大兴安岭与两侧盆地结合地带深部电性结构与岩石圈尺度构造关系

横跨大兴安岭与海拉尔盆地和松辽盆地结合地带的大地电磁测深剖面揭示了盆山构造的深部电性结构.剖面西起海拉尔盆地东缘,向东延伸穿过大兴安岭中部,一直到达松辽盆地西缘.本文对剖面测点的二维偏离度、构造走向等进行了计算和分析,采用非线性共轭梯度(NLCG)二维反演方法对TM模式的数据进行了反演,获得了该剖面的地壳、上地幔电性结构模型,划分出三个典型构造单元:海拉尔盆地、大兴安岭和松辽盆地.研究结果表明,海拉尔盆地东缘和松辽盆地西缘浅部都呈低阻特征,但松辽盆地西缘深部电性结构比较复杂,而大兴安岭整体呈高阻特征.海拉尔盆地东缘可能属于兴安块体,松辽盆地西缘与大兴安岭接触关系复杂.海拉尔盆地东缘岩石圈厚度约为110km,大兴安岭岩石圈厚度约为110~150km.大兴安岭上地壳基本呈高阻特征,可能为多次叠置的岩浆岩,代表大兴安岭经历了多期次岩浆作用;中下地壳横向存在较大范围低阻体,可能反映了大兴安岭地壳内部非刚性的特点;残存在岩石圈地幔的高阻异常,说明其下地壳可能发生过拆沉作用.大兴安岭与松辽盆地结合带存在一个岩石圈尺度的西倾低阻带,向下延伸到岩石圈底部,可能是早期松嫩地块向兴安地块俯冲并以软碰撞形式拼合的构造遗迹.     

沉积盆地构造热演化研究进展：回顾与展望

构造热演化模拟是研究沉积盆地的重要手段之一，其模型依赖于沉积盆地的成因机制.裂谷盆地构造热演化的定量模型在描述盆地沉降和热流演化方面取得了极大的成功，实现了构造和热的完美结合.而前陆盆地的定量模型更多关注的是构造沉降，在构造与热的结合方面尚不够完善.关于克拉通盆地目前还没有很成熟的定量模型，构造热演化研究程度远远低于裂谷盆地和前陆盆地.随着我国陆域海相沉积盆地油气勘探的突破，对海相沉积盆地热体制的研究迫在眉睫.而我国陆域海相沉积盆地，如塔里木和四川盆地，演化历史长且复杂，是古生代海相克拉通与中、新生代前陆盆地组成的叠合盆地.现有的关于沉积盆地构造热演化的单一模式难以适应复杂的构造—热历史.对我国陆域海相大型沉积盆地进行深入全面的动力学分析，发展叠合盆地的构造—热演化模型，建立相应的构造热演化模式及模拟方法技术，将是一项具有开拓意义并极具挑战性的工作.     

秦岭造山带与沉积盆地和结晶基底地震波场及动力学响应

秦岭-大别造山带横贯中国大陆中部,并将我国东部分为南北两部;即华北克拉通和扬子克拉通.在南、北相向运动力系驱动下构成了一个极为复杂的复合、叠加构造带、成矿带和地震活动带.同时导致了该地域异常变化的沉积建造和强烈起伏的结晶基底.然而对它们形成的地球物理边界场响应,岩相和结构的异常变化尚不清晰,特别对盆山之间的耦合响应更缺乏深层动力过程的理解.为此本文通过该区榆林-铜川-涪陵长1000 km剖面的地震探测和研究结果提出：（1）沉积建造厚度变化为4~10 km,结晶基底起伏强烈,幅度可达4~6 km;（2）一系列基底断裂将该区切割为南鄂尔多斯盆地和秦岭北缘前陆盆地、秦岭-大巴造山带和南缘前陆盆地与东北四川盆地,其中前陆盆地为秦岭北渭河盆地和秦岭南通江-万源盆地;（3）秦岭造山带是北部华北克拉通向南推挤、南部扬子克拉通向北推挤下隆升的陆内山体,并构筑了其南、北前陆盆地;（4）秦岭造山带的南、北边界并非是一条边界断层,而应是包括前陆盆地在内的组合界带;（5）秦岭与大巴弧形山系源于同一深部结晶基底,即同根生.这一系列的新认识对深化理解秦岭-大巴造山带形成的深层动力过程和演化机理及厘定扬子克拉通的真实北界具有极为重要的意义.     

