A unified approach to the Clenshaw summation and the recursive computation of very high degree and order normalised associated Legendre functions

 Spherical harmonic expansions form partial sums of fully normalised associated Legendre functions (ALFs). However, when evaluated increasingly close to the poles, the ultra-high degree and order (e.g. 2700) ALFs range over thousands of orders of magnitude. This causes existing recursion techniques for computing values of individual ALFs and their derivatives to fail. A common solution in geodesy is to evaluate these expansions using Clenshaw's method, which does not compute individual ALFs or their derivatives. Straightforward numerical principles govern the stability of this technique. Elementary algebra is employed to illustrate how these principles are implemented in Clenshaw's method. It is also demonstrated how existing recursion algorithms for computing ALFs and their first derivatives are easily modified to incorporate these same numerical principles. These modified recursions yield scaled ALFs and first derivatives, which can then be combined using Horner's scheme to compute partial sums, complete to degree and order 2700, for all latitudes (except at the poles for first derivatives). This exceeds any previously published result. Numerical tests suggest that this new approach is at least as precise and efficient as Clenshaw's method. However, the principal strength of the new techniques lies in their simplicity of formulation and implementation, since this quality should simplify the task of extending the approach to other uses, such as spherical harmonic analysis. Received: 30 June 2000 / Accepted: 12 June 2001     

ARCENGINE结合MATLAB的遥感图像处理技术

基于Csharp与MATLAB混合编程的方法,实现了ARCENGINE与MATLAB的结合来处理遥感图像。分析介绍了调用MATLAB程序文件、创建C语言共享库和编译.NET组件3种Csharp与MATLAB混合编程的实现途径,并选用Csharp调用MATLAB编译的.NET组件的方法,把ARCENGINE与MATLAB结合,实现了ARCENGINE的遥感数据空间分析类库、数据操作组件与MATLAB图像处理工具箱的组合,扩展了Csharp开发环境下对遥感数据处理分析的类库和函数库,为遥感图像处理分析提供了更多便捷的方法。     

基于移动GIS的公共设施巡查系统的设计与实现

本文使用ArcGIS Server Mobile SDK开发了用于移动端的公共设施巡查系统.文章在系统分析设计的基础上重点阐述系统的功能的实现,利用ArcGIS Mobile提供的组件和类库,通过C.NET编程开发并实现了系统的各个功能.在实例的分析中使用沈阳市部分公共设施数据进行了验证,结果系统稳定,功能基本完善,数...     

Spatial Data and the Digital Library

As geographic information technologies develop and gain new and often non-traditional users, librarians are working to develop services and collections to meet their needs. Acquiring, managing, describing, and distributing information are traditional library functions that must be adapted for spatial data. The heavy toll on libraries, in terms of budgetary and staff resources, however, make service and collection decisions difficult. With assistance, spatial data services in libraries can grow to complement and aid the GIS user community. This article discusses collecting spatial data, partnering with GIS professionals, and implementing GIS services within the library.     

基于Excel VBA的监测数据管理软件的研制与开发

Excel是广大工程技术人员使用较多的软件,但多仅局限于简单的统计与公式计算。本文应用Excel丰富的公式、函数库和强大的图表制作功能,结合VBA可视化编程系统,研制开发的监测数据管理软件,集成了数据存储与处理、粗差探测、自动预警及图表制作等功能,减少了以往繁杂重复的人工操作,极大地提高了工作效率。     

A general map matching algorithm for transport telematics applications

This paper describes a map-matching algorithm designed to support the navigational functions of a real-time vehicle performance and emissions monitoring system currently under development, and other transport telematics applications. The algorithm is used together with the outputs of an extended Kalman filter formulation for the integration of GPS and dead reckoning data, and a spatial digital database of the road network, to provide continuous, accurate and reliable vehicle location on a given road segment. This is irrespective of the constraints of the operational environment, thus alleviating outage and accuracy problems associated with the use of stand-alone location sensors. The map-matching algorithm has been tested using real field data and has been found to be superior to existing algorithms, particularly in how it performs at road intersections.     

Least-squares variance component estimation

Least-squares variance component estimation (LS-VCE) is a simple, flexible and attractive method for the estimation of unknown variance and covariance components. LS-VCE is simple because it is based on the well-known principle of LS; it is flexible because it works with a user-defined weight matrix; and it is attractive because it allows one to directly apply the existing body of knowledge of LS theory. In this contribution, we present the LS-VCE method for different scenarios and explore its various properties. The method is described for three classes of weight matrices: a general weight matrix, a weight matrix from the unit weight matrix class; and a weight matrix derived from the class of elliptically contoured distributions. We also compare the LS-VCE method with some of the existing VCE methods. Some of them are shown to be special cases of LS-VCE. We also show how the existing body of knowledge of LS theory can be used to one’s advantage for studying various aspects of VCE, such as the precision and estimability of VCE, the use of a-priori variance component information, and the problem of nonlinear VCE. Finally, we show how the mean and the variance of the fixed effect estimator of the linear model are affected by the results of LS-VCE. Various examples are given to illustrate the theory.     

