地质条件下湖相烃源岩生排烃效率与模式

烃源岩排烃研究是油气地球化学研究中最薄弱的环节,而排烃效率又是准确评价常规油气与非常规页岩油气资源的关键参数。目前对于烃源岩排烃效率的认识差异很大,尚未建立完整的各种类型有机质湖相烃源岩在地质条件下生排烃效率与模式。本文以中国渤海湾、松辽等4个大型湖相含油气盆地以及酒泉青西凹陷、泌阳凹陷等9个中小型湖相富油盆地/断陷为对象,通过15000余个湖相烃源岩样品在自然热演化过程中热解生烃潜力指数的变化研究,揭示了湖相烃源岩在地质条件下的生排烃特征,构建了湖相烃源岩在地质条件下的生排烃效率与模型。无论是大型湖相沉积盆地还是中小型断陷盆地,甚至是盐湖相沉积盆地,烃源岩生排烃特征基本一致。随着成熟度的增高,湖相烃源岩排烃效率逐渐增高,在低成熟阶段排烃效率较低,在成熟与高成熟阶段具有高或很高的排烃效率。Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型有机质类型烃源岩排烃模式相似,相对排烃效率在低成熟阶段小于45%,成熟生油高峰时达85%~90%,至生油窗下限时达90%以上;累积排烃效率在低成熟阶段小于10%,生油高峰时达50%~60%,生油窗下限时达75%~85%,主要的排烃阶段在镜质组反射率0.7%~1.2%之间,生油窗阶段生成并排出了绝大部分烃类。湖相Ⅲ型有机质烃源岩排烃效率明显低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ型有机质烃源岩,生油窗阶段累积排烃效率仅为50%左右,主要生排烃阶段在镜质组反射率0.8%~2.0%之间。控制湖相烃源岩排烃量和排烃效率的主要因素是有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,而盆地类型、断裂发育程度、烃源岩沉积环境、相邻输导层孔渗条件等因素均不影响烃源岩排烃与排烃效率。     

松辽盆地北部青山口组烃源岩含油性分析

对松辽盆地青山口组烃源岩钻井岩芯样品的岩石热解参数和可溶有机质含量等实测数据开展了研究,结果如下:(1)统计结果表明,烃源岩自由烃S_1含量在0.86~2.9 mg/g之间(平均值为1.6 mg/g),可溶有机质含量在6.6~14 mg/g之间(平均值为9.5 mg/g),显示较高的含油率;(2)相关关系研究表明,自由烃S_1含量和可溶有机质含量两项指标,总体上受有机质丰度、成熟度和排烃作用的影响,随有机碳含量TOC和成熟度的增加,含油率呈现一定的增加趋势,排烃作用使含油率明显下降,但不改变含油率随深度不断增加的总趋势;(3)综合评价结果表明,若以热解参数S_1(0.79 mg/g)作为页岩含油率的下限参数值来评价该区页岩油资源潜力,松辽盆地晚白垩世青二三段底部及青一段都具备一定的页岩油资源潜力。     

不同类型烃源岩排烃模式对比及差异性探究

烃源岩的排烃是准确预测含油气盆地油气资源必须涉及的一个非常重要的环节,为了得到不同有机质类型烃源岩的排烃效率、排烃机理,选取不同有机质类型烃源岩进行了黄金管模拟实验,总结了不同类型烃源岩在各演化阶段产物的变化特征与排烃效率。结果表明,烃源岩类型对总生成油与残留油中轻重烃的比例影响较大,但是对排出油中轻重烃的比例影响较低,排出油中均表现为在未熟—成熟阶段以重烃为主,在高熟—过熟阶段以轻烃为主。烃源岩的类型对生排油量的影响明显,烃源岩的类型越好,生排油量越高。Ⅰ型烃源岩的生排油量最高,Ⅲ型烃源岩最低。烃源岩类型越好,排油效率越高。Ⅲ型烃源岩排油效率低,与其生成气态烃较多、显微组分中镜质组含量较高有关。      

柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩热模拟实验及生烃潜力

通过热模拟实验及热模拟产物组分和稳定碳同位素分析,对柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩的生烃能力及产物特征进行了研究。结果表明:石炭系烃源岩的气态烃产率为67.27～161.01m3/t(TOC),总气体产率为220.51～453.39m3/t(TOC),显示柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩具有较高的生气能力;液态有机质产率仅为1.73～4.30kg/t(TOC),残余生油能力相对较低,但考虑到石炭系烃源岩的成熟度已经接近生油窗的下限值(1.3%),因此模拟实验的液态有机质产率不能真实反映石炭系烃源岩的生油潜力。根据模拟实验的气态烃产率可知,柴达木盆地东部石炭系泥质烃源岩的生气强度为14.2×108～42.5×108 m3/km2,显示其具备形成规模气藏的生烃条件。      

鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7暗色泥岩与黑色页岩生烃动力学特征对比分析

以往对鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区长7油层组(简称长7)中烃源岩生烃潜力的研究主要是采用静态地球化学指标进行的,目前尚无对生烃动态特征的系统评价,因而制约了对长7烃源岩生烃潜力和页岩油资源分布有利岩性的客观认识。为此,选取长7不同类型的烃源岩样品,通过开放和封闭热模拟实验,对比分析了不同类型烃源岩的动力学参数、生烃产物、产率特征及生烃演化规律。结果表明:(1)黑色页岩活化能分布范围比暗色泥岩更为集中,且主频活化能和频率因子均低于暗色泥岩,体现了快速生烃的特性;(2)在外推到地质条件下,黑色页岩主要生烃期对应的R_o值(0.70%~0.87%)低于暗色泥岩(1.06%~1.72%),且以生油为主;(3)R_o在0.9%~1.3%范围内,黑色页岩的总烃产率高于暗色泥岩,生油量高于暗色泥岩。结合研究区两类烃源岩的地球化学资料综合分析表明,黑色页岩是研究区页岩油资源形成与分布的有利烃源岩。     

松辽盆地北部青山口组致密油特征及聚集模式

通过钻井、测井、岩芯及实验数据综合分析,对松辽盆地北部青山口组致密油特征与聚集模式进行了深入研究。结果表明,松辽盆地北部青山口组致密油分布在三角洲前缘及湖相区,储集层属于片状浊流形成的致密储层,孔隙度一般小于10%,局部可达到15%,渗透率普遍小于0.1×10-3 μm2。储集空间为粒间孔、粒内溶孔、铸模孔、微裂缝等,孔隙直径分布在5~200 μm,孔喉半径小于0.5 μm。烃源岩是青山口组一段和二段湖相泥岩,具有广覆式分布特点,干酪根为Ⅰ型或Ⅱ₁型,平均有机碳含量(TOC)为1%~3%,热成熟度(R_o)为0.9%~1.1%,属优质成熟烃源岩。聚集模式为储层平面上大面积连续分布,无明显边界,纵向上储层与源岩交互叠置形成千层饼状,具有紧密接触的源储共生型成藏组合。因此,致密油聚集宏观上受成熟烃源岩控制,其次取决于致密储层分布。致密油储层普遍超压,含油级别为油斑和油迹,不存在油浸和富含油,原油属于低黏度轻质原油,单井无自然产能,采取水平钻井并进行大规模分段体积压裂才能获得工业产能。对其沉积及聚集模式的认识为松辽盆地北部致密油勘探拓展了新的空间,具有实际指导意义。     

