利用叠前地震数据预测裂缝储层的应用研究

叠前地震资料储层预测技术是在Zoeppritz方程基础上发展起来的,通过处理地震数据随着不同入射角地震反射属性,得到地震属性随着入射角变化而改变,研究分析得到反映岩性变化的纵波速度、横波速度、泊松比和截距与梯度剖面,预测裂缝储层的发育及分布.同时根据不同方位角地震资料属性,计算得到不同方位角目的层的属性差异,使用各向异性椭圆公式作拟合,求出背景趋势A和各向异性因子B,利用最大振幅包络方位和对应θ,求出裂缝发育优势方向,及B/A各向异性因子,实现对裂缝储层预测.     

水饱和裂纹对地壳岩样中地震波速及各向异性的影响

选择４种地壳岩石样品,经干燥或水饱和处理后在不同围压条件下测量了在其中传播的纵、横波的速度及其各向异性．在大气压条件下低孔隙度(＜１％岩样中,水饱和样品中的纵波速度明显地比干燥样品中的高,但横波速度的差别不大．因为在低孔隙度岩样中纵波速度对孔隙流体的反应比横波速度敏感,可以用泊松比的变化来反映随着围压的增加晶粒间流体对弹性波传播特性的影响．根据实验数据,按Ｏ’Ｃｏｎｎｅｌｌ模型分别计算了干燥和水饱和岩样中的裂纹密度,与通过实测体应变曲线得到的裂纹孔隙度十分吻合．利用横波的速度和偏振特性可以推断岩样中定向排列微裂纹的空间取向情况．研究表明,同时测量在岩样中传播的纵、横波的速度,通过Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ比值可以给出有关颗粒边界流体的证据,也可以估计岩样中的裂纹密度．     

Multi-parameter nonlinear inversion with exact reflection coefficient equation

Amplitude variation with amplitude or angle (AVO/AVA) inversion has been widely utilized in exploration geophysics to estimate the formation of elastic parameters underground. However, conventional AVO/AVA inversion approaches are based on different approximate equations of Zoeppritz equations under various hypotheses, such as limited incident angles or weak property contrast, which reduces their prediction precision theoretically. This study combines the exact P-wave Zoeppritz equation with a nonlinear direct inversion algorithm to estimate the six parameters imbedded in the exact equation simultaneously. A more direct and explicit expression of the Zoeppritz equation is discussed in the case of P-wave exploration, under which condition the incident longitudinal wave produces the reflected longitudinal (P–P) wave and upgoing converted shear (P–SV) wave. Utilizing this equation as the forward solver, a nonlinear direct inversion method is introduced to implement the direct inversion of the six parameters including P-wave velocities, S-wave velocities, and densities in the upper and lower media around an interface, respectively. This nonlinear algorithm is able to estimate the inverse of the nonlinear function in terms of model parameters directly rather than in a conventional optimization way. Model tests illustrate that the nonlinear direct inversion method shows great potential to estimate multiple parameters with the exact Zoeppritz equation.     

Migration to multiple offset and velocity analysis1

The stacking velocity best characterizes the normal moveout curves in a common-mid-point gather, while the migration velocity characterizes the diffraction curves in a zero-offset section as well as in a common-midpoint gather. For horizontally layered media, the two velocity types coincide due to the conformance of the normal and the image ray. In the case of dipping subsurface structures, stacking velocities depend on the dip of the reflector and relate to normal rays, but with a dip-dependent lateral smear of the reflection point. After dip-moveout correction, the stacking velocities are reduced while the reflection-point smear vanishes, focusing the rays on the common reflection points. For homogeneous media the dip-moveout correction is independent of the actual velocity and can be applied as a dip-moveout correction to multiple offset before velocity analysis. Migration to multiple offset is a prestack, time-migration technique, which presents data sets which mimic high-fold, bin-centre adjusted, common-midpoint gathers. This method is independent of velocity and can migrate any 2D or 3D data set with arbitrary acquisition geometry. The gathers generated can be analysed for normal-moveout velocities using traditional methods such as the interpretation of multivelocity-function stacks. These stacks, however, are equivalent to multi-velocity-function time migrations and the derived velocities are migration velocities.     