Calculation of strongly singular and hypersingular surface integrals

Efficient numerical computation of integrals defined on closed surfaces in ℝ³ with non-integrable point singularities that arise in physical geodesy is discussed. The method is based on the use of polar coordinates and the definition of integrals with non-integrable point singularities as Hadamard finite part integrals. First the behavior of singular integrals under smooth parameter transformations is studied, and then it is shown how they can be reduced to absolutely integrable functions over domains in ℝ². The correction terms that usually arise if the substitution rule is formally applied, in contrast to absolutely integrable functions, are calculated. It is shown how to compute the regularized integrals efficiently, and, numerical efforts for various orders of singularity are compared. Finally, efficient numerical integration methods are discussed for integrals of functions that are defined as singular integrals, a task that typically arises in Galerkin boundary element methods. Received: 15 April 1997 / Accepted: 7 May 1998     

地理国情监测数据自动化检查研究与实现

目前,地理国情监测数据质量检查主要以人工和简单的人机交互检查为主,效率低下、检查程序不规范,因此,本文提出地理国情监测数据自动化检查解决方法,采用面向对象的软件开发方法,进行了地理国情监测数据自动化检查系统的体系结构与功能模块设计,并对数据管理模块、自动化检查模块和结果管理模块三大功能模块进行详细设计,实现了数据模版、算子库、质检方案库等自动化检查系统关键技术。已在2017年基础性地理国情监测辽宁省任务区等多个项目中得到成功应用。     

An Algebra for Spatiotemporal Data: From Observations to Events

Recent technological advances in geospatial data gathering have created massive data sets with better spatial and temporal resolution than ever before. These large spatiotemporal data sets have motivated a challenge for Geoinformatics: how to model changes and design good quality software. Many existing spatiotemporal data models represent how objects and fields evolve over time. However, to properly capture changes, it is also necessary to describe events. As a contribution to this research, this article presents an algebra for spatiotemporal data. Algebras give formal specifications at a high‐level abstraction, independently of programming languages. This helps to develop reliable and expressive applications. Our algebra specifies three data types as generic abstractions built on real‐world observations: time series, trajectory and coverage. Based on these abstractions, it defines object and event types. The proposed data types and functions can model and capture changes in a large range of applications, including location‐based services, environmental monitoring, public health, and natural disasters.     

基于Cesium的三维智慧社区开发

国内Cesium地图引擎研究处于起步阶段,针对当前基于Cesium智慧社区开发贫乏问题,本文基于Cesium和WebGL技术进行开发试探,建立了基于倾斜摄影模型的三维智慧社区系统。通过导出Cesium 3D Tiles、搭建开发平台和相关类库函数调用,实现了三维智慧社区可视化控制、空间测量、可视性分析和空间查询功能。实验结果表明,Cesium和WebGL类库函数功能强大,开发方法简单,构建的三维智慧社区系统兼容性、开放性与可移植性强,支持倾斜三维模型海量数据加载与并发访问,有效降低系统建设成本,不失为一种轻量级智慧社区Web开发方法。     

The Space Package: Tight Integration between Space and Semantics

Interpretation of spatial features often requires combined reasoning over geometry and semantics. We introduce the Space package, an open source SWI‐Prolog extension that provides spatial indexing capabilities. Together with the existing semantic web reasoning capabilities of SWI‐Prolog, this allows efficient integration of spatial and semantic queries and provides an infrastructure for declarative programming with space and semantics. There are few systems that provide indexing and reasoning facilities for both spatial and semantic data. A common solution is to combine separate semantic reasoning and geospatial services. Such loose coupling has the disadvantage that each service cannot make use of the statistics of the other. This makes optimization of such a service‐oriented architecture hard. The SWI‐Prolog Space and Semantic web packages provide a native Prolog interface to both spatial and semantic indexing and reasoning, which makes it easy to write combined query optimizers. Another advantage of the Space package is that it allows declarative logic programming, which means in practice that you say what you want to compute instead of how to compute it. The actual indexing machinery is encapsulated inside Prolog predicates. In this article we describe the interface of the Space package, compare its functionality to alternative software libraries, and show how to work with it using three example applications. These example illustrations include reasoning over movement patterns, dynamically loading geospatial linked data off the semantic web, and setting up a simple KML server.     

