罗布泊钾卤水矿床成矿地质背景

罗布泊地区的找钾工作已取得突破性进展，一个大型-超大型的钾盐矿远景区已经确定。该矿位于罗布泊北部的罗北凹地一带，为钾卤水矿床，赋存于第四纪盐系统地层中，其形成和当地第四纪以来的地质变化关系密切。罗北凹地从早更新世中期开始成为盐湖中心，直至中更新世末一直以盐类沉积为主，虽没有形成固体钾盐矿，但当时卤水已基本处于析盐的最后阶段，钾含量较高，在适当的地质条件下盐层中保存了当时的卤水，形成钾卤水矿床。     

新疆罗布泊盐湖深部钾盐找矿新进展

罗布泊是世界最大干盐湖之一,罗布泊超大型钾盐矿床从1995年发现至今,经历了找钾远景预测、勘查、系统科学研究、扩大找矿及开发利用快速推进的过程,浅部(200m以浅)钾盐资源量已基本查明,但没有一个穿透第四系的较深地质科学钻井。通过区域气候条件、盐类矿物分布、碎屑岩层储卤等方面与柴达木盆地西部的对比分析以及罗布泊地堑式断陷带储卤的发现,提出罗布泊深部具有钾盐成矿远景。在罗布泊罗北凹地西北部实施盐湖深部钾盐找矿第一深井(LDK01井),首次发现钾芒硝、钾锶矾、红钾铁盐等盐类矿物;在深部地层碎屑岩层中发现钾盐矿物钾石盐、光卤石等,地层中KCl含量高达2.86%,揭示地层深部存在低品位固体钾矿,确定为一种新类型钾矿,即碎屑岩型钾矿,为罗布泊深部钾盐找矿拓展了方向和空间;深层碎屑岩地层储集卤水,卤水KCl平均品位1.50%,揭示出罗布泊盐湖深部存在富钾卤水。重力探测发现罗布泊盆地西部发育次级凹地,初步确定凹地中心第四系沉积厚度大于1200m。结合地质分析,预测库鲁克塔格山前断陷盆地和罗北盆地为进一步寻找深部隐伏钾盐矿床的重要靶区。综合遥感、物探、物性特征等资料及研究成果,估算罗北凹地深部钾盐预测资源量为1.60×108t,并提出罗北凹地西部及附近区域的深部地层中还蕴藏有丰富的钾盐资源,罗布泊深部找钾潜力巨大。该成果对深化认识罗布泊盐湖的形成演化及满足钾肥生产企业大规模开发均具有重要意义。     

罗布泊盐湖富钾卤水成因再探讨——碎屑层卤水蒸发实验分析

罗布泊盐湖钙芒硝岩孔隙中蕴藏有超大型规模的卤水钾矿,富钾卤水成因一直备受关注。罗北凹地从统一的罗布泊大湖区中分隔出来后,成盐过程中其湖水仍以南部大湖的补给为主,罗北凹地卤水化学演化与"大耳朵"湖水密切相关。"大耳朵"湖区含石膏碎屑层普遍储藏有卤水,应该是罗北凹地盐湖的"源卤水",钾离子(ρ(K~+)为3.12 g/L左右)已初步富集,平均矿化度为198.83 g/L。为了查明该卤水的化学演化趋势及析盐序列,笔者于2009年、2010年两次采集了大量卤水样品,分别进行室内等温蒸发和自然蒸发实验。蒸发实验结果表明:随着卤水浓缩首先析出(硬)石膏,随后析出大量石盐,最后出现少量钾石盐和光卤石,与EQL/EVP卤水蒸发模型模拟结果相似。将碎屑层卤水蒸发过程中化学组成变化与罗北凹地卤水进行对比,结果显示罗布泊古湖水蒸发至石膏沉积之后,在罗北凹地水化学组成明显发生变化,没有大量石盐沉积,而以钙芒硝沉积为主。推测应是受到深部"富钙水"的持续补给,而"大耳朵"湖起到"预备盆地"的作用,罗布泊古湖水经"大耳朵"湖蒸发浓缩后,钾离子得到初步富集,在流入罗北凹地后与深部"富钙"水混合,强烈蒸发浓缩,大量钙芒硝矿物析出,最后形成富钾卤水。     

