分层重力图像方法及其应用

分层重力图像方法是依据三维地震波速的层析成像结果，通过速度与密度相关关系，转换得到分层的密度结构模型，计算并给出各分层在地表的重力异常分布图像．以中国大陆为例，给出其不同深度的7个分层的重力异常图像和不同分层叠加的综合（或总合）重力异常分布图像．经过与实测的中国布格重力异常资料对比分析，结果表明两者的重力场特征相当一致；分层重力图像的结果能较好地反映地下不同深度的物质分布．     

2014年景谷6.6级地震前重力场异常特征研究

地震的孕育发生过程伴随着构造运动、物质迁移和密度变化,将引起地球重力场变化,流动重力重复观测有可能捕捉到与地震孕育有关的前兆信息,从而为中短期地震预测提供重要依据。对云南地区流动重力观测资料进行整体计算分析,研究了2014年10月7日云南景谷6.6级地震前区域重力场动态演化特征,并利用小波多尺度分解技术对布格重力异常和区域重力场动态变化进行分解,并选取合适的小波基分离得到不同深度场源特征的地壳介质横向不均匀性。结果表明,EGM2008布格重力异常数据和实测重力数据的小波多尺度结果较为一致。对比分析发现,此次景谷地震发生在区域重力场负异常的边缘,由负向正变化的高梯度带附近。基于小波多尺度分解的重力场图像能较清晰地反映2014年景谷6.6级地震孕育、发生过程中震中区域深部物质密度变化引起的异常,为地球构造运动及孕震机理研究提供一定参考。     

利用重力异常构建壳幔密度结构方法及应用

利用重力异常构建壳幔密度结构,是获取地球内部物性参数、岩石结构的方法之一,可以为研究地球动力学演化过程提供约束.直接观测到的重力异常是获取壳幔密度结构的重要资料.重力异常是不同深度物质产生的重力场的叠加,针对不同的研究区域,需要对重力异常进行必要的分离;在此基础上,可以通过正演拟合和反演方法等途径获得壳幔密度结构.正演拟合可以获得精细壳幔密度结构,但需要较强的先验约束信息,受主观人为的因素影响较大.反演方法计算快,人为因素影响较小,但获得壳幔密度结构具有平滑的特征,难以得到精细密度结构.反演结果对初始模型有一定的依赖性,非唯一性较强.     

四川地区流动重力资料的位场 分离与异常特征提取

用于监测四川地区重力场随时间变化的流动重力测网于2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震后进行了全面改造, 形成了新的闭合环线并对整网点位每年实施2次重力观测工作. 该文以2010—2012年获取的5期流动重力资料为基础, 分别采用小波多尺度分解和三维视密度反演等位场分离方法, 对测区内重力场的动态变化进行多层次分解及异常特征提取, 以探求四川测区范围内重力异常动态变化特征以及地震前后不同深度范围内密度变化情况与重力场响应之间的关系. 结果表明, 对同一期资料进行小波分解得到不同阶次的细节图像, 揭示了不同深度处重力异常动态变化特征; 分解结果同时也表明了四川测区范围内重力场的变化形态与川内特有的断裂构造格架和深部结构环境及过渡带特征密切相关. 通过对不同时期的差分重力异常资料进行三维视密度反演对比研究发现, 在地震前后四川测区范围内由浅到深密度变化呈现出不同程度的差异, 震区附近出现较为明显的横向密度变化特征且浅层物质密度局部性的异常变化差异较为突出, 测区范围内中上地壳深度层密度反演切片显示出的趋势性差异基本上反映了地震前后测区内地下物质的动态变化趋势, 因此, 深刻认识不同深度范围内重力场的动态演化特征, 对研究壳内物质密度变化以及与地震的孕育和发展有关的深部介质环境具有积极的意义.      

华北克拉通地壳三维密度结构与地质含义

利用重力异常揭示地壳三维密度结构是重力资料地质解释的目标和任务,密度反演的好坏至关重要.本文对华北克拉通进行了重力异常多尺度密度反演研究,首先利用小波变换对重力异常进行多尺度分解,接着利用功率谱分析方法估算各层场源的平均深度,然后利用广义密度反演方法进行各层密度反演,对华北地区进行了多层密度反演,得到其密度结构,并进行地质解释和油气藏分析.结果显示了重力场多尺度密度反演方法的有效性,对华北地区密度结构的地质含义进行了初步分析,位于造山带中的低密度异常主要反映沿造山带展布的花岗岩体.对比华北东部区浅层密度扰动与油气坳陷位置,发现油气坳陷都表现为低幅度的低密度异常区.说明利用小波多尺度反演提取的密度信息对油气勘探的部署有一定指导意义.     