低丰度碳酸盐岩有效烃源岩存在的 证据及其TOC下限

中国碳酸盐岩分布面积广、热演化程度高、有机质丰度普遍较低,研究低丰度碳酸盐岩能否成为有效烃源岩对评价碳酸盐岩油气潜力和勘探前景具有重要意义。多方面研究表明,随着深度增大或热演化程度的提高,碳酸盐岩烃源岩TOC降低、生烃潜力和残留烃量均表现出先增大后减小的趋势,生烃热模拟实验结果等都表明低丰度碳酸盐岩烃源岩可以发生生排烃作用,国外勘探实践亦发现低丰度碳酸盐岩作为烃源岩的油气田,这都表明低丰度碳酸盐岩可以成为有效烃源岩。确定碳酸盐岩烃源岩TOC下限需要考虑多个因素,研究认为碳酸盐岩烃源岩的TOC下限应该比泥页岩的05%低一些。根据排烃门限,利用生烃潜力法和物质平衡数值模拟计算法确定了不同成熟阶段有效烃源岩TOC下限,结合前人研究成果和勘探实践,综合确定低成熟阶段、成熟阶段和高过成熟阶段碳酸盐岩有效烃源岩的TOC下限分别为TOC≥14%、TOC=01%~14%和TOC＜01%。     

咸化湖相富含层状藻与结构藻烃源岩的成烃特征新探与意义

咸化湖相沉积条件下形成的细粒沉积岩是我国页岩油勘探的热点层系。本文依据有机岩石学、扫描电镜、生烃动力学和高温高压加水热模拟实验,对准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组咸化湖相含有典型层状藻和结构藻的烃源岩的成烃特征进行对比研究。有机岩石学及扫描电镜观察表明两种藻类的赋存形式差异明显,结构藻的赋存形式主要为孤立分布特征,长度约为20～50μm;层状藻垂向上呈书页状叠置,水平延伸长。生烃动力学及高温高压热模拟实验结果指示了两种有机质的成烃过程具有明显的差异性,其中结构藻为主的烃源岩在较低成熟度就可以生成一定量烃类,随着演化程度的增加,生油速率缓慢,生油范围宽;层状藻为主烃源岩的生烃特征表现为集中生烃,生油窗范围窄且主要生烃活化能较高。该认识对于有效烃源岩评价和页岩油勘探层段与甜点区的选择均具有重要的启示和指导意义。     

烃源岩对致密油分布的控制作用——以四川盆地大安寨为例

为了研究烃源岩在致密油富集中的意义,本文以有机质含量相对较低、但油气产量较高的四川盆地大安寨为例,通过地球化学分析和理论计算等手段,探讨了烃源岩在致密油生成、排驱和运移等方面的作用。岩心系统热解分析表明,大安寨烃源岩主要集中在中部大一三亚段,有机质含量较高,而上下灰岩段中的泥岩夹层有机质含量则偏低。油岩对比证实,石油主要来自大一三亚段TOC1%的暗色泥岩,说明石油生成后,经历了一定程度的运移和聚集过程,以垂向运移为主,运移方向既可以向上,也可以向下。大安寨工业油井均位于TOC1.2%、生油强度大于10万t/km2范围内,主要油田则主要位于TOC1.4%、生油强度大于20万t/km2范围内。生烃增压既是主要的排烃动力,也是油气充注的主要动力;要形成工业性油气聚集,烃源岩的局部富集非常关键,TOC1%、连续厚度达到20m的烃源岩,可为大安寨致密油富集提供充足的油气来源。     

渤中地区不同热解实验条件下的烃源岩生烃动力学研究

为了对比不同类型烃源岩样品在不同的热解模拟实验条件下生油和生气的活化能,选取渤中地区多个湖相泥质烃源岩原岩和干酪根样品进行了开放体系无水热解和封闭体系加水热解实验,烃源岩样品取自不同的洼陷和烃源层位,具有不同的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度。对比结果表明,有机质类型和成熟度对烃源岩生油活化能有重要影响,平均生油活化能随有机质类型变差和成熟度增大而增大。不同的洼陷、烃源层位和样品类型对平均生油活化能无明显影响,而样品类型则影响活化能的分布,原岩活化能分布相比干酪根更加集中。处于成熟阶段烃源岩的生气活化能比处于低熟阶段烃源岩的生油活化能高11~17kJ/mol。相对于开放体系无水热解实验,封闭体系加水热解实验活化能分布集中且能够包含初次裂解和二次裂解过程。本研究应用封闭体系加水热解模拟实验,分别选择低熟烃源岩原岩样品和成熟烃源岩干酪根样品进行生油和生气活化能研究,取得了良好的效果。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.