顺层岩质边坡顺层滑动岩体范围分析

顺层滑移-拉裂是顺层岩质边坡中常见的一种破坏模式,顺层滑动岩体范围大小是该类边坡稳定性分析及其加固支挡结构设计的基础,是设计人员最关心的问题。考虑边坡开挖卸荷效应对边坡岩体力学参数的影响,建立了顺层岩质边坡顺层滑动岩体范围的计算式,利用重庆至怀化铁路沿线顺层岩质路堑边坡失稳破坏的调查资料进行对比分析,结果吻合较好。     

地震作用下边坡稳定性分析的坐标转换法

在地震作用下边坡稳定性分析中,拟静力法是将地震作用简化为水平方向或垂直方向的不变加速度作用.此加速度产生作用于不稳定体质心的地震力,根据极限平衡理论,将所有作用于潜在滑动体上的力沿滑动面进行分解,得出沿滑动面的安全系数.在拟静力法的基础上,提出一种坐标转换法,通过坐标旋转,将地震力与重力的合力转变为垂直向下的力,从而使边坡地震稳定性问题等效为经过边坡几何形态和土体容重修正后的一般静力稳定性问题,再利用比较成熟、简便的静力分析方法进行边坡稳定性分析.利用此方法可以克服传统拟静力分析的不足,并且用于水下边坡分析,将滨水边坡的拟静力分析模型转换为相应的静力分析模型,考虑地下水的流动来模拟水对边坡的动力作用.此方法对于分析水库边坡体和堰塞湖坝体的抗震稳定性问题具有一定的应用价值.     

阶梯型均质边坡的开挖效应

关于开挖对阶梯型边坡稳定性及其潜在滑动面位置的影响,目前还缺乏系统研究。以二阶阶梯型均质挖方边坡为研究对象,利用基于有限元应力状态的边坡稳定性分析方法,分别对不考虑开挖效应和考虑开挖效应两种条件下阶梯型边坡的稳定性及其潜在滑动面特征进行了对比,同时对开挖强扰动区的分布特征进行分析。研究结果表明:1.与不考虑开挖效应时计算的边坡安全系数相比,考虑开挖效应后计算得到的边坡安全系数偏小;2.开挖对阶梯型边坡的整体安全系数及其潜在滑动面位置的影响较小;3.在阶梯型均质挖方边坡的设计中,其平台宽度宜大于其上下级坡高平均值的0.5倍,上下级边坡的坡高比宜控制在1~2范围,且下级边坡的坡率小于上级边坡坡率时更有利于边坡的整体稳定。     

河北省宽城县某滑坡特征与稳定性评价

位于河北省宽城县某拟建铁路将穿越一老滑坡体,体积约77×104 m3,并在滑坡前缘以路堑方式穿过,因开挖施工导致老滑坡复活.在现场地质调查基础上,阐明了滑坡所在的地质环境条件和发育特征,系统分析了老滑坡的形成原因和复活机理,即老滑坡是受附近断层影响,岩体完整性较差,而前缘河流冲刷和回漩旁蚀降低了边坡的整体稳定性,在暴雨或地震诱发下形成,而修建铁路的路堑开挖则是导致前缘抗滑段失效而复活的主要原因.在现场试验和室内试验成果基础上,分别对沿现滑面和古滑面在不同工况下的稳定性进行计算,并系统分析了铁路路堑边坡开挖对滑坡稳定性的影响程度,并对滑坡治理提出了措施建议.     