警用空间大数据区位标识方法及其应用

警用空间大数据为警务工作的开展提供了丰富的决策依据,但也带来了一些挑战,如大数据整合复杂、多尺度信息关联困难、区位标识不唯一等,不利于警务改革的深入发展。本文提出了基于区域的位置标识方法来解决存在的问题,方法基于剖分网格设计了警用空间大数据的区位编码方法,并以户籍的区位标识为例进行说明,最后对其应用进行了展望,从而为警用空间大数据的有效组织和高效应用等提供了一种新的解决思路。     

Spatial discovery and the research library

Academic libraries have always supported research across disciplines by integrating access to diverse contents and resources. They now have the opportunity to reinvent their role in facilitating interdisciplinary work by offering researchers new ways of sharing, curating, discovering, and linking research data. Spatial data and metadata support this process because location often integrates disciplinary perspectives, enabling researchers to make their own research data more discoverable, to discover data of other researchers, and to integrate data from multiple sources. The Center for Spatial Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the UCSB Library are undertaking joint research to better enable the discovery of research data and publications. The research addresses the question of how to spatially enable data discovery in a setting that allows for mapping and analysis in a GIS while connecting the data to publications about them. It suggests a framework for an integrated data discovery mechanism and shows how publications may be linked to associated data sets exposed either directly or through metadata on Esri's Open Data platform. The results demonstrate a simple form of linking data to publications through spatially referenced metadata and persistent identifiers. This linking adds value to research products and increases their discoverability across disciplinary boundaries.     

遥感云计算平台原型系统设计与实现

针对现有的云计算平台成本和系统复杂度高、不适于在普通台式电脑进行部署的问题,结合系统设计思想和云计算相关理论,构建了遥感影像云计算平台原型系统。该系统框架结构划分为系统依赖库、物理资源层、系统实体层、应用支持层、遥感应用层和用户界面层,包括云存储、云计算和数据可视化等三个子系统。实验结果表明:该系统可以在普通桌面电脑上进行部署,并且支持遥感影像的存储和处理,验证了基于云计算的海量遥感影像存储和处理关键技术,为遥感影像高效存储与快速处理提供了必要的现实支撑和理论参考。     

支持多源遥感数据格式的抽象库DFAL

针对当前遥感数据缺乏统一文件格式标准,多源遥感产品的生产使用涉及多种文件格式的现状,在研究多种遥感数据格式及对应库GDAL、HDF4、HDF5的基础上,参考国家气象局的NOAA AVHRR 1B格式标准,利用工厂模式,设计和实现了一个具有统一操作接口的多源遥感数据格式抽象库DFAL,在更高的抽象层次解决了GDAL和HDF4、HDF5库不能一致使用的问题。使用DFAL库进行不同文件格式的读写,专家无需了解这些文件格式的差别,以便从繁杂的遥感数据格式中解放出来,将更多精力投入到遥感科学研究的层面上。在DFAL库的基础上实现了两类常用遥感数据格式Geo TIFF和HDF5之间的转换工具,方便工程应用。DFAL库及转换工具在国家高技术研究发展计划《星机地综合定量遥感系统与应用示范》的多尺度按需定量遥感产品生产系统中进行了应用测试,取得了很好的实际效果,证明了DFAL库稳定性和可用性,并大大减少了多源数据协同使用时多种文件格式读写的工作量。     

Integrating GRASS GIS and Jupyter Notebooks to facilitate advanced geospatial modeling education

Open education materials are critical for the advancement of open science and the development of open-source software. These accessible and transparent materials provide an important pathway for sharing both standard geospatial analysis workflows and advanced research methods. Computational notebooks allow users to share live code with in-line visualizations and narrative text, making them a powerful interactive teaching tool for geospatial analytics. Specifically, Jupyter Notebooks are quickly becoming a standard format in open education. In this article, we introduce a new GRASS GIS package, grass.jupyter , that enhances the existing GRASS Python API to allow Jupyter Notebook users to easily manage and visualize GRASS data including spatiotemporal datasets. While there are many Python-based geospatial libraries available for use in Jupyter Notebooks, GRASS GIS has extensive geospatial functionality including support for multi-temporal analysis and dynamic simulations, making it a powerful teaching tool for advanced geospatial analytics. We discuss the development of grass.jupyter and demonstrate how the package facilitates teaching open-source geospatial modeling with a collection of Jupyter Notebooks designed for a graduate-level geospatial modeling course. The open education notebooks feature spatiotemporal data visualizations, hydrologic modeling, and spread simulations such as the spread of invasive species and urban growth.     

Topological vector spaces of harmonic functions and the trace operator

Many problems in physical geodesy can be formulated in terms of boundary-value problems (BVPs) for the gravitational potential; many of them can be ultimately formulated as a Dirichlet problem. For this reason, there is a flourishing literature of geodetic contributions to potential theory. In this paper, the authors pick up some classical arguments from the mathematical analysis of BVPs and show, by using only Hilbert spaces of harmonic functions, how they can be systematically cast into a functional scheme clarifying the role of duality when dealing with the harmonic subspaces of classical Sobolev spaces, of any real order. The analysis is here restricted to the case of functions harmonic in spherical domains to make the results transparent and more readable by geodesists. A further step is then taken showing how to generalize the Dirichlet problem for the space of all the functions that are harmonic outside a sphere, which exploits the more general theory of Fréchet topological spaces. Basically, the result is that any functions harmonic in the exterior of a sphere can be uniquely identified by a suitably defined trace on the sphere. The paper concludes with comments and discussion of future work.