Joint PP and PS AVO inversion based on Zoeppritz equations

Considering Zoeppritz equations, reflections of PP and PS are only the function of ratios of density and velocity. So the inversion results will be the same if the ratios are the same but values of density, velocities of P-wave and S-wave are different without strict constraint. This paper makes efforts to explore nonlinear simultaneous PP and PS inversion with expectation to reduce the ambiguity of AVO analysis by utilizing the redundancy of multi-component AVO measurements. Accurate estimation of ratio parameters depends on independence of input data. There are only two independent AVO attributes for PP reflectivity (i.e. intercept and gradient) and two for PS reflectivity (i.e. pseudo-intercept and pseudo-gradient or extreme amplitude), respectively. For individual PP and PS inversion, the values of least-squares objective function do not converge around a large neighborhood of chosen true model parameters. Fortunately for joint PP and PS inversion the values of the least-squares objective function show closed contours with single minima. Finally the power function fitting is used to provide a higher precision AVO attributes than traditional polynomial fitting. By using the four independent fitting attributes (two independent attributes for PP and PS respectively), the inversion of four ratio parameters (velocities and densities) would be estimated with less errors than that in traditional method.     

利用深反射地震数据构建的多阶面波频散曲线反演近地表横波速度结构——以跨班公湖—怒江缝合带深反射地震资料为例

深反射地震剖面法为了获取深部结构特征常常采取大的偏移距采集数据.目前公开发表的相关资料中,鲜有利用深反射地震炮集数据获取近地表的结构特征.为此,本文通过正演测试了相关数据处理流程,即利用有限差分正演了起伏地表模型的大偏移距地震单炮弹性波场特征,通过共检波点域面波信号F-K频谱叠加构建新方法,从深反射地震数据集中提取了高品质的多阶面波频散曲线,再利用多阶面波联合反演获得了近地表的结构特征.在前述正演流程基础上,利用跨越班公湖—怒江缝合带的SinoProbe深反射地震剖面中的实际炮集数据,求取了基阶和一阶瑞利波频散曲线,联合反演后得到近地表横波速度结构.该结果与初至波走时反演获取的纵波速度结构具有较好的一致性,且在近地表的浅层分辨率较纵波速度结构特征更高,而更与已有地质认识相吻合.本文提供的相关数据处理流程表明利用深反射地震炮集数据,也能够获取近地表浅层的横波速度结构.     

The bound weighted average method (BWAM) for predicting S-wave velocity

The shear-wave velocity is a very important parameter in oil and gas seismic exploration, and vital in prestack elastic-parameters inversion and seismic attribute analysis. However, shearing-velocity logging is seldom carried out because it is expensive. This paper presents a simple method for predicting S-wave velocity which covers the basic factors that influence seismic wave propagation velocity in rocks. The elastic modulus of a rock is expressed here as a weighted arithmetic average between Voigt and Reuss bounds, where the weighting factor, w, is a measurement of the geometric details of the pore space and mineral grains. The S-wave velocity can be estimated from w, which is derived from the P-wave modulus. The method is applied to process well-logging data for a carbonate reservoir in Sichuan Basin, and shows the predicted S-wave velocities agree well with the measured S-wave velocities.     