高地震烈度区堆积体边坡动力响应时程特征分析

考虑到在地震过程中,工程边坡的动安全系数最小值出现在某一瞬间,而用这个值评价边坡在地震荷载作用下的抗滑稳定性不合适宜。在简单分析地震荷载作用下边坡稳定性评价的主要方法及差异基础上,介绍了地震动力响应时程分析法的基本原理和计算过程,明确指出了边坡动力稳定分析时应注意的边界条件、材料参数等问题,建立了评价动力稳定性的有限元应力法表达式。基于地震动力时程反应,结合金安桥水电站库岸堆积体边坡工程,用动力有限元计算获得了边坡的动力响应在空间的变化规律(包括动应力和加速度等)和整体稳定性,计算成果合理地评价了其稳定性。     

地震作用下边坡及不利地质体的动力特征

深切谷坡浅表部卸荷裂隙发育,风化强烈,致使浅表层介质性质出现差异,成为非连续介质,地震动力响应由此变得复杂。根据青川地震监测数据分析线型坡及山坳处的地震动力响应特征,并结合适用于分析岩质边坡运动过程的不连续变形分析方法(DDA),对不同岩质边坡及岩体中出现节理和软弱夹层等不利地质体时的动力特征进行分析,揭示在一定高程下线型坡上地震波加速度随高程增加而增大,且垂直山脊方向的地震波峰值加速度放大系数大于沿山脊方向,最大可达3.12倍;山坳处的地震波加速度较谷底会出现一定程度的衰减。同一规模边坡,岩质越硬加速度放大系数越大;当边坡中存在节理及软弱夹层时,地震波传播会受到反射和透射的影响,从而影响边坡的动力响应特征。分析表明,岩体弹模较大时,节理对地震波传播的透射作用较强,且节理间距与输入波长的比值小于临界值时,其比值越大,节理对地震波的透射作用越强;岩体分界面下部岩性较上部岩性硬时,随着两种岩性弹模差别增大,透射波峰值加速度降低越明显,而反之分界面以下岩性较上部软时,随着两种岩性弹模差值越大,透射波加速度放大越显著;软弱夹层厚度以及其与周围岩体波阻抗比较大时,地震波经过软弱夹层时的透射系数较小。     

四川某矿山边坡失稳机理及稳定性评价

四川某矿山开采边坡迄今已有30余年,随采区规模的逐渐扩大,在矿区南坡构成一典型的顺层开挖边坡,因矿层中夹有不同数量的软弱夹层,在边坡前缘破坏坡角、并加上降雨及爆破振动影响,时常发生颁层滑坡,不仅给矿山人民生命财产带来严重危害,而且也严重制约矿山的正常发展。通过对典型开挖边坡所在部位的工程地质条件凋查,在确定影响边坡稳定的主要控制因素和边界条件的基础上。考虑四种工况条件下的稳定性分析和评价,为矿山下一步施工提出了较为合理的开挖方案。     

西藏俄拉村滑坡地震动态响应失稳过程

为了研究岩浆岩质边坡在地震作用下的动力响应特征和失稳过程,以西藏俄拉村滑坡为原型建立离散元数值模型,通过输入实测地震动数据,研究该斜坡在地震作用下的动力响应特征和失稳破坏过程。模拟结果表明:(1)俄拉村滑坡失稳过程为:震动拉裂-剪切阶段→"锁固段"剪断贯通阶段→堆积掩埋夯实阶段;(2)水平向地震加速度PGA具有高程放大效应,且在相同高程坡面PGA放大系数较坡体内部大,坡形转折处和坡体凸出部位的放大效应也表现为坡面较坡内显著;(3)水平向地震加速度PGA值自坡体内部向外表现为时而增大、时而减小的节律性规律。研究结果可为岩浆岩质边坡在地震作用下的失稳模式提供依据。     

西北某坝肩变形体成因机制的离散元数值模拟

通过对西北某坝肩边坡勘探平硐的现场调查,综合分析边坡的基本特征、岩体结构特征、坡体结构特征、变形破坏特征,认为坡体为形成年代比较久远的变形体,在自重的作用下坡体发生缓慢的变形,地震的作用加速了坡体的变形,从而形成了现今的变形体,但坡体未发生整体的失稳。由于坡体变形年代比较久远,故采用离散元数值模拟对其成因机制进行研究。研究结果表明:自重作用下坡体有沿缓倾坡外层面缓慢滑移变形的趋势,在地震荷载的作用下最终诱发边坡发生比较大的变形。坡体在变形过程中经历了启动、高速变形和自稳3个阶段,在启动阶段坡肩位置首先出现拉张裂缝,然后坡体中部出现变形,最后坡脚位置剪出。通过坡体中监测点加速度、速度的研究发现随着高程的增加坡体的加速度、速度放大系数明显增加。     