罗布泊超大型钾盐矿床的发现记略——罗布泊找钾简史

归纳了建国后各地质、科研系统在罗布泊地区开展地质调查、水文调查、盐湖研究及找钾工作的历程和成果。特别是王弭力、刘成林、焦鹏程等课题组自1995年在罗布泊‘罗北凹地’发现超大型钾盐矿床以来,罗布泊盐湖地质科学研究资源调查进入了一个新阶段。继在罗北凹地获得2.5亿t卤水氯化钾资源储量之后,又在罗北凹地外围发现四个中型钾盐矿床,累计氯化钾资源量7600万t。     

本刊编辑部启事

1995至1996年,在地质矿产部定向基金、国家计委、国家科委(305项目)的支持下,中国地质科学院、新疆地矿局第三地质大队及地质矿产部遥感中心对罗北凹地进行钾盐找矿与研究,发现了特大型钾盐矿床。1 矿床特征 最新地质资料表明罗北凹地为一新生代断陷盆地。浅部潜卤水矿层面积达1300km~2,最大厚度24.98m,最小3.8m。下伏数层承压卤水矿层,钻探控制最大深度为210.5,,其中已揭穿的承压卤水层累计厚84.2m。     

罗布泊盐湖钾盐矿床分布规律及控制因素分析

罗布泊盐湖位于塔里木盆地东部, 是世界最大第四纪干盐湖之一。自中更新世以来, 罗布泊北部受到新构造运动影响, 一方面, 发生抬升活动; 另一方面, 产生地堑式断裂及次级盆地(凹地)。调查发现罗布泊的次级凹地及断陷带内蕴藏有钾盐矿床, 主要是卤水钾盐矿床; 这些钾盐矿床(或成钾凹地)的分布具有方向性和一定等间距性。罗布泊卤水钾矿, 除在罗北凹地外, 在其外围的较小凹地内也有分布, 表现为“卫星式”分布模式; 而在地堑式断裂带延伸的范围区内也出现卤水, 其分布表现为“含水墙”状模式。固体钾盐沉积于罗北凹地中心区及外围断陷带内, 其形态与展布方向也受到地堑式断裂控制, 其沉积模式有“浓缩中心式”和“构造洼地式”两种, 前者钾盐沉积区面积均较大, 钾矿面积占凹地面积近1/4, 而后者沉积区面积很小, 钾盐沉积基本分布于整个洼地内; 固体钾盐分布区形态主要呈“条带状”模式, 其长宽比值平均为3.58。除了构造应力作用外, 罗布泊凹陷的几何形态、面积与补给来源方向等亦对罗布泊钾盐矿床的分布有一定影响作用。掌握罗布泊钾盐矿床的分布规律及控制因素, 对于古代钾盐勘查具有重要参考价值。     

罗北凹地液体钾盐矿深部承压卤水特征及其开采方法试验研究

罗北凹地钾盐矿是个地下存在多层富钾卤水的大型液体钾盐矿床,一共分为7个富钾卤水层,第一层为潜卤水W_1,下部6层(W_2、W_3、W_4、W_5、W_6、W_7)为承压卤水。目前生产开采对象主要为埋藏较浅且易于开采、富水性较好的潜卤水及部分承压含水层中的弹性释水。随着公司生产规模的扩大,矿区的年采卤量也随之增加,有的区域将很快面临开采富水性差及较难开采的深部承压卤水,但是承压卤水通常储存于较为致密的结晶盐层或碎屑层的孔隙或溶隙中,其含水地层水文参数相比潜卤水W_1要小很多,造成深部富钾的承压含水层卤水疏干采出难度较大。本文采用爆破法及大气联通法在罗北凹地钾盐矿区不同水文地质区域对深部承压含水层进行大规模抽水试验研究,确定了不同水文地质区域深部承压卤水合理且经济的开采方法,实现了罗北凹地钾盐矿(W_2、W_3、W_4)深部含钾承压卤水资源的大规模有效采出,将很难利用的深部富钾承压水变成可利用资源,提高了罗北凹地液体钾盐矿的深部承压卤水资源的利用率。     