A physical model for shear-wave velocity prediction1

The clay-sand mixture model of Xu and White is shown to simulate observed relationships between S-wave velocity (or transit time), porosity and clay content. In general, neither S-wave velocity nor S-wave transit time is a linear function of porosity and clay content. For practical purposes, clay content is approximated by shale volume in well-log applications. In principle, the model can predict S-wave velocity from lithology and any pair of P-wave velocity, porosity and shale volume. Although the predictions should be the same if all measurements are error free, comparison of predictions with laboratory and logging measurements show that predictions using P-wave velocity are the most reliable. The robust relationship between S- and P-wave velocities is due to the fact that both are similarly affected by porosity, clay content and lithology. Moreover, errors in the measured P-wave velocity are normally smaller than those in porosity and shale volume, both of which are subject to errors introduced by imperfect models and imperfect parameters when estimated from logs. Because the model evaluates the bulk and shear moduli of the dry rock frame by a combination of Kuster and Toksöz’ theory and differential effective medium theory, using pore aspect ratios to characterize the compliances of the sand and clay components, the relationship between P- and S-wave velocities is explicit and consistent. Consequently the model sidesteps problems and assumptions that arise from the lack of knowledge of these moduli when applying Gassmann's theory to this relationship, making it a very flexible tool for investigating how the v_P-v_s relationship is affected by lithology, porosity, clay content and water saturation. Numerical results from the model are confirmed by laboratory and logging data and demonstrate, for example, how the presence of gas has a more pronounced effect on P-wave velocity in shaly sands than in less compliant cleaner sandstones.     

基于Fatti近似的弹性阻抗方程及反演

用Connolly的弹性阻抗(EI,elastic impedance)公式进行反演只能直接得到纵、横波速度和密度的信息,然后才可间接计算得到纵横波阻抗等其它的参数数据体,这样便增加了一步误差使数据的准确性降低.本文首先针对该方法的这些缺点和不足,提出了以Zoeppritz方程的Fatti近似为基础一种新的弹性阻抗公式,由该公式可得到比用Fatti近似更准确的反射系数,然后对这个公式进行了标准化以实现不同角度的弹性阻抗间量纲的统一,最后用标准化后的公式进行了反演,从反演得到的不同角度的弹性阻抗数据体中可直接提取得到纵横波阻抗数据体.应用实例表明用这种方法提取得到的纵横波阻抗更加稳定、准确,而且能很好地反映储层信息.这种新的方法是对以Connolly公式为基础的传统方法的改进.     

共转换点道集S变换谱相似性的多波地震数据横波波场提取技术

横波速度动校正后的共转换点(CCP)道集内,同时刻的各道横波信号S变换(ST)谱与其叠加道ST谱具有相似关系.因此,可基于这种相似关系设计自适应滤波器来提取多波地震数据中的横波波场.首先对共中心点(CMP)道集应用纵波速度动校正并在各道减去叠加道来去除数据中的纵波波场;然后在CCP道集应用横波速度动校正,将地震道振幅水平调整至叠加道振幅水平并做S变换,以叠加道ST谱为参考对地震道ST谱进行自适应滤波,去除数据中的残余纵波和噪声;最后,将滤波结果的振幅水平恢复至滤波前振幅水平.理论和实际数据试算表明,本文方法可有效提取多波地震数据中的横波波场,为多波多分量横波数据处理提供新思路.     

Study of S-wave ray elastic impedance for identifying lithology and fluid

In this paper, we derive an approximation of the SS-wave reflection coefficient and the expression of S-wave ray elastic impedance (SREI) in terms of the ray parameter. The SREI can be expressed by the S-wave incidence angle or P-wave reflection angle, referred to as SREIS and SREIP, respectively. Our study using elastic models derived from real log measurements shows that SREIP has better capability for lithology and fluid discrimination than SREIS and conventional S-wave elastic impedance (SEI). We evaluate the SREIP feasibility using 25 groups of samples from Castagna and Smith (1994). Each sample group is constructed by using shale, brine-sand, and gas-sand. Theoretical evaluation also indicates that SREIP at large incident angles is more sensitive to fluid than conventional fluid indicators. Real seismic data application also shows that SREIP at large angles calculated using P-wave and S-wave impedance can efficiently characterize tight gas-sand.     

Wide-angle incidence and P-wave transmission

Polarity reversals may occur to transmitted P waves if the incidence angle is greater than the critical incidence angle. We analyze the characteristics of reflection and transmission coefficients under the condition of wide incidence angle based on Zoeppritz equations. We find that for specific conditions, as the incidence angle increases, the characteristic curve of the transmitted P-wave coefficient enters the third quadrant from the first quadrant through the origin, which produces a transition in the transmitted P wave and the corresponding coefficient experiences polarity reversal. We derive the incidence angle when the transmitted P-wave coefficient is zero and verify that it equals zero by using finite-difference forward modeling for a single-interface model. We replace the water in the model reservoir by gas and see that the reservoir P-wave velocity and density decrease dramatically. By analyzing the synthetic seismogram of the transmitted P wave in the single-interface model, we show that the gas-saturated reservoir is responsible for polarity reversal.     