结构面倾角对岩质边坡位移影响的分析

岩体结构面是影响岩质边坡位移及其稳定性的重要因素之一,但是由于数学和力学上的困难,岩体结构面对岩质边坡变形的影响通常难以用理论公式计算得出,目前只能采用数值分析手段。分别针对坚硬岩边坡和软岩边坡中存在软弱结构面的情况,用有限元差分程序FLAC和边坡稳定性系数公式,定量和定性地讨论了岩体结构面倾角对岩质边坡位移的影响。通过计算分析发现,(1)岩体中结构面的存在是影响岩石边坡位移及其稳定性的重要因素之一;(2)随着结构面倾角的增加,边坡的稳定性和边坡的位移可能增加,也可能减小,并不象我们想象的那样随着结构面倾角的增加而增加,必须用定性和定量方法针对具体问题进行具体分析。     

滑坡碰撞作用及其岸坡环境效应

研究发现,高速滑坡运动到谷底时,多数会与对岩岩坡发生碰撞,使滑体前部及对岸受撞岩体表部碎裂,形成滑坡碰撞构造。由于强烈的碰撞作用,滑体内部块体之间嵌合紧密。河流下切后,破碎但嵌合紧密的碰撞体卸荷松动,岸坡稳定性随之降低。由此提出滑坡碰撞模式、碰撞构造成分,并对其岸坡环境效应进行了探讨。     

地震作用下顺层岩质边坡稳定性的拟静力分析

通过对顺层岩质边坡的受力分析,应用极限平衡理论和Mohr-Column准则,按照Bishop关于边坡稳定性安全系数的定义,推导出在爆破震动载荷作用下,用于判别顺层岩质边坡稳定性的计算方法。研究结果表明垂直向下、水平指向坡外的爆破荷载以及两者的联合爆破荷载对边坡稳定性影响最大,尤其是后两者;水平指向坡外、垂直向下爆破荷载拟静力系数分别与边坡稳定性安全系数间呈负指数关系和S曲线关系;从动荷载拟静力系数0起,爆破震动水平指向坡外、垂直向下动荷载拟静力系数每增加0.05,有层裂长度的顺层边坡安全系数分别减少7.79%-10.67%、1.28%-1.98%,无层裂的顺层边坡安全系数分别减少7.61%-10.55%、1.47%-2.29%。同时,爆破震动产生的层裂长度、边坡长度以及联合爆破荷载的方向对顺层边坡稳定性也有影响。     

A Novel Intelligent ELM-BBO Technique for Predicting Distance of Mine Blasting-Induced Flyrock

Natural Resources Research - Blasting is an economical technique for rock breaking in hard rock excavation. One of its complex undesired environmental effects is flyrock, which may result in human...     

试论长江三峡河段深槽的成因

长江三峡河段共有近90个深槽,累计长度占河段总长的45％左右。它们分布在由多种原因造成的河槽束狭部位的下方、水下岩埂的下方、狭谷急流奔泄及河道拐折处,槽底基岩岩性相对较软弱的地段。它们是在三峡地区构造抬升、流水强烈深切过程中主要由跌水掏蚀与急流冲蚀所形成的,其深度不受海面高度的限制。     

