黔南地区早石炭世黑色岩系稀土元素地球化学特征及沉积-构造环境分析

为了深入探讨黔南地区早石炭世黑色岩系沉积-构造环境,笔者对页岩气钻孔CY1井打屋坝组黑色岩系进行了详细采样测试,并重点分析了页岩稀土元素地球化学特征。分析结果表明,该区早石炭世页岩稀土元素总量(ΣREE)为(213.08~308.1)×10-6,平均值为251.43×10-6,大于北美页岩的平均值(173.21×10-6);w(ΣLREE)/w(ΣHREE)及w(Ce)N/w(Yb)N等地球化学参数表明,轻、重稀土元素分异明显;REE分布模式呈平坦状,表现出轻稀土富集、重稀土元素亏损;δEu值为0.53~0.671,显示中等程度的负Eu异常,Ce异常表现不明显。根据δCe和Ce异常值的变化,反映研究区早石炭世为缺氧还原环境。根据稀土元素组合特征、δEu值的变化及w(La)N/w(Yb)N-ΣREE的图解特征,结合区域地质背景,认为黔南地区打屋坝组黑色页岩的物源来自黔中隆起和雪峰山隆起,母岩为沉积岩和花岗岩的混合,沉积区构造环境为被动大陆边缘构造背景。     

岑巩页岩气区块牛蹄塘组黑色页岩稀土元素地球化学特征及沉积环境分析

岑巩页岩气区块发育牛蹄塘组黑色页岩是一套优质烃源岩,是我国页岩气勘探开发亟待突破的重点层系之一。对该套黑色页岩采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICPMS)进行稀土元素(REE)测试分析,以揭示黑色页岩沉积环境。结果表明:总体上稀土元素总量较低(ΣREE为72.64×10~(-6)~156.98×10~(-6)),LREE相对富集(LREE/HREE为5.22~11.8),铕负异常较显著(δEu为0.40~0.58),铈呈弱负异常(δCe为0.74~0.98)。研究区黑色页岩母岩为先期沉积岩,形成于被动大陆边缘的相对较深的浅海斜坡环境;在早寒武世曾发生过一次明显的海侵-海退过程;沉积时水体为弱还原缺氧环境,沉积过程中有一个短暂的充氧期;沉积过程受到较强的热水作用的影响,上部和下部沉积速率低于中部;黑色页岩有机碳含量(TOC)与ΣREE存在较为明显的负相关性。对岑巩页岩气区块牛蹄塘组黑色页岩稀土元素地球化学分析,可为该区块进一步开展页岩气勘探开发工作提供参考。     

滇东富乐铅锌矿区地层稀土元素地球化学

通过对罗平富乐铅锌矿区地层及矿石进行了稀土元素地球化学特征对比研究.结果显示,梁山组样品 ΣREE值25.91×10-6~108.40×10-6,δEu值0.35~0.73,δCe值0.64~1.35.具Eu负异常和Ce弱正异常;阳新组碳酸盐岩样品 ΣREE值0.82×10-6~6.75×10-6,δEu值0.15~0.97,δCe值0.22~0.62,具Eu负异常和Ce负异常;玄武岩样品 ΣREE值204.17×10-6~290.57×10-6,δEu值变化范围0.91~0.97,δCe值1.02~1.03,Eu异常和Ce异常不明显.峨眉山玄武岩、阳新组、梁山组岩石与矿石REE配分模式比较区别明显,暗示成矿物质并非这些地层提供另有其它来源;梁山组及含矿地层阳新组样品为轻稀土富集型,并具有Eu负异常,暗示地层可能形成于被动大陆边缘还原环境.     

柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统石门沟组页岩段稀土元素地球化学特征与地质意义

对柴达木盆地北缘(简称柴北缘)鱼卡地区鱼油页1井(YYY-1)页岩段稀土元素地球化学分析,揭示了其对古环境、古物源和古气候的响应,并探讨了对油页岩成矿的影响。分析结果表明:石门沟组页岩段稀土元素总量(ΣREE)为(139.16~342.59)×10~(-6),平均值为236.66×10~(-6),高于北美页岩(NASC)和后太古宙页岩(PASS)。ΣLREE/ΣHREE和(La/Yb)_N等地球化学参数表明,轻重稀土元素分异明显;分布模式为轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素相对亏损。地球化学参数以及La/Yb-ΣREE图解表明,研究区物源主要为上地壳沉积岩和火山岩的混合来源。元素Eu具有明显的负异常,指示沉积水体为缺氧的还原环境,为油页岩中有机质的富集提供良好的保存条件。根据高含量的ΣREE值以及δEu异常值,结合前人对该地区的孢粉研究成果,石门沟组页岩段形成于暖湿的气候条件,为油页岩的形成提供良好的物质来源和保存条件。     