基于变形P-L模型的矩阵方程迭代精细横波预测

横波速度预测问题的关键有两个,一是如何建立合理的岩石物理模型,二是针对建立的横波预测目标函数,如何准确高效地求解.针对第一个问题,对Pride模型和Lee模型(P-L模型)进行变形,提出拟固结指数的概念,将干岩石模量和岩石基质模量相联系,变形后的P-L模型在没有降低P-L模型准确度的情况下简化了问题的复杂度,建立起了饱和流体岩石弹性模量与干岩石模量、岩石基质模量、混合流体模量之间的关系,进而计算理论上的纵波速度,并通过比较实测纵波速度与计算的理论纵波速度大小,最终建立了横波预测的目标函数.针对第二个问题,借鉴了地震反演的思路,将该目标函数的最优化问题转化为线性矩阵方程组迭代求解问题,通过几步迭代就可以求解出合适的拟固结指数,进而得到预测横波速度.实际验证和应用表明,该横波预测方法具有很好的稳定性和准确性,并且岩石物理模型的构建和目标函数的求解思路可用于其他储集类型地层的横波预测.     

基于气体包裹体模型的低孔低渗储层声波速度研究

随着石油勘探工业的持续发展和技术水平的日益提高,低孔低渗油气藏已成为我国油气勘探开发的重要领域之一,但是该类油气藏的储层岩石物理关系复杂,对其评价也相对较难。本文针对中深层气藏低孔低渗储层评价存在的困难,采用修正的White气体包裹体模型开展岩石物理研究。首先对气体包裹体模型进行分析,得到纵横波速度的计算公式,进而理论计算并分析纵横波速度与孔隙度、饱和度、压力及温度参数的变化关系,最后结合岩心实验对理论计算结果进行了验证。研究结果表明基于气体包裹体模型的理论计算结果与实测数据吻合较好,可以较好地为低孔低渗复杂储层声波速度测量及解释提供技术支持。      

来自海底高速层径向波的理论地震图研究

本文利用各向异性反射率技术计算理论地震图,提出海底高速薄层会产生沿高速层水平传播的波（简称径向波）,这种波在水层中作为P波,在固液界面激发下行横波,该均匀横波以临界角入射高速薄层,在层内作为超临界角的非均匀横波水平传播,再以临界角转换为上行传播的均匀横波,最终在固液界面上行透射转换为水层中P波.高速薄层传播的径向波不同于界面折射波,也不同于具有频散的面波和通道波.理论地震图的研究表明,径向波具有线性时距,能与海底强反射具有同等振幅水平;径向波有其振幅、时距位置和斜率这些观测记录参数,分别对应高速层的厚度、深度和近似的横波速度;径向波可以克服折射波解释中遇到的振幅强弱和高速层速度等困难.径向波可作为探测海底高速薄层的有力工具,对于研究高速层屏蔽、海底反射类型的多样性和相应的资料处理解释有重要意义.     

不同围压下岩石中泊松比的各向异性

由弹性波纵横波速比计算得到的泊松比,在利用地震波反演地下结构和物质组成时,可以提供比单纯地利用纵波或者横波波速更强的约束. 为了研究不同岩石中泊松比及其各向异性随围压的变化,选取19块典型的岩石样品,在不同围压下沿相互正交的3个方向同时测量纵、横波速度,并通过计算得到了泊松比及其各向异性. 结果表明,在大部分样品中泊松比各向异性与纵波速度各向异性有一定的相关性,但在有的样品中泊松比各向异性与纵波速度各向异性没有明显的关系,甚至表现出完全相反的变化规律. 由于泊松比也表现出很强的各向异性,在排除微裂隙的影响后有的仍可以达到30髎以上,在利用实际地震波传播数据通过泊松比反演地下物质结构时必须考虑其各向异性的影响.     