松辽盆地西边界带深部构造:地电学证据

满洲里-绥芬河地学断面综合研究了松辽盆地西、东边界的构造特征.在由广角地震波速分布所得到的认识基础上,本文利用松辽盆地西边界带附近新实施的大地电磁测深(MT)(约470 km 42个测点)剖面,经过数据处理的二维电性分布,更为详细地表达了西边界带深部构造特征.与满-绥断面研究相近的结果是西边界带的断裂构造表现为作为盆地...     

塔里木盆地西南前陆构造分段及其成因

大量野外调查和地球物理资料构造解释发现, 塔里木盆地西南凹陷周边前陆盆地带具有沿前陆走向构造分段的规律性, 即在西昆仑-帕米尔和西南天山前陆发育了一系列相间分布的由山系向盆地逆冲的弧形推覆构造系统及由塔里木盆地西南凹陷向山系反冲的弧形反冲构造系统, 逆冲与反冲构造间以走滑或斜冲断层相隔; 塔西南凹陷基底的北东向隆起和凹陷与前陆构造分段具成因联系, 发现薄皮弧形推覆构造段对应基底构造上隆区(小于10 km), 塔里木盆地反冲构造段对应基底构造下凹区(大于8 km). 沿造山带走向隆升幅度和速率或变形格局的差异、前陆盆地多个沉降中心及巨厚沉积盖层、盆地基底构造中隆起带和凹陷带及前陆盆地沉积盖层中存在多层膏岩层等软弱层是塔西南盆地前陆构造分段产生的控制因素, 而晚第三纪以来西昆仑-帕米尔与西南天山再造山隆升与塔里木盆地基底构造深浅部不同耦合变形作用是塔里木盆地西南前陆构造分段的主因.     

四川盆地东西陆块中下地壳结构存在差异

四川盆地是中上扬子克拉通的主要组成部分.作为我国三大稳定克拉通之一,扬子克拉通经历了自太古代以来的长期演化,直到新元古代晚期与华夏板块发生碰撞拼合前,一直被认为是一个稳定的统一陆块.基底包括了新太古宙-新元古代岩层,其上广泛被新元古代晚期至显生宙地层覆盖,仅有~2.9—2.95Ga基底岩石零星出露于四川盆地的西缘、西南缘和三峡地区,使得对于沉积盖层之下的中下地壳的性质和分布规模的认识十分有限.重力异常则能够宏观揭示区域结构特征.本文通过刨除沉积盖层和莫霍面起伏引起的重力异常而获得了中下地壳的重力异常,反映了四川盆地东西陆块中下地壳存在结构差异,结合深地震反射资料、航磁异常和地球化学资料,证实了该分界线位于重庆—华蓥一线,故而推测中上扬子克拉通在太古宙-古元古代可能存在东西两个陆核.     