罗布泊盐湖成钾规律研究与找矿进展

第四纪时期,罗布泊盐湖独特的地理及气候环境形成了世界罕见的巨量钙芒硝沉积及其晶间富钾卤水的大规模聚集成矿。故此,罗布泊盐湖环境演化与钾盐矿床的成因一直备受国内外地质学家关注。罗北超大型卤水钾盐矿床从1995年发现至今已有20余年,其钾盐地质科学研究、勘查开发等均取得了重大进展,并已建成世界最大的硫酸钾肥生产基地。文章详细回顾、总结罗布泊超大型卤水钾矿发现以来的盐湖沉积演化、成钾条件、成钾理论研究及找矿勘查方面的重要成果,探索成矿理论创新与找矿突破的内在规律与联系。罗布泊钾盐成矿研究基本演变是:(1)基于盆地分隔、矿随盆移的概念,发展从"高山深盆"模式到"高山深盆-迁移成矿"模式,取得罗北凹地找矿突破;(2)基于巨量钙芒硝的发现,突破盐湖石盐阶段成钾的"三阶段"模式,提出"二阶段"模式,推动罗北及外围大规模勘查;(3)基于地堑式断陷带的发现,提出"含水墙"成藏模式,使找矿从"水平状"到"直立状"储藏模式转变,取得深部找矿突破等。总之,罗布泊盐湖成钾理论的每次创新认识,相应地带来找矿突破进展;继续深入加强盐湖钾盐矿床形成规律研究,可能还会带来钾盐成矿的新认识,开拓找矿方向。     

罗布泊低品位光卤石矿分布特点及其找矿规律探讨

罗布泊干盐湖位于新疆塔里木盆地东部。1995年以来,在罗布泊发现了超大型规模卤水钾盐矿床,卤水钾盐资源主要赋存于罗北凹地等盐系地层中。近年来调查发现,罗布泊分布有地堑式张性断陷带,不仅控制成钾凹地的形成,其本身也蕴藏有一定规模的固体钾盐资源。地球物理(EH-4)测量显示,断陷带深达1 000 m。在罗布泊盐湖演化过程中,断陷带内出现较小规模的洼地或盐湖,湖表水蒸发浓缩形成卤水,由于罗布泊地堑式断陷带长达30~50 km,向下延长深度可达1000 m,说明罗布泊断陷带内可以形成和储集一定规模的固体钾盐矿,成为今后罗布泊盐湖钾资源扩大找矿的新空间。     

《地质学报》、《地质学报》（英文版）和《地质论评》全部入选“中国期刊方阵”

罗布泊盐湖位于新疆塔里木盆地东部，自古以来，一直引起国内外探险家的极大兴趣，近代开展探险考察，现代进入地质调查与科学研究阶段。自1995年在罗布泊罗北凹地发现超大型钾盐矿床以来，罗布泊盐湖地质科学研究与资源调查进入了一个新阶段。钾盐找矿取得重大进展，罗北凹地获得2．5亿吨卤水氯化钾资源／储量，达超大型规模；首次发现卤水钾矿床储藏于钙芒硝岩中，属一种新类型钾盐矿床，而且是一个优质整装的硫酸盐型钾盐矿床；继而，在罗北凹地外围又发现四个中型钾盐矿床，累计氯化钾资源量数千万吨。钾盐成矿理论方面，提出和完善了“高山深盆迁移论”，“两段式成钾论”和“含水墙成钾”模式等，这些成矿认识，指导了罗布泊盐湖钾盐大规模勘查和扩大找矿。钾盐开发方面，2000年，成立新疆罗布泊钾盐公司，先后完成中试，建成年产4万吨硫酸钾示范厂，2006年4月25日，国投新疆罗布泊钾盐有限责任公司120万吨钾肥项目开工。罗布泊钾盐的开发可望在我国西部欧亚大陆桥沿线建成第二个钾肥生产基地，对缓解我国钾盐紧缺状况，促进地方经济发展、保持社会稳定、巩固边防均具有重要意义。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the