滇东南老君山锡多金属成矿区含矿岩系稀土元素地球化学

老君山锡多金属成矿区是滇东南锡多金属成矿带的重要组成部分,具有矿化类型多样等特征。为约束成矿区内不同类型矿化的成矿流体来源,本文选取老君山成矿区内不同类型矿石及其对应的简单夕卡岩、复杂夕卡岩和花岗岩等围岩为研究对象,进行稀土元素含量分析和配分模式对比研究。全部样品总稀土含量较低(ΣREE=14.3×10-6²61.7×10-6),并具有轻稀土富集特征,其中简单夕卡岩的ΣREE=14.3×10-6261.7×10-6),并具有轻稀土富集特征,其中简单夕卡岩的ΣREE=14.3×10-6⁷1.49×10-6,具有Eu正异常(δEu=1.0671.49×10-6,具有Eu正异常(δEu=1.06¹.36)和Ce负异常(δCe=0.841.36)和Ce负异常(δCe=0.84⁰.93)特征,其对应的矿石ΣREE=48.7×10-60.93)特征,其对应的矿石ΣREE=48.7×10-6⁶2.94×10-6,δEu=3.0162.94×10-6,δEu=3.01³.74,δCe=0.803.74,δCe=0.80⁰.87;复杂夕卡岩的ΣREE=25.14×10-60.87;复杂夕卡岩的ΣREE=25.14×10-6²61.7×10-6,δEu变化范围为0.54261.7×10-6,δEu变化范围为0.54².68,δCe变化范围为0.822.68,δCe变化范围为0.82⁰.97,其对应的矿石ΣREE范围为77.95×10-60.97,其对应的矿石ΣREE范围为77.95×10-6²43.2×10-6,δEu=0.52243.2×10-6,δEu=0.52².85,δCe=0.892.85,δCe=0.89⁰.96;花岗岩的ΣREE含量变化范围较窄(69.42×10-60.96;花岗岩的ΣREE含量变化范围较窄(69.42×10-6¹52.8×10-6),具有强负Eu异常(δEu=0.20152.8×10-6),具有强负Eu异常(δEu=0.20⁰.36)和弱正Ce异常(δCe=1.010.36)和弱正Ce异常(δCe=1.01¹.15)特征,其对应的矿石ΣREE=54.04×10-61.15)特征,其对应的矿石ΣREE=54.04×10-6⁷8.31×10-6,δEu=0.3478.31×10-6,δEu=0.34⁰.76,δCe=0.950.76,δCe=0.95¹.01。可见不同类型矿化的稀土含量及相关参数特征与对应的赋矿围岩极为相似,暗示不同类型矿化成矿流体中稀土可能来自对应的赋矿围岩。此外,简单夕卡岩及其相关矿石的稀土元素特征与海相火山喷流沉积岩类似,而复杂夕卡岩及其相关矿石的稀土元素特征具有海相火山喷流沉积与花岗岩叠加改造的双重特征,进一步说明老君山锡多金属成矿区内锡多金属的矿化存在多种成矿作用共同影响的痕迹。     

藏南白垩纪缺氧与富氧沉积的稀土元素地球化学特征

研究了藏南Cenomanian-Turonian界线缺氧沉积和Santonian-Campanian富氧沉积的稀土元素特征,重点探讨古海洋氧化还原条件变化与稀土元素地球化学之间的关系。结果表明,缺氧事件层ΣREE增加30%,Ce和Eu含量分别增加40%和114%;富氧沉积层ΣREE明显增加,其中以Eu含量增加107%最为明显,Ce增幅最小,表现为相对亏损。缺氧沉积稀土元素分布型式为Ce和Eu富集的右倾型,富氧沉积分布型式以Ce亏损和Eu富集为特征。Ce异常显示缺氧事件期间为稳定而持续的低溶解氧还原条件,而富氧事件由古海洋瞬间的氧化事件和逐渐趋于正常状态的氧化条件两个阶段组成。     