扬子克拉通核部中元古代-古生代沉积地层Nd同位素演化特征及其地质意义

扬子克拉通陆核位于湖北西部宜昌和神农架地区,区内出露了前寒武纪早期结晶基底和较完整的元古宙-显生宙沉积盖层.论文报道了对区域内中元古代至早古生代沉积地层细粒沉积岩开展系统的Nd同位素地球化学研究的结果.从中元古代晚期经新元古代南华纪至古生代奥陶纪,研究区沉积地层的Nd同位素模式年龄显示了由2.5~2.8Ga,经1.5~1.7至1.8~2.1Ga的＂V＂字型演化,相应的εNd（t）值发生了由低（？11~？14）经峰值（？1.1~？5.3）至新低值（？7.9~？9.9）的变化.该演化趋势与前人发表的扬子克拉通东南缘和江南造山带同期沉积地层的演化特征相似,指示了约0.8Ga的新元古代或稍早时期,整个华南陆块发生了有地幔物质加入的大规模构造岩浆事件.然而,扬子陆核区中元古代早期地层具有大范围变化的模式年龄（约1.5~2.7Ga）和εNd（t）值（1.38~？12.0）,且中元古代晚期地层为太古宙模式年龄,指示扬子克拉通的核部和东南缘中元古代盆地具有不同的沉积物源,两区域之间应存在陆内裂（凹）陷或分隔的大洋.此外,新元古代扬子陆块和江南造山带相似的演化形式和古生代早期地层相近的模式年龄,指示经约0.9Ga的扬子-华夏陆块拼合后,华南陆块开始具有了共同的沉积盆地和物源.因此,扬子克拉通于前新元古代可能由次一级的不同陆块组成,直至Rodinia超大陆的聚合过程才导致了原始华南陆块的形成.     

论中国大陆基底构造

中国大陆基底可以分为４个区域：西域克拉通和东亚克拉通具太古代－早元古代变质基底，蒙藏增生陆块与华南增生陆块为元古代基底．在西域克拉通内可以识别出南塔里木陆核分布区、准噶尔陆核分布区与伊犁陆核；在东亚克拉通内可以勾画出燕吕陆核分布区、黄淮陆核分布区、秦岭陆核分布区和扬子陆核分布区．在克拉通形成的同时或稍后，在克拉通的两侧发育巨型基底断裂．在东亚克拉通的东西侧为郯庐断裂带与东亚克拉通西缘断裂带；在西域克拉通的南北为阿尔金断裂带与阿尔曼大断裂带．在蒙藏地块中部通过的日喀则－狼山断裂带是位于两克拉通之间的重要断裂带．     

东沙海底峡谷的地貌沉积特征及成因

东沙海底峡谷是南海东北部峡谷群中最西边的一条大型峡谷,其研究对于深入理解晚新生代南海东北部峡谷群的成因、沉积输移机理、台西南前陆盆地及台湾造山带的演化等具有重要意义.综合利用多道反射地震和多波束海底测深数据,研究东沙海底峡谷的地貌、沉积特征及成因.结果表明,东沙海底峡谷是一条陆坡限定型峡谷,它发源于东沙群岛东部上陆坡区,自NWW往SEE方向于水深3000 m处汇入台湾浅滩南峡谷,全长约190 km,平均宽度10 km.根据地震层序分析,在峡谷充填沉积物中识别出了11个层序界面,解释为峡谷的古下切侵蚀面.地震相分析表明,该峡谷及有关沉积主要表现为平行上超充填、杂乱充填、丘状发散和迁移波状等地震相类型,分别解释为浊流或其他重力流沉积与半远洋沉积的交互、滑坡或碎屑流及峡谷底部滞留沉积、浊流溢流形成的天然堤,以及发育于天然堤或峡谷口外海底扇上的沉积波.ODP1144孔合成记录层位标定表明,东沙海底峡谷的发育大致始于中更新世约0.90 Ma.东沙海底峡谷最先形成于现今峡谷中游的上段,随着浊流或其他重力流不断的下切侵蚀,峡谷顺陆坡而下逐渐向海盆方向延伸,同时在溯源侵蚀作用下逆坡向陆架破折带方向延伸至现今峡谷头部.上述11个地震层序界面的年代大致可以与全球低海平面期进行对比,表明海平面变化是控制东沙海底峡谷多期下切-充填的重要因素.综合分析认为,东沙海底峡谷的成因与台湾隆升及台西南前陆盆地的发育这一大的区域构造背景有关,但没有证据表明东沙海底峡谷的形成与断裂、岩浆活动等存在直接联系.陆坡重力搬运过程(包括滑坡及浊流)对东沙海底峡谷的形成演化具有重要影响.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中晚三叠世两种不同类型边缘层序构成及对构造活动响应

