渭河盆地安仁镇地裂缝基本特征与成因分析

2016年野外地质调查发现渭河盆地东北侧安仁镇发育48条地裂缝,造成沿线房屋墙体开裂、道路错断和农田变形龟裂等,并严重威胁大西高铁安全运营。通过详细的地质调查和地质测绘发现其均位于地貌分界线两侧并发育在双泉-临猗断裂上盘,地裂缝走向为NE60°~80°,按发育位置可将其划分为5组地裂缝。选取典型地裂缝为研究对象,利用槽探和工程地质钻探揭示了地裂缝的剖面结构特征,发现地裂缝导致浅部土体破裂严重,地裂缝错断两侧地层且位错量随深度增加而增加,表现出同沉积断层的性质。在此基础上,对比西安地裂缝并详细分析了安仁镇地裂缝的成因机理,发现构造断裂、地震活动和表水潜蚀是地裂缝形成的主要因素。安仁镇地裂缝成因机理可概化为:构造控缝、地震启缝和表水扩缝。     

活动断层作用下地裂缝开裂机理研究

地裂缝的成因机理争论不断,笔者认为活动断层与全新世浅表层开裂两者之间的联动机制为主要原因之一。文章以华北平原典型地裂缝为例,通过详尽地面调查、资料分析总结,结合地球物理勘察、槽探揭露和钻探等多种技术方法,得到以下几点认识:（1）依据全新世浅表层开裂形态特征,可将华北平原地裂缝划分为全新世节理裂隙型地裂缝和全新世活动断层型地裂缝。（2）节理裂隙型地裂缝开裂的外部条件是华北平原地下水位下降,疏干的松散含水层是地表水沿节理裂缝下渗后的储存场所,是产生渗透压力的原因;而活动断层是产生该类地裂缝的内部因素,两者缺一不可;活动断层型地裂缝实质是全新世活动断层。（3）节理裂隙型地裂缝主要特征是地表局部塌陷、间断性、地表无高差等;活动断层型地裂缝主要特征是连续性强,地表断距明显;地表断距是两种类型地裂缝的最主要区别特征。本文首次以构造活动断层与全新世浅表层开裂两者之间的联动机制为研究线索,阐述了构造活动断层在地裂缝形成过程中的具体作用,厘清了地下水位下降所扮演的“角色”,为城市规划建设提供了地质依据和建议。     

Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province,China and geological investigation of Hetang earth fissure

Earth fissures are a geohazard in Jiangsu Province, China. They can be caused by earthquakes and active faults, underground mining, groundwater extraction and landslides. In order to establish a provincial rehabilitation plan in Jiangsu, a range of monitoring programs, surveys, geological investigations and modeling have been implemented or planned. One of the focuses of the project is the land subsidence and earth fissures caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal in Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou (Su-Xi-Chang) area, southern Jiangsu Province. Hetang earth fissure within the Su-Xi-Chang area was first reported in 1995 and a series of investigation has been conducted since then. The site investigations and geophysical survey in 1997 have recognized the causative factor as the excessive groundwater drawdown coupled by the underlying bedrock ridge. An open trench excavation in 2007 and a plane strain analysis suggest that Hetang earth fissures may have cracked from the bedrock ridge to ground surface. Geological drilling in 2007 has further confirmed the existence and configuration of the ridge and extracted soil samples for laboratory tests to obtain soil parameters for numerical analyses and modeling of land subsidence and earth fissures in the Su-Xi-Chang area, Jiangsu, China. The laboratory tests are currently in progress and the result of numerical analyses and modeling is expected to be presented in the near future.     

北京平原区地裂缝受灾体形态特征及影响因素

在调查和监测中发现北京平原区地裂缝受灾体灾害表现形式不同,具有显著的区域特点。为揭示其形成过程,指导地裂缝防治工作,本文以宋庄地裂缝、高丽营地裂缝两处典型地裂缝作为靶区,从受灾体、剖面、深度、活动四方面揭示两处地裂缝形态特征,分析不同因素对二者差异化形态特征塑造的影响。结果显示:（1）宋庄地裂缝受灾体表现出明显的拉张变形,剖面上地裂缝上宽下窄铅直纵向延伸,深部未与隐伏断裂重接复合;高丽营地裂缝受灾体表现为显著的垂向错动及剪切破坏,剖面上地裂缝曲折纵向延伸,错开上下两盘地层,深部与隐伏断裂重接复合。（2）地震及区域应力场对两处地裂缝的水平形态特征进行塑造;地下水超采引发的土体差异性水平运动形成的拉应力作用于宋庄地裂缝,并对宋庄地裂缝形态进行再次塑造;高丽营地裂缝继承了黄庄—高丽营断裂形态特征;小区域差异沉降对垂向形态特征进行再次塑造。（3）宋庄地裂缝发育主要受地下水开采影响,对此类地裂缝防治应实施地下水减采、压采限采等方式,高丽营地裂缝发育受地下水开采及隐伏断裂双重影响。对此类地裂缝的防治除控制水位下降外,还需实时监测隐伏断裂活动情况,建立有效的预警预报体系。     