中国大陆高精度绝对重力观测数据分析和异常计算

高精度重力异常模型是研究地球内部结构的基础地球物理数据.本文依据中国大陆构造环境监测网络项目的 100个高精度绝对重力基准站数据,首先,分别与EGM2008模型和GGMplus模型进行对比,得到了模型之间的差异性特征统计参数;其次,我们对与绝对重力同点位测量的垂直梯度数据,进行统计分析,结果表明重力垂直梯度变化的标准差高达537.2E.通过提取Crust1.0地壳结构模型参数,计算得到了Moho界面起伏引起的垂直梯度变化,分析认为地表垂直梯度的变化主要与地形和浅部密度异常体相关.最后,基于重力场模型和观测数据的统计结果,针对经典重力异常计算公式中的一些流程提出了优化建议.本文结果对于使用区域重力异常模型,研究地壳结构和提高长剖面、小比例尺重力探查项目中的异常计算精度具有重要意义.     

由地面、卫星重力资料研究岩石层密度

地球内部物质密度的分布决定了地球表面及外空的重力场,不过在特定的条件下,也可以根据地面或外空的重力场推求地球内部异常密度的分布。本文在单层位理论的基础上,利用上述资料确定了我国大陆下面地球深部的异常密度,试用分离重力场长、短波长的方法,求出了地球外层-岩石层内异常密度的侧向分布,对此,还初步作了地球物理的解释,其结果与地震测深的较为一致。     

利用卫星重力资料反演地壳及岩石圈厚度

地球外部重力场由地球内部物质分布所决定,由于地宙与地幔、岩石圈与软流圈存在着较大的特性差异,利用重力资料可以确定莫霍面和岩石圈底面深度,基于上述结论,利用ＯＳＵ９１全球重力位模型数据进行了反演,计算结果表明,地壳和岩石圈厚度与地形相关,大陆地壳,岩石圈较厚,海洋则相反。     

Spectral analysis for recovering the Earth's gravity potential by satellite gravity gradients

根据仪器功率谱密度和重力位系数阶方差的定义,本文建立了卫星重力梯度测量噪声功率谱密度与重力场模型的误差阶方差的直接对应关系,并基于此讨论了重力梯度测量精度、卫星轨道高度以及运行时间对地球重力场恢复精度的影响.相比于传统的基于最小二乘法评估卫星载荷噪声对地球重力场恢复精度的影响而言,本文提出的方法简单、直接,有助于快速设计和确定卫星重力测量计划的有关参数.     

基于矩谐分析的区域重力场建模

建立高精度高分辨率区域地球重力场模型是大地测量学科的重要科学目标之一,可为固体地球物理、地球动力学、地震学以及资源勘探等领域提供基础信息,也是当前大地测量现代化发展实现GNSS测定海拔高程的重大需求.提出了一种基于矩谐分析的区域重力场建模方法,在局部直角坐标系中求解地球引力位的Laplace方程,推导了扰动位、重力异常、重力扰动、大地水准面差距和垂线偏差的矩谐展开式以及矩谐系数阶方差和阶误差的计算公式,给出了利用重力观测值进行矩谐分析求解矩谐系数的数学模型和算法,为抑制矩谐分析中存在的周期延拓边界效应,提出了扩展计算区域范围的策略.利用EGM2008重力位模型生成模拟地面重力和航空重力观测值,加入标准差为2 mGal的高斯白噪声,分别设计基于地面重力数据和基于航空重力数据的模拟数值试验,对矩谐分析建模方法进行了验证与分析.数值结果表明基于矩谐分析构建的区域重力场模型可靠且可达很高的精度,由地面和航空重力数据计算的2.5′×2.5′大地水准面精度分别达到1 cm和1.4 cm,4 km飞行高度处航空重力观测值的向下延拓误差仅为3.1mGal,矩谐分析可为区域重力场精细结构的逼近提供一种新的选择.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.