黔南地区早石炭世黑色岩系稀土元素地球化学特征及沉积-构造环境分析c

为了深入探讨黔南地区早石炭世黑色岩系沉积-构造环境,笔者对页岩气钻孔CY1井打屋坝组黑色岩系进行了详细采样测试,并重点分析了页岩稀土元素地球化学特征。分析结果表明,该区早石炭世页岩稀土元素总量(ΣREE)为(213.08~308.1)×10^-6,平均值为251.43×10^-6,大于北美页岩的平均值(173. 21×10^-6);w(ΣLREE)/w(ΣHREE)及w(Ce)_N/w(Yb)_N等地球化学参数表明,轻、重稀土元素分异明显;REE分布模式呈平坦状,表现出轻稀土富集、重稀土元素亏损;δEu值为0.53~0.67 < 1,显示中等程度的负Eu异常,Ce异常表现不明显。根据δCe和Ce异常值的变化,反映研究区早石炭世为缺氧还原环境。根据稀土元素组合特征、δEu值的变化及w(La)_N/w(Yb)_N-ΣREE的图解特征,结合区域地质背景,认为黔南地区打屋坝组黑色页岩的物源来自黔中隆起和雪峰山隆起,母岩为沉积岩和花岗岩的混合,沉积区构造环境为被动大陆边缘构造背景。     

湘西下寒武统牛蹄塘组地球化学特征及其对沉积-构造环境的响应

为深入探讨湘西地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系沉积-构造环境,对三岔剖面黑色岩系进行了详细采样测试,并重点分析了主量、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征。研究结果表明,牛蹄塘组黑色岩系不仅有机碳含量高,而且相比于北美页岩更富集V、Ni、Cr等微量元素。δ~(13)C_(org)及微量元素判别指标V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co、δU、Ce/La、Ce_(anom)等特征的变化均反映牛蹄塘组沉积期水体属缺氧还原的浅水环境,且Mo/TOC与U_(EF)-Mo_(EF)协同模式表明沉积区当时为一局限海盆环境。稀土元素(REE)中轻稀土相对重稀土富集,且北美页岩标准化分布模式呈近水平略微左倾状,结合元素比值特征和La/YbCe/Yb、La/Yb-ΣREE图解,牛蹄塘组黑色岩系的母岩以长英质岩石为主,但沉积过程也受到海底热液作用影响。同时,根据δCe、δEu的特征与K_2O/Na_2O-SiO_2图解,认为沉积区在早寒武世为被动大陆边缘构造背景。     

渝东南地区石牛栏组稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

渝东南地区的下志留统石牛栏组作为重要的油气储集层,研究其古环境变化、物质来源及物源区构造背景具有重要意义。本文采用稀土元素总量w(ΣREE)、REE配分模式、以及w(ΣLREE)/w(ΣHREE)、w(La)_N/w(Yb)_N、w(Ce)_N/w(Yb)_N、w(La)_N/w(Sm)_N、w(Gd)_N/w(Yb)_N、δEu、δCe、Ce_(anom)等特征值研究方法,对渝东南下志留统石牛栏组典型剖面的稀土元素特征及古海洋环境和物源进行深入研究。结果表明:石牛栏组灰岩稀土元素总量略低于大陆地壳平均值,轻稀土较为富集,重稀土亏损,铕明显负异常,铈负异常较微弱。w(ΣREE)证实了石牛栏组的沉积水体由浅缓慢变深再急剧变浅的变化过程。Eu负异常、Ce负异常和C_(eanom)值均揭示石牛栏组沉积时期海水具有弱还原性。REE的分异程度反映了石牛栏组从沉积早期到沉积晚期,沉积速率总体降低。稀土元素的比值特征及w(ΣREE)—w(La)/w(Yb)图解表明其物源源自雪峰山隆起,源岩主要为沉积岩。     

恩施剖面栖霞组下部贫氧-缺氧环境成因模式

我国华南地区二叠系栖霞组沉积了多套富有机碳的暗色岩系,是华南地区油气勘探的潜在烃源岩。其形成主要与水体的氧化还原以及古特提斯海洋洋流系统有关。然而,栖霞期水体的缺氧-贫氧的成因模式还需要更多的地质证据。本文选择湖北省恩施剖面栖霞组下部臭灰岩段钙质页岩及碳酸盐岩夹层为研究对象,开展稀土元素REE、微量元素Th/U比值以及碳酸盐矿物晶格内微量硫酸盐硫同位素组成分析。研究结果表明,栖霞组下部臭灰岩段的下部沉积水体主要为缺氧至贫氧条件,而臭灰岩段上部主要为贫氧至氧化条件。这些缺氧至贫氧沉积主要是由洋流的上涌造成。洋流的上涌将深水环境中缺氧、贫氧的底部水体涌至陆棚斜坡地带,造成斜坡浅水地带形成一个近似倒三角的缺氧-贫氧水体带,从而沉积了栖霞组暗色薄层石灰岩或钙质页岩。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the