中晚三叠世(延长期)鄂尔多斯盆地发育两种不同构造类型的盆地边缘,其中西南缘为强烈逆冲导致的挠曲沉降背景下发育的前陆盆地,北中部为稳定沉降的克拉通内盆地.中上三叠统延长组可划分为四4个区域性的三级层序,它们均由微角度不整合或区域性冲刷面所分隔,内部自下而上由低位体系域、湖进体系域和高位体系域构成,但盆地西南缘和北中部的层序构成在沉积样式上存在明显差异:西南缘由于逆冲造山而发育巨厚的砾岩带和不整合,北中部稳定沉降的克拉通则发育加积的河流相砂、砾岩和平行不整合.西南缘的沉积构成反映了从逆冲挠曲沉降到回弹上隆的演化过程,层序界面的形成与回弹隆起、剥蚀和冲断作用有关.前陆盆地的层序地层格架和体系域的配置受褶皱冲断带活动控制,其层序序列反映了中晚三叠世造山带向前陆盆地不断逆冲的过程.北中部的层序演化反映克拉通缓坡背景下的河流-三角洲沉积序列,由底部的粗碎屑辫状河沉积、中部的曲流河沉积和顶部的细碎屑河漫滩沉积构成,受湖平面升降变化控制.在缓坡背景下的低位体系域沉积期,由于可容纳空间有限,大量的河流沉积物只能通过侧向迁移、侵蚀和搬运,在冲积平原上形成砂体的侧向复合加积,构成特定的侵蚀不整合边界.     

Some relationships between lithology,basin form and hydrology: a case study from the Thames basin,UK

The role of lithology in influencing basin form and function is explored empirically by investigating correlations between a range of catchment variables, where the spatial unit of analysis is not surface catchments but lithologically coherent groundwater units. Using the Thames basin, UK, as a case study, nine groundwater units have been identified. Values for 11 hydrological and geomorphological variables, including rainfall, drainage density, Baseflow Index, aquifer porosity, storage coefficient and log‐hydraulic conductivity, aquifer and drainage elevation, river incision, and hypsometric integral have been estimated for each of the groundwater units in the basin, and Pearson correlation coefficients calculated for all pairs of variables. Seven of the correlation coefficients are found to be significant at a confidence level of > 99%. Negative correlations between drainage density and log aquifer hydraulic conductivity, and between drainage density and river incision, and positive correlations between log‐hydraulic conductivity and river incision, log‐hydraulic conductivity and Baseflow Index, and between Baseflow Index and river incision are inferred to have consistent causal explanations. For example, incision of rivers into aquifers leads to relative increases in hydraulic gradients in the vicinity of rivers which, in turn, promotes the development of secondary porosity increasing both aquifer hydraulic conductivity and, hence, Baseflow Index. The implication of this interpretation is that the geomorphological evolution of basins is intimately linked to the evolution of hydraulic conductivity of the underlying aquifers. This is consistent with, and supports the notion of a coupled complexly evolving surface water‐groundwater system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Amplification of SH waves by an orthotropic basin

Scattering of elastic waves by an orthotropic sedimentary basin is investigated for antiplane strain model using an indirect boundary integral equation approach. Both steady state and transient response were obtained for semicircular and semielliptical basins with different material properties. The results indicate that the basin geometry and the impedance contrast between the half-space and the basin have similar effects on the surface ground motion amplification as for the isotropic case. However, the material anisotropy may change significantly the fundamental resonant frequencies of the basin, resulting in different surface displacement amplification patterns. In addition, it was observed that the arrival time of the main disturbance on the surface strongly depends on material anisotropy for different angles of incidence. The results demonstrate that material anisotropy may be very important in explaining surface ground motion amplification for sedimentary basins. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柴达木盆地东部新生代盆地结构与演化