Topography of a composite relict rock glacier, Ślęża Massif, SW Poland

A detailed geodetic survey and, additionally, a map of slope covers have been carried out for a composite relict rock glacier on the slopes of Mt ?l??a (718 m a.s.l.), Sudetic Foreland, SW Poland. The survey allows one to distinguish the mobilisation, transition and accumulation zones and to define geomorphic features diagnostic for relict rock glaciers such as lateral ridges standing above a central depression, steep margins of the landforms in the transition and accumulation zones, as well as absence of distinct head scarps above. Furthermore, it indicates that the present‐day hydrographic pattern on the surface of relict rock glaciers has been superimposed on the relief inherited from the active landforms. The topography indicates that tension prevailed rather than compression during the development of the rock glaciers. Some of the features, such as small lateral lobes, developed probably as a result of the compressive flow, however. The pattern of the slope cover shows that it developed during activity of the rock glaciers and been modified afterwards due to solifluction.     

LANDSLIDE‐GLACIER INTERACTION IN A NEOPARAGLACIAL SETTING AT TVERRBYTNEDE,JOTUNHEIMEN, SOUTHERN NORWAY

A tongue‐like, boulder‐dominated deposit in Tverrbytnede, upper Visdalen, Jotunheimen, southern Norway, is interpreted as the product of a rock avalanche (landslide) due to its angular to subangular boulders, surface morphology with longitudinal ridges, down‐feature coarsening, and cross‐cutting relationship to ‘Little Ice Age’ moraines. The rock avalanche fell onto glacier ice, probably channelled along a furrow between two glaciers, and stopped on the glacier foreland, resulting in its elongated shape and long runout distance. Its distal margin may have become remobilized as a rock glacier, but a rock glacier origin for the entire landform is discounted due to lack of source debris, presence of matrix, lack of transverse ridges, and sparcity of melt‐out collapse pits. Lichenometric dating of the deposit indicates an approximate emplacement age of ad 1900. Analysis highlights the interaction of rock‐slope failures and glaciers during deglacierization in a neoparaglacial setting, with reduced slope stability due to debuttressing and permafrost degradation, and enhanced landslide mobility due to flow over a glacier and topographic channelling. Implications for the differentiation of relict landslides, moraines and rock glaciers are discussed and interrelationships between these landforms are considered in terms of an ice‐debris process continuum.     

The landslide response of alpine basins to post-Little Ice Age glacial thinning and retreat in southwestern British Columbia

The role of post-Little Ice Age (LIA) Neoglacial retreat on landslide activity is investigated in 19 alpine basins along the upper Lillooet River Valley, British Columbia. We examine how Neoglacial scouring and glacial recession have modified hillslope form and slope stability, and construct a decision-making flowchart to identify landslide hazards associated with glacial retreat. This work is based on field mapping, GIS analysis, statistical associations between landslides and terrain attributes, and a comparison between Neoglaciated and non-Neoglaciated terrain within each basin.The bedrock landslide response to glacial retreat varies appreciably according to lithology and the extent of glacial scour below the LIA trimline. Valleys carved in weak Quaternary volcanics show significant erosional oversteepening and contain deep-seated slope movement features, active rock fall, rock slides, and rock avalanches near glacial trimlines. Basins in stronger granitic rock rarely show increased bedrock instability resulting from post-LIA retreat, except for shallow-seated rock slides along some trimlines and failures on previously unstable slopes. In surficial materials, landslides associated with post-LIA retreat originate in till or colluvium, as debris slides or debris avalanches, and are concentrated along lateral moraines or glacial trimlines.Significant spatial association was also observed between recent catastrophic failures, gravitational slope deformation, and slopes that were oversteepened then debuttressed by glacial erosion. Eight out of nine catastrophic rock slope failures occurred just above glacial trimlines and all occurred in areas with a previous history of deep-seated gravitational slope movement, implying that this type of deformation is a precursor to catastrophic detachment.     

岩石卸荷破坏特征与岩爆效应

岩爆是在地下洞室开挖卸荷过程中发生的,岩爆特征与岩石卸荷破坏特征密切相关．本文设计了模拟洞室开挖过程的三轴卸荷实验,探讨了岩石在不同卸荷速率条件下的变形破坏特征及其岩爆效应