天津蓟县中元古界铁岭组叠层石灰岩中原地海绿石的沉积学意义

天津蓟县剖面中元古界铁岭组二段叠层石灰岩中普遍发育海绿石。野外观察表明,海绿石主要分布在叠层石柱体间的泥晶灰岩中,呈薄膜状富集在叠层石鞘外缘;微观特征分析表明,海绿石呈不规则状的胶体形式,显示了原地海绿石的基本特点。电子探针的组分分析表明,铁岭组中的海绿石为中成熟度的海绿石。由于产在潮下高能柱状叠层石灰岩中,铁岭组中的海绿石并不反映低沉积速率或沉积间断的沉积条件,与现代海绿石的形成环境具有明显的差异。因此,中元古界铁岭组叠层石灰岩中的中成熟度原地海绿石是特殊沉积背景下的独特产物,为研究海绿石在地质历史时期产出的多样性提供了一个重要实例。     

天然金刚石钻头钻进石灰岩矿层的技术经济效果

近年来，我队在蓟县东营房石灰岩矿层中进行钻探。钻进地层主要为微晶结构锰质、硅质灰岩，微晶结构中厚层灰岩与薄层泥质灰岩互层，灰质白云岩，圆柱叠层石灰岩，条带状硅质石灰岩，中粗粒到细粒结构的砂页岩等，偶含礈石结核或硅质条带，岩石可钻性一般为Ⅳ—Ⅵ级，少数为Ⅶ级，节理裂隙较为发育，漏失严重。使用改装的XU-600型钻机，采用上海金刚石工具厂生产的φ56普通双管天然孕镶碎粒金刚石钻头（金刚石粒度为100粒/克拉，胎体硬度HRC为39～40）和上海砂轮厂生产的人造聚晶金刚石螺旋型扩孔     

柴达木盆地西部地区新近系藻灰岩沉积特征及形成机制

柴达木盆地西部地区（简称“柴西地区”）新近系主要为陆源沉积岩,湖相碳酸盐岩亦广泛发育,其中藻灰岩的储集性和含油性最好。为进一步探究柴西地区新近系藻灰岩沉积特征及形成机制,主要通过详细的岩心和岩石薄片观察分析,对油泉子、黄瓜峁、南翼山、大风山等地新近系的藻灰岩进行研究。研究表明:1）柴西地区新近系藻灰岩主要有层纹石灰岩、叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩3种类型,以凝块石灰岩最发育。层纹石灰岩中纹层呈较连续且相互平行的水平纹层状,单个纹层最大厚度一般不超过0.5 m;叠层石灰岩主要有柱状叠层石灰岩和锥状叠层石灰岩2种类型,柱状叠层石在岩心上呈高宽比较小的灌木状,锥状叠层石则呈倾斜于地层面的指型密集簇状,叠层石最大单层厚度仅为0.25 m;凝块石灰岩在岩心上表现为表面粗糙的团块状,显微镜下藻凝块内部显微组构为不均匀的云雾状和海绵状。此外,有较多叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩呈不规则的砾屑状产出,且发育有明显的同生变形沉积构造。2）柴西地区新近系层纹石灰岩均为原地沉积,而叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩除原地沉积外,以原地垮塌沉积为主,以近原地滑塌沉积为次。3）柴西地区新近系藻灰岩同生改造有2个主要控制因素,一是藻灰岩与其基底灰质泥岩岩性硬度的差异,二是以底流为主、波浪为辅的水动力,次要因素为地震的振动、浅湖斜坡的坡度以及叠层石和藻凝块的倾斜生长等。     

桑托斯盆地白垩系盐下Barra Velha组叠层石灰岩沉积环境探讨

通过对桑托斯盆地盐下Barra Velha组叠层石灰岩进行岩石学、地球化学等方面的研究,提出簇状、指状和近球形叠层石是叠层石灰岩的主要组构,不同组构的发育路径可能与沉积环境有关。叠层石多呈集合体的形式发育,宏观上可见上下叠置和左右相连等组合方式,其中湖水直接沉淀的亮晶和以微生物为媒介形成的泥晶是组成叠层石灰岩的主要物质,叠层石灰岩的形成受到微生物的影响显著。叠层石灰岩中高硅、高镁含量以及正偏的碳、氧同位素特征都表明其形成于盐度较高的蒸发封闭湖盆的水体环境。叠层石灰岩中多数仅为数厘米高的叠层石集合体,表明高位水体持续时间仅在千年左右或更短,而不同高度的叠层石集合体在垂向上的频繁交替出现则表明水体深度存在频繁的波动。     