Origin of ground fissures in the Shanxi Graben System, Northern China

Since the 1950s, hundreds of ground fissures have occurred in the Shanxi Graben System in Northern China. The fissures and related subsidence and differential settlement have caused and are causing substantial damage to homes, agricultural land, roads, canals, and other infrastructure. Although generally similar in appearance, the fissures have different origins. (1) Some fissures coincide with northeast-trending faults. Trenching shows that the fissures extend into the near-surface faults, increasing vertical offset clay beds and other stratigraphic markers at depth, and therefore are probably the surface expression of fault movements. (2) Some fissures are demonstrably related to accelerated groundwater withdrawal. This is particularly apparent in Xi'an City where groundwater levels have declined by about 15 m within 4 years. (3) Other fissures owe their origin to the well-known process of ‘soil collapse’. This is particularly common in the silty loessial sediments that occur within most of the valleys that comprise the Shanxi Graben System.     

Development characteristics and mechanisms of the Taigu–Qixian earth fissure group in the Taiyuan basin,China

Since the 1980s, increasing human activity and continuing over-exploitation of groundwater resources have caused the earth fissures in the rift basin in Shanxi, China, to enter an active phase. Buildings along these earth fissures have been seriously damaged. Four massive earth fissures that developed in the Taigu and Qixian areas of the eastern Taiyuan basin endanger the operational safety of the high-speed railway that passes through this region. Using field observations, measurements, and exploration, we determined that the four earth fissures are parallel to each other, have a northeast trend, and are separated by approximately equal distances. The rupture zones of these earth fissures are generally 10–50 m wide and are formed by the main fissures and secondary fissures. The width of the zone affected by the earth fissures is 20–50 m based on deformation and the damage done to buildings. These fissures formed on the Earth’s surface; their hanging walls are lower than their foot walls, forming normal faults; and the ground surface around the fissures exhibits ridges and depressions. The fissures are connected to deep hidden faults. The fault displacement increases with increasing depth, which is characteristic of syn-sedimentary faults. These earth fissures are characterized by vertical displacement, and their average annual activity rate is 1–3 cm. We believe that the formation of this large-scale fissure group may be related to the tectonic structure of the hidden faults in the basin and may also be affected by the continuous regional extensional stress of the basin. The current increased level of activity could be caused by the over-exploitation of groundwater in the area.     

邢台市隆尧地裂缝发育特征及成因分析

隆尧地裂缝在华北地区是典型表生灾害,不仅对地表造成了潜蚀、塌陷、张裂、错断、龟裂等地质灾害,而且给当地的农业生产、工程建设、人民生活造成严重经济损失。为揭示其成因,本文利用地质调查、监测与测量、槽探、物理勘探等方法,主要研究了隆尧地裂缝的发育特征,包括平面、剖面、深部、活动4个方面,总结了地裂缝的发育规律,最后从孕裂环境、启裂条件、破裂过程等3个方面对其成因展开分析。通过研究,本文认为:(1)隆尧地裂缝出露于十余个村镇达30km,分别向NWW、NEE方向延伸,与隆尧断裂高度一致; 其活动时间具有周期特征,可分为开启-闭合-缓变-骤变等4个时期。(2)隆尧地裂缝受控于隆尧断裂,区域内的深部构造、断裂构造、构造地貌等条件为地裂缝的形成提供了孕裂环境。孕裂过程经历了应力积累、破碎带形成2个时期。(3)断裂活动是开裂的动力基础,地下水抽采、地表水入渗是开裂的重要因素。(4)隆尧地裂缝的开裂过程具有时间和空间上的不均性。从目前的勘察和研究情况来看,隆尧地裂缝活动正处于活跃期。     