岩石的等效孔隙纵横比反演及其应用

通过融合Gassmann方程和由微分等效介质理论建立的干岩石骨架模型--DEM解析模型,本文提出根据纵波(和横波)速度反演岩石等效孔隙纵横比进行储层孔隙结构评价和横波速度预测的方法.首先,利用Gassmann方程和DEM解析模型建立岩石的纵、横波速度与密度、孔隙度、饱和度和矿物组分等各参数之间的关系;其次,将岩石孔隙等效为具有单一纵横比的理想椭球孔,应用非线性全局寻优算法来寻找最佳的等效孔隙纵横比使得理论预测与实际测量的弹性模量之间的误差最小;最后,将反演得到的等效孔隙纵横比代入到Gassmann方程和DEM解析模型中构建横波速度.实验室和井孔测量数据应用表明,反演得到的等效孔隙纵横比可准确反映储层的孔隙结构,对于裂缝型储层如花岗岩,其孔隙纵横比通常小于0.025,而对于孔隙型储层如砂岩,其孔隙纵横比通常大于0.08.只利用纵波与同时利用纵、横波反演得到的孔隙纵横比结果几乎完全一致,而且由纵波构建的横波与实测横波吻合良好,说明本文提出的等效孔隙纵横比反演及其横波速度预测方法是有效的.     

Tracking the amplitude versus offset (AVO) by using orthogonal polynomials1

Inversion for S-wave velocities from the amplitude variation with offset of P-wave data is far from being a standard routine in the seismic processing sequence. However, the need for tracking the amplitude versus offset (AVO) occurs in several situations, for example in order to estimate the zero-offset amplitude, to reveal areas with particular AVO characteristics, or to compress the AVO so that it is more easily obtainable at a later stage of the seismic processing. Furthermore, weak reflections can occasionally, due to the effect of the angle-dependent reflectivity, have a polarity-shift with offset, resulting in a very poor, or even vanishing, stack response. In such cases, the reflection event has to be represented by some other property than its mean amplitude or stack value. We outline how the AVO of seismic data may be extracted and classified by the use of orthogonal polynomials. The main advantage of this method compared to a general polynomial fit is that the AVO may be classified by a unique Spectrum of polynomial coefficients. This is in analogy to Fourier coefficients where the orthogonal basis is harmonic functions. The set of orthogonal polynomials is constructed entirely from the set of offset coordinates, and these polyno-mials are defined only on the offset window considered. Compared to a Fourier transform, this is a major advantage since there is no effect of a limited spatial bandwidth. The AVO of normal-moveout corrected data may be represented by a data gather where the orthogonal polynomial coefficients are given as time traces with each trace revealing a certain AVO characteristic. For instance, the stack is proportional to the zeroth-order coefficient, the mean gradient is given by the firstorder coefficient, while the second-order coefficient indicates whether the AVO increases and then decreases, or vice versa.     

基于快速非支配排序遗传算法的VTI介质多分量叠前联合反演

在VTI介质中,由于引入了各向异性参数使得多分量多参数地震反演问题的非线性程度显著增加,因此采用传统的权重加权法构建单目标函数进行反演得到的反演结果往往并不理想.本文以反射率法为基础,结合快速非支配排序遗传算法研究了一种VTI介质的多分量叠前联合反演方法.该方法以反射率法为正演方程,应用互相关原理构建PP波和PSV波的多目标函数,进而采用快速非支配排序遗传算法全局寻优获得VTI介质的厚度、纵横波速度、密度和各向异性参数等多个参数.在正演的过程中,反射率法可以考虑几何扩散、吸收衰减、透射损失、多次波以及纵横波旅行时不匹配等地震波传播效应,更能精确地描述地震波在地下地层中的真实传播情况;在反演的过程中,快速非支配排序遗传算法可以在不引入权重系数的条件下同时优化多个目标函数,获得联合反演问题的Pareto最优解,既不添加权重系数影响又充分利用多分量地震数据.模型测试结果验证了该反演方法的有效性和可行性.