铁岭组中风化柱状叠层石灰岩强度确定概率方法

研究区大量分布中风化柱状叠层石灰岩, 岩石强度具有很强的变异性和区域性, 而岩石强度是影响边坡稳定的重要因素。要进行边坡稳定性评价, 就需要对研究区现场试验数据作为随机变量进行概率统计分析, 获取可靠的岩石强度指标。本文通过对研究区内中风化柱状叠层石灰岩( t23 ) 现场点荷载实验数据进行统计分析, 利用x2 检验进行拟和, 得到岩石强度的概率密度函数和概率分布形式, 抗压强度和抗拉强度均服从对数正态分布。在此基础上, 结合相近岩性岩石强度的拟和结果, 建立区内中风化柱状叠层石灰岩点荷载试验强度概率分布函数。运用Bayes估计推断区域内中风化柱状叠层石灰岩岩石点荷载强度, 得到岩石抗压强度预测值为72. 42 MPa, 抗拉强度预测值为2. 29 MPa, 相对误差较小, 样本信任度达到70%以上。该方法对于岩石强度估计是有效的, 由该方法所得到的估计值对研究区边坡稳定性评价以及后期边坡治理都具有重要的实践意义。     

湘西狮子山铅锌矿床矿化富集特征及控矿因素——湖南花垣—凤凰地区铅锌矿整装勘查系列研究之一

位于湖南省北西部的湘西花垣狮子山铅锌矿,具有稳定的含矿层位,铅锌矿资源量巨大。铅锌矿的含矿岩层为寒武系下统清虚洞组质纯的含藻屑石灰岩和砂屑石灰岩,岩层单层为厚层至巨厚层,含矿岩层厚度为22.6~237.1m。在含矿岩层中按上、中、下3个部位赋存矿体。在全面总结狮子山铅锌矿床矿化富集特征的基础上,对控矿因素进行了初步分析。     

石灰岩的结构-成因分类

一、引言碳酸盐类岩石在地层中分布极为广泛,古生代和震旦纪地层中尤为发育,估计可占半数以上。仅就燕山蓟县震旦纪地层剖面的初步统计,碳酸盐类岩石约占65％左右;旅大地区占32％;吉林通化地区占41％。碳酸盐类岩石主要由石灰岩和白云岩组成,而石灰岩又占绝对优势,因此对石灰岩的研究有着重大的理论和实际意义。     

全球寒武-奥陶系界线划分对比的标志和纽带——中国北方小阳桥剖面的启示

根据对中国小阳桥剖面高精度生物、层序、化学和磁性地层学综合研究的新成果及其与绿岬全球界线层型剖面(GSSP)的详细对比,进一步厘定了加拿大绿岬"金钉子"剖面所定义的奥陶系底界划分与对比的标志,并指出:(1)与所定义的全球标准奥陶系底界相当的界线位于小阳桥剖面块状叠层石灰岩之上19.9 m处的薄层纹层灰岩中(BD-24层...     

中元古代叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩层序地层序列及其沉积特征——以北京延庆千沟剖面高于庄组为例

北京延庆千沟剖面中元古代高于庄组为一套发育在海侵砂岩上的叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,厚度千余米,包括4段:第一段(或称为官地亚组)主要为海侵砂岩地层;第二段(或称为桑树鞍亚组)为发育少量叠层石的含锰白云岩和灰质白云岩地层;第三段又称为张家峪垭组,为一套以均一石灰岩为主的地层序列,发育席底构造且贫乏叠层石;第四段(环秀寺亚组)以叠层石礁白云岩为特征。与蓟县剖面相比较,该剖面的高于庄组具有以下特点:(1)第一段厚度百余米的海侵砂岩地层不但表明了与下伏大红峪组之间存在较为明显的区域不整合面,而且与蓟县剖面厚数百米的叠层石白云岩地层形成明显的区别;(2)在第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列中,未发现臼齿状构造,但发育丰富而典型的席底构造,而且以均一石灰岩为特征;(3)第四段的厚度为500余m,由罕见的叠层石礁序列所组成。这些特征表明,千沟剖面的高于庄组组成了一个复杂而有序的叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,成为依据沉积相序列进行前寒武纪三级层序划分和二级层序合理归并的典型实例。更为重要的是,第四段中的叠层石生物礁和第三段的均一石灰岩序列的存在,反映了一些值得进一步研究的问题:如前寒武纪叠层石生物礁的沉积模式,非叠层石灰岩序列是否代表了一次叠层石衰减事件等等。     

尼泊尔帕罗帕县Bhutuke水泥用石灰岩矿地质特征及成因

Bhutuke水泥用石灰岩矿大致位于中喜马拉雅带与低喜马拉雅带接触部位,即边缘主断层附近,属帕罗帕县管辖。矿区内大面积出露为震旦系加布阳岩系地层,少量第四系全新统残坡积层分布;Bhutuke水泥用石灰岩矿赋存于震旦系加布阳岩系尼尔吉里组地层中;矿体呈中厚层产出,矿石质量良好、稳定,属于浅海相化学沉积型碳酸盐岩矿床。矿山的开采条件一般,但所处地域内对水泥需求量大,开发利用能产生很好的经济和社会效益。     

