、边坡稳定性及加固处理效果研究。模型试验表明,边坡失稳模式为块体滑动破坏,破坏形态表现为底滑面的剪切破坏和后缘结构面的拉裂破坏以及块体沿底滑面和侧滑面的滑动。边坡破坏过程为模型结构面初裂、结构面组合块体边界贯通、最终至边坡整体失稳3个阶段。采用地质力学模型试验综合法获得了左岸块体系统边坡整体稳定安全系数,典型块体稳定安全系数与三维刚体法及块体单元法(BEM)计算成果对比基本一致,模型试验综合法安全系数相对较大。同时,针对层内错动带LS_(337)界面部位相对变位监测表明,深层混凝土置换洞加固有效地控制了底滑面的滑动变形,提高了相关结构面组合块体的稳定性,边坡加固效果较为明显。研究成果对白鹤滩工程左岸强卸荷区三维复杂块体系统边坡及类似工程边坡稳定性及加固处理具有重要的指导意义。     

基于岩土材料软化特性的滑坡多级滑动面分析方法研究

在实际工程中,滑坡经常呈现出多级破坏的特征,而一般计算和设计中仅关注最危险的滑动面及对应的最小安全系数,这往往遗留安全隐患。在考虑岩土材料软化特性的基础上,借助FLAC3D和Matlab软件平台构建了无需人工干预便可有效模拟与评价滑坡多级破坏的理论框架。以旬阳县党家坝廉租房小区滑坡为例,通过对塑性剪应变、塑性拉应变、剪切应变增量等特征变量的渐进发展规律分析发现：滑坡多级滑动面的形成,其时间和空间顺序并不一定相对应。各级滑动面在时间上按产生的先后顺序依次为第1级主滑面、第2级主滑面、次级滑面;而在空间上按照从前到后的顺序依次为第1级主滑面、次级滑面、第2级主滑面。从计算所得的滑坡最终破坏形态中发现,坡体内部出现的滑动面条数与现场采集的拉裂缝数基本保持一致;第1级主滑面的入口位置与滑坡前缘拉裂缝位置基本吻合;而第2级主滑面及次级滑面的位置与现场勘查到的拉裂缝位置出现偏差。从材料参数的渐进发展规律中发现,滑面上强度参数的分布及大小均随着滑面的产生、发展而逐渐变化,其变化区间为峰值强度到残余强度,这是此方法可以有效模拟多级滑动面形成过程与各级滑动面之间相互影响的核心所在。借助矢量和法成功地实现了基于滑面上强度参数渐进发展规律的安全系数演化过程的确定。通过对安全系数演化过程的分析发现,在滑坡多级滑动面的形成过程中安全系数大小顺序呈现出3种不同的状态,这很好地揭示了各级滑动面在形成过程中的主、被动关系。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)