东非肯尼亚裂谷活动断层型地裂缝变形特征与机理研究

2018年雨季期间,东非裂谷肯尼亚段地表突然出现一条7~8 km长的巨大地裂缝,该裂缝直接导致连接肯尼亚东西区域的主干道B3公路的毁坏(以下称为B3地裂缝),而作为我国“一带一路”倡议的重点项目“内罗毕至马拉巴标准轨铁路”仅距离该裂缝几公里,科学解释地裂缝的形成机理是铁路工程设施安全运营的重要保障。本文对该地裂缝的空间展布和形成机理进行研究,利用遥感影像详细解译了地裂缝空间位置,通过无人机航拍测绘建立了裂缝带高分辨率数值高程模型,在此基础上详细测量了地裂缝两侧地表垂向位移、地裂缝宽度和深度等指标。通过野外调查发现地裂缝发育在裂谷东边界F₄活动断层之上,其空间位置受F₄断层控制,地裂缝垂向剖面显示全新世沉积物有明显断错,且有多条破裂结构面贯穿其中:地裂缝下部火山碎屑岩层有明显拉张裂隙,这成为雨季期间地表水垂向下渗的通道,使浅表部松散沉积物向下运移。同时,裂谷区发育的南北向断层系统是雨季期间地下水横向流动的主要通道,这些过程导致地下水径流在雨季期间会不断潜蚀下部的土层,致使地表物质不断向下搬运,从而造成地表大规模开裂和塌陷,形成裂谷区受活动断层空间分布控制的构造型地裂缝。     

北京宋庄地裂缝灾害特征及影响因素分析

近年来由于北京市平原区地裂缝灾害凸显,不仅加速地表水土流失,而且对灾害区基础设施建设造成严重影响。为分析地裂缝形成原因,缓解及减轻地裂缝灾害造成的经济、财产损失,本文以新发现的宋庄地裂缝作为靶区,通过地质调查、InSAR监测、槽探、钻探等方法,揭示了宋庄地裂缝空间发育特征,从地质构造、地层岩性、地面沉降等方面,深入分析成因。结果显示:（1）宋庄地裂缝影响长度达8.7 km,NEE向延伸,受灾体主要展现出拉张形变;（2）区域拉张应力场为宋庄地裂缝形成提供内动力条件,构造影响下的第四系沉积厚度差异及地层岩性不均一,为宋庄地裂缝形成提供重要地质背景;（3）南苑-通县断裂为宋庄地裂缝形成提供了应力积累和传递媒介;（4）地下水超采引发的土体水平、垂向变形是地裂缝形成的诱发条件。受基底伸展变形、隐伏断裂及地下水开采影响,土体发生水平及垂向变形,使得在非饱和带断层区附近形成拉应力集中区,当达到土体抗拉强度时,形成盲裂缝,在雨水侵蚀或潜水位回升作用下,扩展至地表形成裂缝及串珠状土洞。     

西藏安多最新史前大地震的地质证据及其年龄

在西藏安多地区进行活动断裂研究过程中,进行地表调查和探槽开挖,证实错那－安多地堑北缘主边界断裂上的最新地表断层陡坎实际是该区史前大地震的地表遗迹。根据地表观察和实地测量结果可知,该区最新古地震断坎的延伸范围可达 26～36km,平均垂直位移量达 1.0～1.4m。相关地层－地貌体的年代学测试结果和古地震破裂参数表明,最新的古地震发生在距今约 10.0～8.1ka期间,估计当时的古地震震级介于 6.9～7.3级之间,当时的极震区烈度可能≥Ⅸ度。此古地震破裂的发现表明,青藏高原中部正断层型大地震之后的沉寂时间可以长达近万年,明显长于藏南裂谷带上的正断层型古地震活动间隔。由于安多地区最新大地震之后的离逝时间已足以积累类似强度的大地震,因此,该区未来的大地震危险性较高。     

衡水地区地裂缝空间发育特征与地下水位降深关系

通过浅层地震法及高密度电阻率法物探对河北衡水地区最近发现的3条地裂缝调查,探明了地裂缝地下发育深度、宽度、倾向等,发现地裂缝在地表与地下发育特征有明显不同：地表以一条地裂缝存在,在地下深处则以裂缝带发育,裂缝带两侧裂缝埋深不同,地下裂缝形态表现为上窄下宽。对该地区深层钻探、水文地质和多年地下水开采等资料分析表明,该地区的地裂缝是地质历史时期地质构造活动产物,开采深层地下水等资源则是促使地裂缝发展的主要原因。通过对不同地点地裂缝发育深度与近36年以来地下水水位降深的关系分析,结果显示：不同地区地裂缝发育深度与相应深层地下水水位降深呈线性关系。研究成果对地裂缝机理研究及预防开采深层地下水对地质环境的影响具有指导作用。     