本文对柴达木盆地东部新生代盆地结构和构造演化进行了研究.地震剖面揭示柴达木盆地东部新生界分别向南、北盆地边缘变薄和尖灭,盆地北部被欧龙布鲁克山和埃姆尼克山隆起强烈改造.通过对新生代地层厚度横向变化以及地层剖面分析,确定欧北断裂自中新世晚期开始向北逆冲,导致欧龙布鲁克山发生隆升和德令哈凹陷的形成.埃北断裂从上新世开始活动,与欧北断裂同时向北逆冲,导致德令哈凹陷进一步沉降,形成厚度达2600m的狮子沟组.埃南断裂在第四纪开始大规模向南逆冲,不仅造成其北侧的欧龙布鲁克山和埃姆尼克山隆起强烈抬升和向南推覆,而且导致南侧霍布逊凹陷的形成,成为柴达木盆地第四纪沉积中心.早期提出的前陆盆地和背驮式盆地模型显然不能解释柴达木盆地东部新生代构造格架和演化历史.本次研究认为柴达木盆地东部的形成是强烈的水平挤压作用导致地壳发生大规模褶皱的结果,即柴达木盆地东部新生代是一个大规模向斜.该向斜盆地模型很好地解释了新生代地层向盆地边缘减薄以及沉积中心主要位于盆地中部等现象.了解柴达木盆地东部构造发展对了解青藏高原侧向扩展具有重要意义.     

塔里木盆地结晶基底的反射地震调查

大型克拉通内部沉积盆地基底组构与盆地起源和油气聚集有密切关系.除了钻井岩心及周缘露头研究可提供盆地结晶基底类型证据外,反射地震信号记录了沉积盆地起源时期的有关大地构造作用信息,盆地基底组构可通过记录长度大的反射地震剖面研究.2007年中石化在塔里木盆地将1400 km的地震剖面接收记录从6 s加长到12 s,为研究克拉通盆地结晶基底的组构和类型提供了难得的第一手资料.这篇文章主要介绍这次调查的反射地震剖面,讨论深反射地震数据处理的关键技术,展示塔里木盆地巴楚—塔中地区的四条12 s反射地震剖面,并对反射剖面的散射模式作初步分析.本次调查表明,将地震剖面接收记录从6 s加长到12 s,采集处理的成本只增加了3％左右,但是可为研究克拉通盆地结晶基底和上地壳不均匀性提供很有价值的第一手资料.     

塔里木盆地冷盆热改造的地震学证据

塔里木盆地是我国最大的沉积盆地,对我国油气战略选区具有较大的意义.自震旦系成盆以来,塔里木盆地表现为一个低温的冷盆.在覆盖全盆的20条地震长剖面上,识别出83处特殊的地震反射结构,其特征为同相轴向上凸起呈尖角状,形态为直立或近直立,故名地震反射尖角直立结构.共识别出四种基本类型的地震反射尖角直立结构,平缓型、正常型、巨幅型、刺穿型,两个形态基本一致的基本型紧邻而组合为双相位型,两个或多个不同类型、不同形态的集中于某处则构成复合型.平缓型、正常型、巨幅型、刺穿型依次反映了变形增强的序列,理想状态下该反射结构由深至浅存在从刺穿型至平缓型的渐变序列,故基本类型的划分只是反映某处地震反射尖角直立结构的整体形态特点.地震反射尖角直立结构部位可能发育火成岩,与盆内钻遇火成岩钻井平面分布具有较高的相关度.地幔物质上涌至岩石圈,巨大的上拱能量造成了地层的变形,叠加构造因素的改造,地震反射尖角直立结构正是这一系列作用于地震反射上的响应.地震反射尖角直立结构是"热上涌"作用的产物.有机质的成熟、油气藏的形成和破坏与盆地热作用关系密切,对照塔里木盆地已有的油气田与"尖角直立"地震反射结构的平面分布,发现二者具有较高的相关性.地震反射尖角直立结构所反映的"热上涌"现象,促进了塔里木盆地"冷盆"背景下丰富油气资源的形成.     