贺兰山中元古代三个叠层石组合及其地层意义

贺兰山原划归蓟县系王全口群中、下部的碳酸盐岩中新建立了两个叠层石组合 ,即下部以 Colonnella sp.、Gaoyuzhuangia sp.、Conophyton garganicum、C.cf.cylindricum等锥叠层石和块茎状柱叠层石为代表的闵家沟组合 ,其属种和总体面貌与长城系高于庄叠层石组合较为相似 ;中部以 L ochmecolumella和 Pseudogymnosolen等微小类型叠层石为代表的冰沟叠层石组合 ,其特征与蓟县系雾迷山叠层石组合完全一致。同时通过对王全口组叠层石分子的全面分析 ,判定王全口叠层石组合的时代应是蓟县纪中、晚期 ,其底界不低于雾迷山组底部。据此 ,重新厘定了贺兰山地区中元古代地层划分。     

天津蓟县剖面中元古界铁岭组叠层石岩礁中海绿石的产出特征及地质意义

海绿石作为一种特殊的指相矿物,长期以来受到地质学家的重视与研究.显生宙的海绿石,多年来研究的结果表明海绿石发育在慢速弱还原环境.而天津蓟县中元古界铁岭组叠层石岩礁中的海绿石,处于铁岭组二段的早期高水位体系域(EHST)中,以薄膜状形式产在叠层石柱体与柱体间泥晶的交界处,可能指示了一种特殊的海底胶结作用.独特的产出特征表明了前寒武纪(约1 000 Ma左右)的正常高能浅海环境似乎还处于一种氧气不充分的环境.     

Discovery of the Jiawengmen Stromatolite Assemblage in the Southern Belt of Eastern Kunlun, NW China and Its Significance

1 Introduction The stromatolites of the Jiawengmen area in the southern belt of the Eastern Kunlun orogen were initially interpreted as vortex structures by the Regional Geological Survey Team, Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources in 1973; these samples were then identified as algal fossils of Sinian age by the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology (Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 1973). In 1994, Chen and Luo (1998) discovered some stromatolites, i…     

沉积型天青石矿床的地质特征及其成因探讨

沉积型天青石矿床和蒸发岩类 ,特别是石膏的沉积密切相关 ,含矿地层主要是纹层状叠层石或藻灰岩。天青石中硫、锶同位素值和海水硫、锶同位素值相近。在蒸发条件下海水浓缩到一定浓度时 ,产生天青石沉积 ,或是富锶的硫酸型晶间卤水和钙碳酸盐反应 ,形成交代型天青石。天青石主要分布于蒸发盐盆地的边缘部位 ,位于钙碳酸盐和钙硫酸盐沉积的过渡带     

燕山地区中元古代高于庄组非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列的沉积特征及其重要意义

在燕山地区中元古代高于庄组一套厚度千余米的碳酸盐沉积序列中,第三段组成一个特别的非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列。两个剖面(天津蓟县剖面和北京延庆千沟剖面）的详尽观察与研究结果表明：高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列以灰岩序列为特征,厚度为300 m至600 m不等,在蓟县剖面发育有存在成因争论的臼齿状构造,在延庆千沟剖面发育奇形怪状的席底构造。该非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列表明,在前寒武纪除了3次叠层石衰减事件(分别发生在2 000 Ma、1 000 Ma和675 Ma）外,在1 450 Ma左右还可能发生过一次叠层石衰减事件。再者,高于庄组第三段构成的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,可以大致与北美地区的Belt超群中的Helena组非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列相对比,从而表明了1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件因具有全球性而有重要意义。在漫长的前寒武纪,臼齿状构造常常集中发育在叠层石衰减事件之后,因此,尽管这两种沉积构造的成因还不完全清楚却成为了解前寒武纪世界的重要线索。1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件,正好处于叠层石发育的黄金时段(2 800 Ma至1 000 Ma）,对该次事件的识别,有助于正确认识漫长而复杂多变的前寒武纪碳酸盐世界。     

Hot-Water Deposition of Pyritic Stromatolite and Its Relation to Biomineralization