基于ANN的苏锡常地裂缝预测研究

伴随着地面沉降灾害的发生,地裂缝作为一种新的地质灾害出现在苏锡常平原上,已有十多年历史,给地区发展造成严重危害。作者在较详细地阐述区域地质背景基础上,着重分析了地下水位和地面沉降在地裂缝形成中的作用。确定了“起伏的基底外加地下水位和地面沉降作用”这一地裂缝成灾模式。研究认为地裂缝的发生与地下水及地面沉降之间不存在简单的线性关系。而是二者共同作用的结果,同时需要有量的配合。初步确定了水位埋深50m,地面沉降量达500mm这样一个苏锡常地区地裂缝的易发环境。通过文章的研究,使得苏锡常地区地裂缝的产生机制更加清晰。文中一些定性和半定量的分析结论将对该地区地裂缝防治区划产生指导作用。     

Geological characteristics and analysis of hydrothermal genesis in the Suijiang-1 well in Yunnan Province,China

The geothermal water hydrochemistry and isotopic characteristics of boreholes in the Suijiang-1 well in Yunnan Province were studied based on the actual drilling geology, regional geological structure and hydrogeological conditions. The analysis results show that the geothermal water is SO_4-Ca·Mg type, the recharge elevation is 1 381-1 646 m, the recharge source is atmospheric precipitation, the geothermal reservoir temperature is 42-45 ℃, and the geothermal water is controlled by lithology and geological structure conditions of study area. Atmospheric precipitation enters the groundwater circulation system through the surface karst form of the Wujiaobao anticline, northwest-southeast tensile faults, fissures and karst depression, and geothermal water formed through the rising deep cycle water temperature, then blocked by the double rivers' fault zone and drilling explosion.     

Geological characteristics and analysis of hydrothermal genesis in the Suijiang-1 well in Yunnan Province,China

The geothermal water hydrochemistry and isotopic characteristics of boreholes in the Suijiang-1 well in Yunnan Province were studied based on the actual drilling geology, regional geological structure and hydrogeological conditions. The analysis results show that the geothermal water is SO4-Ca?Mg type, the recharge elevation is 1 381-1 646 m, the recharge source is atmospheric precipitation, the geothermal reservoir temperature is 42-45 ℃, and the geothermal water is controlled by lithology and geological structure conditions of study area. Atmospheric precipitation enters the groundwater circulation system through the surface karst form of the Wujiaobao anticline, northwest-southeast tensile faults, fissures and karst depression, and geothermal water formed through the rising deep cycle water temperature, then blocked by the double rivers’ fault zone and drilling explosion.     

临汾盆地果场地裂缝成因机理分析

地裂缝是临汾盆地主要的地质灾害之一, 自20世纪70年代盆地开始出现地裂缝以来, 至2012年8月共发现86条地裂缝。本文以临汾盆地内部典型地裂缝临汾果场地裂缝为研究对象, 详细地论述了地裂缝发育的地质环境背景。利用野外调查、测量、槽探、钻探和物理勘探等地质手段, 主要研究了地裂缝的发育特征, 包括平面特征、灾害特征、浅部剖面结构特征和深部特征4个方面, 总结了地裂缝的活动规律。发现果场地裂缝平面延伸长, 宽度大, 走向稳定, 灾害严重; 浅表层上宽下窄, 呈喇叭状, 深部结构显示地裂缝下伏隐伏断层, 地裂缝活动受降雨控制。通过分析影响地裂缝形成的各个因素:盆地构造、超采地下水和强降雨, 将果场地裂缝的形成分为3个阶段:孕育阶段、出露阶段和扩展阶段; 最后概化了果场地裂缝的成因机理:构造孕缝、抽水诱缝和降雨扩缝。     

中国地裂缝发育规律与运动特征研究

地裂缝是中国主要地质灾害之一,至2015年已在全国22个省区1500余处发现地裂缝超过5002条,这些地裂缝给沿线地区造成了大量的经济损失。本文基于一系列的地质研究方法包括野外调查、地质绘图、地质勘探等,总结了中国地裂缝的空间分布,揭示了中国地裂缝的发育规律,并概化了中国地裂缝的运动特征。结果表明:中国地裂缝主要分布在大华北地区,尤以汾渭盆地、河北平原和长江三角洲最为严重,其中大于1 km的巨型地裂缝主要分布在汾渭盆地和河北平原。地裂缝分布表现出沿断裂带集中、顺地貌变异带展布、与地面沉降伴生、在黄土湿陷区散布、大中城市群发的规律。地裂缝运动特征可划分为拉张型、拉张-剪切型、剪切-拉张型和剪切型4种类型。     

Earth fissures triggered by groundwater withdrawal and coupled by geological structures in Jiangsu Province,China

Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province, China have caused serious damages to properties, farmlands, and infrastructures and adversely affected the local or regional economic development. Under the geological and environmental background in Jiangsu Province, this paper presents the earth fissures caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal and coupled by distinctive geological structures such as Ancient Yellow River Fault in Xuzhou karst area, and Ancient Yangtze River Course and bedrock hills in Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou area. Although all the earth fissures are triggered by groundwater exploitation, the characteristics are strongly affected by the specific geological and hydrogeological settings. In particular, in the water-thirsty Xuzhou city, the cone of depression caused by groundwater extraction enlarged nearly 20 times and the piezometric head of groundwater declined 17 m over a decade. As groundwater is extracted from the shallowly buried karst strata in the Ancient Yellow River Fault zone, the development of earth fissures is highly associated with the development of karstic cavities and sinkholes and their distribution is controlled by the Ancient Yellow River Fault with all the 17 sinkholes on the fault. On the other hand, in the rapidly developing Southern Jiangsu Province, groundwater is mainly pumped from the second confined aquifer in the Quaternary, which is distributed neither homogeneously nor isotropically. The second confined aquifer comprises more than 50 m thick sand over the Ancient Yangtze River Course, but this layer may completely miss on the riverbank and bedrock hills. With a typical drawdown rate of 4–6 m per annum, the piezometric head of groundwater in the second confined aquifer has declined 76 m at Maocunyuan since 1970s and 40 m at Changjing since mid-1980s, and a large land subsidence, e.g., 1,100 mm at Maocunyuan, is triggered. Coupled with the dramatic change of the bedrock topography that was revealed through traditional geological drilling and modern seismic reflection methods, the geological-structure-controlled differential settlement and earth fissures are phenomenal in this area.     

伊通地堑断层系统与构造样式

与走滑相关的盆地构造一般比较复杂,主要表现为断层系统较复杂和构造样式类型丰富。通过对三维地震资料进行系统的构造解析,结合区域地质和钻井资料的分析表明,伊通地堑的断层系统在平面上主要由近东西向的张性正断层和北东走向的张剪性断层组成,反映盆地具右旋走滑的应力体制;断层在演化序列上分为4个类型,与盆地的形成和演化之间存在良好的对应关系。地堑构造样式以"基底卷入型"为主,从盆地的动力学机制的角度,它属于"走滑—拉分型",进一步可将它概括为5种类型的构造样式,而且每一个断陷都以一种构造样式占主体,其展布具有明显的规律性。构造样式的差异是造成不同断陷具有独特油气分布规律的主导因素。     

The role of faulting on surface deformation patterns from pumping-induced groundwater flow (Las Vegas Valley, USA)

Land subsidence and earth fissuring can cause damage in semiarid urbanized valleys where pumping exceeds natural recharge. In places such as Las Vegas Valley (USA), Quaternary faults play an important role in the surface deformation patterns by constraining the migration of land subsidence and creating complex relationships with surface fissures. These fissures typically result from horizontal displacements that occur in zones where extensional stress derived from groundwater flow exceeds the tensile strength of the near-surface sediments. A series of hypothetical numerical models, using the finite-element code ABAQUS and based on the observed conditions of the Eglington Fault zone, were developed. The models reproduced the (1) long-term natural recharge and discharge, (2) heavy pumping and (3) incorporation of artificial recharge that reflects the conditions of Las Vegas Valley. The simulated hydrostratigraphy consists of three aquifers, two aquitards and a relatively dry vadose zone, plus a normal fault zone that reflects the Quaternary Eglington fault. Numerical results suggest that a 100-m-wide fault zone composed of sand-like material produces: (1) conditions most similar to those observed in Las Vegas Valley and (2) the most favorable conditions for the development of fissures to form on the surface adjacent to the fault zone.     

重庆中梁山岩溶地面塌陷特征及形成机理

通过详细调查重庆中梁山地区的岩溶地面塌陷灾害情况,分析出该区地面塌陷特征及形成机理。结果表明:岩溶地面塌陷主要分布在嘉陵江组中的地势低洼处、断层和溶槽处,多发生在降雨量大和地下水水位陡降时期,是自然因素和人类活动共同作用下的结果,数量较多,以土洞型为主;其致塌的力学机制以真空吸蚀作用和潜蚀作用为主,多种作用为辅;在具备岩溶塌陷发生的地质条件下,隧道建设过程中的强排水、降雨和村级公路修建与运营过程中会诱发岩溶地面塌陷的发生。根据岩溶地面塌陷的致塌力学机制和诱发因素,提出预防降雨形成的地表水过度聚集,隧道建设避免地下水陡降,村级公路和隧道选址避开岩溶发育区域等措施,以防止岩溶地面塌陷发生。