Poly-phase salt tectonics and hydrocarbon accumulation in Tarim superimposed basin, northwest China

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the poly-phase salt tectonics and its relation to the hydrocarbon accumulation of the Tarim superimposed basin. Several salt sequences are developed in the Tarim basin, they are: (1) the Mid-Early Cambrian salt sequence, mainly distributed in the west part of the north Tarim uplift and Keping uplift; (2) the Early Carboniferous salt sequence, mainly distributed in the south slope of the north Tarim uplift; (3) the Paleogene salt sequence, mainly distributed in the mid-west part of the Kuqa foreland fold belt and north Tarim uplift; and (4) the Miocene salt sequence, mainly distributed in the east part of the Kuqa foreland fold belt. The salt sequences deposited in the tectonically calm scenario, while the salt layers deformed during the period of intense tectonism. Although the salt sequences are characteristic of plastic flow, the differences of salt deformation styles exist in the different salt sequences because of the different deformation mechanism. It is attractive that the distribution of the large oil-gas fields or pools has a bearing upon the salt sequences and salt structures, such as the Tahe oilfield related to the Lower Carboniferous salt sequence and laterally facies changed mudstone, the Kela No.2 gas field to the Paleogene salt structures, and the Dina gas field to the Miocene salt structures. It is indicated that the large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation is controlled by the poly-phase salt sequences and structures. The deep analysis of the poly-phase salt tectonics is helpful to understanding the characteristics of the structural deformation and oil-gas accumulation of the Tarim basin.     

Lateral migration of fault activity in Weihe basin

Introduction Like the longitudinal migration (DING, et al, 1993) of fault activity, the lateral migration is a common phenomenon in the fault development and evolvement, especially in the piedmont and the margin of lake basin. As a large inland basin beside the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block (DENG, YOU, 1985; Research Group of Active Fault System around Ordos Massif, 1988; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shaanxi Province, 1989; PENG, et al, 1992), the lateral m…     

Amplification of waves by an orthotropic basin: sagittal plane motion

Scattering of elastic waves by an orthotropic basin of arbitrary shape embedded in a half-space is investigated for the sagittal plane motion using an indirect boundary integral equation approach. Steady-state results were obtained for incident plane harmonic pseudo P-, S-, and Rayleigh waves. Detailed convergence analysis of the method is presented. Green's functions are evaluated by using adaptive Newton–Cotes or Filon quadratures. Surface ground motion is presented for semicircular and semielliptical basins with different material properties and various angles of incidence. The results show that surface motion strongly depends upon nature of incident wave, geometry and material properties of the basin, and location of the observation point. Comparison with isotropic basin response demonstrates that anisotropy is very important in amplification of surface ground motion. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of integrated river basin management strategies: A global perspective

In order to achieve the integrated river basin management in the arid and rapid developing region, the Heihe River Basin (HRB) in Northwestern China, one of critical river basins were selected as a representative example, while the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) in Australia and the Colorado River Basin (CRB) in the USA were selected for comparative analysis in this paper. Firstly, the comparable characters and hydrological contexts of these three watersheds were introduced in this paper. Then, based on comparative studies on the river basin challenges in terms of the drought, intensive irrigation, and rapid industrialization, the hydrological background of the MDB, the CRB and the HRB was presented. Subsequently, the river management strategies were compared in three aspects: water allocation, water organizations, and water act and scientific projects. Finally, we proposed recommendations for integrated river basin management for the HRB: (1) Water allocation strategies should be based on laws and markets on the whole basin; (2) Public participation should be stressed by the channels between governance organizations and local communities; (3) Scientific research should be integrated into river management to understand the interactions between the human and nature.