Pyritic stromatolite, a rich pyrite ore, is scattered as reef masses in sedex deposits of the Proterozoic Yanshan rift trough. The pyritic stromatolite consists of a core and alternating concentric rims of light colloidal pyrite and dark organic materials. The concentric rims are cemented together by trichomes highly similar to the trichomic microorganisms inhabiting substantively around the black chimneys on the current sea beds while the core is composed chiefly of groups of thermophilous sulphur bacteria. Biomarkers for the molecules of pyritic stromatolite include pristane, phytane, regular isoprenoids paraffin, methyl-heptadecyl, and so on. This study reveals the existence of methane-yielding bacteria in the pyritic stromatolite and reflects the evolution of thermophilous thallophyta.Long pulsation of mineralizing thermal solutions venting up along contemporaneous faults in rift troughs contributed greatly not just to the reproduction of thermophilous organisms living around the vents, but to their     

豫西寒武纪叠层石演化特征及其与后生动物的耦合关系

作为微生物席建造物的叠层石记录了大量的古环境和古地理信息,在豫西寒武系出露18层叠层石,以宏观和微观沉积特征为基础,依据各组段叠层石丰度(层厚度)和分异度(形态类型)的演化,将豫西寒武纪叠层石划分为6个演化组合。从叠层石组合的微观纹层、微生物化石及其微生物席演化等方面,结合沉积学和生物化石特征,探讨了豫西寒武纪叠层石的幕式演化,分别为微生物岩-叠层石演化幕和微生物岩-灰岩演化幕。以中寒武世灰岩中微生物岩与遗迹化石的密度关系为例,并从整个寒武纪微生物岩与后生动物化石之间关系的角度分析,认为叠层石微生物岩演化与后生动物之间并非只是简单的“此消彼长”,而是一种动态平衡的耦合关系。     

Fine‐grained agglutinated elongate columnar stromatolites: Tieling Formation,ca 1420 Ma,North China

The Mesoproterozoic Tieling Formation, near Jixian, northern China, contains thick beds of vertically branched, laterally elongate, columnar stromatolites. Carbonate mud is the primary component of both the stromatolites and their intervening matrix. Mud abundance is attributed to water column ‘whiting’ precipitation stimulated by cyanobacterial photosynthesis. Neomorphic microspar gives the stromatolites a ‘streaky’ microfabric and small mud flakes are common in the matrix. The columns consist of low‐relief, mainly non‐enveloping, laminae that show erosive truncation and well‐defined repetitive lamination. In plan view, the columns form disjunct elongate ridges <10 cm wide separated by narrow matrix‐filled runnels. The stromatolite surfaces were initially cohesive, rather than rigid, and prone to scour, and are interpreted as current aligned microbial mats that trapped carbonate mud. The pervasive ridge–runnel system suggests scale‐dependent biophysical feedback between: (i) carbonate mud supply; (ii) current duration, strength and direction; and (iii) growth and trapping by prolific mat growth. Together, these factors determined the size, morphology and arrangement of the stromatolite columns and their laminae, as well as their branching patterns, alignment and ridge–runnel spacing. Ridge–runnel surfaces resemble ripple mark patterns, but whether currents were parallel and/or normal to stromatolite alignment remains unclear. The formation and preservation of Tieling columns required plentiful supply of carbonate mud, mat‐building microbes well‐adapted to cope with this abundant sediment, and absence of both significant early lithification and bioturbation. These factors were time limited, and Tieling stromatolites closely resemble coeval examples in the Belt‐Purcell Supergroup of Laurentia. The dynamic interactions between mat growth, currents and sediment supply that determined the shape of Tieling columns contributed to the morphotypical diversity that characterizes mid–late Proterozoic branched stromatolites.     

Sedimentary Features and Their Implications of Microdigital Stromatolites from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian Section in North China

<正>The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian section in Tianjin is a set of more than 3000-m-thick stromatolitic carbonate succession.In this succession,several lithofacies units,that is,the subtidal stromatolitic biostrome,the thrombolitic bioherm,tidal-flat micritic dolomite and lagoon dolomitic shale,make up many meter-scale cycles of the peritidal carbonate type that have been nominated as the Wumishan cycles.Importantly,many microdigital stromatolites make up the stromatolitic biostrome unit of the Wumishan cycles in the lower part of the Wumishan Formation. These microdigital stromatolites have been grouped as a stromatolitic assemblage by paleontologists, that is,"Pseudogymnosolen mopanyuensis-Scuphus-Yangzhuang columnaris"assemblage.These microdigital stromatolites had also been interpreted as the aragonite(tufa) sea-floor precipitates by sedimentologists,and has further been thought as the special products of the transitional period from the sea-floor aragonite precipitates of the Archean to the clastic and muddy carbonates of the Neoproterozoic.Although there are some restrictions for the stratigraphic meaning of the concept of the stromatolitic assemblage,detailed studies on classification by paleontologists provide an important clue to understand the sedimentological meaning of the microdigital stromatolites.Furthermore,an important and obvious horizon for the end of the microdigital stromatolites was recorded in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian section,which provides useful information to understand the stromatolite decline occurred at c.1250 Ma and the evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian.