全球抗病毒药品贸易格局演化及其对新冠肺炎疫情防控的启示

新冠肺炎疫情大流行仍在肆虐全球。国际合作,尤其是在全球大流行时期保持医药卫生健康领域正常流通的特需药品贸易是抗击疫情的关键。然而,疫情期间越来越多的出口管制已经使得以往的全球药品贸易发生一定程度的改变,全球抗病毒药品贸易中的相互依存关系在大流行期间被刻画的更加清晰。本文通过梳理2000—2018年全球抗病毒药品贸易格局的时空演化特征,探讨了全球抗病毒药品贸易的产品结构及各国（地区）在全球抗病毒药品贸易体系中的地位变动,特别是揭示了中国与其他国家（地区）在全球抗病毒药品贸易体系中的相互依存关系。研究发现：① 产业结构上,以疫苗产品为主的全球抗病毒药品贸易体系正向以疫苗、含抗生素药品为主演化。两类药品出口都集中于欧美发达国家;中国则主要出口抗生素。② 拓扑结构上,全球抗病毒药品贸易网络是一典型的“核心-边缘”式的小世界网络。网络核心由美国逐步转向西欧国家。网络社团逐步聚拢,中国逐步脱离美国社团,向以德国、比利时为代表的西欧社团靠拢,并且在网络中的地位也越来越重要。③ 空间结构上,全球抗病毒药品进出口贸易格局逐步由分散走向集中,形成欧洲主导、美国衰落、亚洲兴起的发展态势。④ 在抗病毒药品贸易上,中国与主要发达国家（地区）间的相互依存关系逐步加深,而与“一带一路”沿线国家（地区）间的相互依存关系较低。     

High Points: An Historical Geography of Cannabis

Cannabis, including hemp and its psychoactive counterpart, has a long but largely overlooked historical geography. Situating the topic within varied perspectives such as world‐systems theory, Foucauldian biopolitics, and the moral economy of drugs, this paper charts its diffusion over several millennia, noting the contingent and uneven ways in which it was enveloped within varying social and political circumstances. Following a brief theorization, it explores the plant's early uses in East and South Asia, its shift to the Middle East, and resultant popularity in the Arab world and Africa. Next, it turns to its expansion under colonialism, including deliberate cultivation by Portuguese and British authorities in the New World as part of the construction of a pacified labor force. The fifth section offers an overview of cannabis's contested history in the United States, in which a series of early 20^th‐century moral panics led to its demonization; later, the drug enjoyed gradual liberalization.     

Variation in style of magmatism and emplacement mechanism induced by changes in basin environments and stress fields (Pannonian Basin,Central Europe)

The development of high‐resolution 3D seismic cubes has permitted recognition of variable subvolcanic features mostly located in passive continental margins. Our study area is situated in a different tectonic setting, in the extensional Pannonian Basin system (central Europe) where the lithospheric extension was associated with a wide variety of magmatic suites during the Miocene. Our primary objective is to map the buried magmatic bodies, to better understand the temporal and spatial variation in the style of magmatism and emplacement mechanism within the first order Mid‐Hungarian Fault Zone (MHFZ) along which the substantial Miocene displacement took place. The combination of seismic, borehole and log data interpretation enabled us to delineate various previously unknown subvolcanic‐volcanic features. In addition, a new approach of neural network analysis on log data was applied to detect and quantitatively characterise hydrothermal mounds that are hard to interpret solely from seismic data. The volcanic activity started in the Middle Miocene and induced the development of extrusive volcanic mounds south of the NE‐SW trending, continuous strike‐slip fault zone (Hajdú Fault Zone). In the earliest Late Miocene (11.6–9.78 Ma), the style of magmatic activity changed resulting in emplacement of intrusions and development of hydrothermal mounds. Sill emplacement occurred from south‐east to north‐west based on primary flow‐emplacement structures. The time of sill emplacement and the development of hydrothermal mounds can be bracketed by onlapped forced folds and mounds. This time coincided with the acceleration of sedimentation producing poorly consolidated, water‐saturated sediments preventing magma from flowing to the paleosurface. The change in extensional direction resulted in change in fault pattern, thus the formerly continuous basin‐bounding strike‐slip fault became segmented which could facilitate the magma flow toward the basin centre.     

DEM内插方法与可视性分析结果的相似性研究

以实际采样的散点数据为原始数据,利用反距离权、样条函数、克里格、自然邻点内插、TIN内插5种内插方法生成规则格网DEM,并对其可视性分析结果进行对比分析和相关分析,揭示不同内插方法对可视性分析结果的影响规律和可视性分析对内插方法的敏感程度。结果表明,可视性分析对内插方法比较敏感,不同的内插方法会得到不同的可视性分析结果,其中相关程度最强的是样条函数内插和克里格内插、自然邻点内插和TIN内插。     

“一带一路”沿线国家科研合作网络的多元结构及形成机制

科技合作是"一带一路"倡议"民心相通"的重要组成部分,2013年以来取得显著进展。以"一带一路"沿线65国为研究区,运用WOS核心集合论文合作数据构建国家间科研合作矩阵,通过GIS空间分析、社会网络分析以及负二项回归分析法,探究沿线各国2013年和2018年科研合作网络的多元化结构及形成机制,结果表明:①在全球尺度,"一带一路"沿线各国与其他国家之间的知识流动日趋频繁,但内部合作紧密程度不及与沿线以外地区的合作程度。沿线区域对全球的科研合作网络由欧洲、美国和中国"三足鼎立"骨架结构向欧洲、美国、中国、加拿大、日本、澳大利亚等多个密集区构成的"多边形"骨架结构转变。②"一带一路"沿线地区的合作网络的空间结构,由中国、中东欧区组成的"双核发散"向"一区多点"构成的"多极化"空间结构转变;等级结构则呈现典型的"中心-外围"等级层次结构,且由单核心向双核心转变;控制结构呈现出由"单核心"向四周高、中间低的"多超多强"盆地型控制结构转变。③沿线国家的科研实力、经济发展水平、对外开放度等国家主体属性以及地理邻近性、社会邻近性等是沿线科研合作网络形成的主要机制,其中科研实力、社会邻近性的作用最大,地理距离对科研合作的阻碍作用逐渐减弱。     

Becoming coca: A materiality approach to a commodity chain analysis of hoja de coca in Colombia

Coca is a controversial plant, existing on the boundary between legality and illegality. This study aims at providing an analytical technique for discussing the problematic of coca in Colombia. Using new theoretical propositions in human geography, a more‐than‐human approach is adopted to encounter coca holistically. The results are a narrative account of coca's social life as experienced by the researcher following its network of non‐cocaine derivatives. An analytical section invokes the Foucauldian dispositif to the drug trade and utilizes concepts of informed materials and technological zones to describe coca outside a political economy discourse. The research finds that coca's dynamic materiality complicates it as a commodity and that these conventional approaches do not fully encapsulate this complexity. By grappling with the messiness of coca's materiality, this paper reveals the multiplicity and interplay of coca's definitions, which lie at the heart of many conflicts.     

The role of sub‐national government and the private sector in future spatial data infrastructures

A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) facilitates and coordinates the exchange and sharing of spatial data between stakeholders in the spatial data community. With this objective in mind, countries throughout the world are developing SDIs to manage and utilize their spatial data assets more effectively. These countries are developing SDIs to assist in various kinds of decision‐making at different levels of government jurisdictions that have an important impact within their national boundaries. However, current research shows that SDI is understood and described differently by stakeholders from different disciplines and different jurisdictional levels. Therefore, in many cases, SDI initiatives remain very much an innovation, even among practitioners. There are still uncertainties regarding the benefits and identities of SDIs, particularly in connection with how they evolve over time to meet user needs. This paper reviews and assesses the development of SDIs throughout the world over the past 15 years and the leadership role of national governments in SDI creation. This assessment is based on the SDI activities of various jurisdictions including Asia‐Pacific, Australia, North America, and Europe, and research into the worldwide effects of spatial information clearing houses. This assessment includes a discussion on emerging trends in SDI development, with particular reference to the increasingly important role played by sub‐national governments and the private sector within the framework of SDI development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for future SDI development, including the delivery of a virtual world that has a particular focus on facilitating decision‐making at a community level within a national context.     

全球科研论文合作网络的结构异质性及其邻近性机理

以科研论文为媒介的知识合作网络已成为知识溢出的重要通道,但目前学术界对全球科研合作网络结构的复杂性涌现机制缺乏深入的探讨。基于2014年Web of Science核心合集所收录的科研论文合著数据,借助大数据挖掘技术、复杂网络、空间统计和重力模型分析,刻画了全球科研论文合作网络的拓扑结构、空间格局及其邻近性机理。结果发现：① 拓扑结构上,形成了以美国为核心的层级网络,具有小世界性和等级层次性,发育出典型的等级“核心—边缘”结构。② 空间格局上,以美国、西欧、中国和澳大利亚为顶点的“四边形”成为全球科研论文合作网络的骨架;三大中心性指标值的空间分异明显,强度中心性形成以美国为极核,加拿大、澳大利亚、中国及西欧诸国为次中心的“一超多强”格局,与之类似的介数中心性呈现北美、西欧和东亚“三足鼎立”的形态,度中心性分布则相对均匀,表现出“大分散、小集中”的“多中心—边缘集散”格局。③ 重力回归分析发现,地理距离抑制了国际科研论文合作,不过其影响力较弱;社会与经济邻近性对全球科研论文合作具有明显的促进作用,语言差异不是国际科研合作交流的障碍。     

基于论文合作的长三角“青年千人”知识合作网络特征分析

基于2011-2017年CNKI与Web of Science核心合集所收录的论文合著数据，借助UCINET与ArcGIS软件研究高校“青年千人”对长三角知识合作网络影响及其特征分析。结果发现：长三角内部知识合作网络度中心性总体差异显著，呈现多核心趋势；长三角外部以香港、台湾和北京为主要集聚区；而与国外建立的知识合作网络则集中于以美国为代表的北美洲及欧洲的英国等国家；此外，知识合作网络在空间上呈现明显的“核心-边缘”格局并将长期存在。在此基础上，从邻近性、城市能级驱动、社会关系网络驱动等方面探讨高校“青年千人”对长三角区域知识合作网络的影响。     

避难国政策影响下的欧洲难民危机时空格局及迁移优化

欧洲是“一带一路”倡议的重点覆盖地域,是亚欧大陆经济走廊的重要组成,维护其地区安全稳定,排除干扰中欧两大市场合作互联的潜在安全隐患,对于“一带一路”倡议的稳固推进十分必要。基于地理学视角,考虑难民安置政策因素,采用灰色关联分析、层次分析、多目标规划等方法对2015-2017年欧洲难民危机时空演变过程及迁移格局优化进行分析。① 时空演化分析显示难民集中于2015年登陆欧洲,欧洲各国登陆难民、接收难民数量极化突出,双重失衡;② 灰色关联分析显示难民迁移决策具有福利优先、收入优先的导向,各国难民政策调整为迁移决策带来不确定性,既有迁移格局难以长期维持;③ 层次分析显示北欧西欧国家难民宜居性较高,东欧南欧国家宜居性相对较差,部分避难国承担安置难民数量与其宜居性不符;④ 多目标规划的优化格局显示,由于欧洲各国忽视全球化背景致使难民政策指向错误,迁移网络更加混乱失衡,优化后来自土耳其、乌克兰的难民迁移趋势向西欧集中,来自希腊、匈牙利的难民迁移趋势在空间上更加平均分散,来自意大利的难民迁移趋势向西欧南欧呈扇形分散。优化后迁移格局有助于缓解地区安全局势、为“一带一路”建设创造良好的政治、经济环境,平衡劳动力资源配置,为建设投资提供潜在市场。最后在研究结果的基础上提出若干协同合作调整难民迁移格局的危机缓解措施。     

湿地生态系统观测进展与展望

作为地球之肾的湿地,具有重要的生态环境与社会服务功能。湿地生态系统观测是获取湿地生态系统以及环境信息的重要手段,其观测结果是对湿地生态系统的变化做出科学预测和制定合理保护措施的重要依据。湿地生态系统的观测始于16世纪对湿地的利用,至20世纪70年代得到了较大的发展,全球生态系统监测网络的建立为湿地生态系统观测提供了良好的平台。不同地区湿地观测的水平、具体内容及指标不同,北美及地中海地区湿地观测水平较高。通过对国内外湿地生态系统观测的历史、观测内容和指标进行研究,提出我国湿地生态系统观测要在观测网络的建立、指标体系完整性、先进技术和方法引用等方面进一步完善和补充。     

Down under or centre stage? The world images of Australian students

As part of a major international study, 219 first‐year geography students at three Australian universities drew sketch maps of the world. These maps were overwhelmingly Sinocentric in orientation. In terms of content, Australian students tended to include slightly fewer countries than students elsewhere. The level of inclusion of individual countries in the sketch maps was influenced greatly by the area and population of the countries in question but secondary factors such as proximity to Australia, Commonwealth nation status, historical/cultural factors and level of economic development were also important. In comparison to students throughout the world, Australian students demonstrated a fair knowledge of East Asia and ASEAN nations, Western Europe and Commonwealth nations, and relatively poor knowledge of Latin America, non‐Commonwealth Africa and South‐west Asia.     

Green and Sustainable Commercial Property Supply in Malaysia and Nigeria

The aim of this study is to identify the predictive factors and variables that motivate decisions to supply sustainable or green commercial properties, and to apply discriminant analysis technique to assess if there are significant differences in perception between real estate developers in Malaysia and Nigeria based on the identified variables. The result revealed a significant discriminant function differentiating the two countries based on their perception of the variables. The motivational components and attributes were found to be in favor of Malaysia. The Wilks' lambda F‐test and the standardized discriminant function coefficients, showed that there were significant differences between developers in both countries as assessed by the life‐cycle cost motivations, green policies and certification, market strategy, developers expected rate of return, green tax incentive, and available green skills. However, the variables with the most predictive power in accounting for the differences were found to be within the measures of life‐cycle, cost‐saving motivations.     

世界跨国投资网络结构演化及复杂性研究

基于复杂网络方法,运用GIS、Pajek、Matlab和数据库等技术手段,构建世界跨国投资网络,考察2001~2012年世界跨国投资网络结构及其复杂性的时序演化过程。根据研究可以得出以下主要结论：① 世界跨国投资网络整体遵循“核心-边缘”的圈层结构,结构内部不断变化和重组,呈现由双核主导向多核互联演变,形成资本从西欧、北美、东亚向北欧、南美、西亚、东南亚流动的格局;② 世界投资网络具有显著小世界性质和无标度特征,无标度特征伴随时间的推移趋于弱化;③ 投资活动活跃的国家,对跨国投资网络拥有更强的控制力,但对强化投资的可达性作用不显著,其主要受市场等潜在因素的影响;④ 跨国投资结构的复杂性由高到低依次为中枢型投资地、区域型投资地、一般型投资地、孤立型投资地,不同功能类型的空间分布具有显著的集聚性。     

The changing economic spatial structure of Europe

Many theoretical and practical works aim at describing the spatial structure of Europe, where spatial relations have undergone continuous change. The article gives an overview of models describing the spatial structure of Europe. The models' diversity is highlighted, without any claim to the completeness of the list of models discussed. The authors describe the economic spatial structure of Europe through bidimensional regression analysis based on a gravity model. With the help of the gravity model, they generate a spatial image of the economic spatial structure of Europe. With the images, the appropriateness of the models based on different methodological backgrounds can be justified through comparison with the authors' results. The authors aim to contribute to understanding the European economic spatial structure through a new methodological approach, rather than to create and show a new model that overwrites existing ones.     

A Study on the Spatial Distribution of China’s Potential Foreign Cooperation on Grain from Geographical View

Further utilization of global agricultural resources and the expansion of potential international cooperation space are necessary measures to promote a new level of China’s national food security and optimize the structure of domestic food consumption. This study measured the global potential cultivated land area and national grain self-sufficiency. Based on the two-above measures, the authors made a classification of China’s foreign agricultural cooperation countries and depicted the spatial pattern of cooperation based on the grain trades of those countries with China. The grain exporters include Australia, North America, South America, Eastern Europe and Central Asia; and the target countries for “going abroad” of Chinese grain enterprises are mainly located in Sub-Saharan Africa and northern Latin America. This study proposes that China’s policy of cooperation on grain should be shifted to non-traditional partners alongside the “Belt and Road Initiative” region. Specifically, China could expand grain imports from Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and other East European and Central Asian countries, and the direction for China’s agricultural enterprises “going abroad” should shift to Sub-Sahara Africa.     

Mesozoic–Cenozoic exhumation events in the eastern North Sea Basin: a multi-disciplinary study based on palaeothermal, palaeoburial, stratigraphic and seismic data

Four Mesozoic–Cenozoic palaeothermal episodes related to deeper burial and subsequent exhumation and one reflecting climate change during the Eocene have been identified in a study of new apatite fission‐track analysis (AFTA^®) and vitrinite reflectance data in eight Danish wells. The study combined thermal‐history reconstruction with exhumation studies based on palaeoburial data (sonic velocities) and stratigraphic and seismic data. Mid‐Jurassic exhumation (ca. 175 Ma) was caused by regional doming of the North Sea area, broadly contemporaneous with deep exhumation in Scandinavia. A palaeogeothermal gradient of 45 °C km^?1 at that time may be related to a mantle plume rising before rifting in the North Sea. Mid‐Cretaceous exhumation affecting the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone is probably related to late Albian tectonic movements (ca. 100 Ma). The Sole Pit axis in the southern North Sea experienced similar inversion and this suggests a plate‐scale response along crustal weakness zones across NW Europe. Mid‐Cenozoic exhumation affected the eastern North Sea Basin and the onset of this event correlates with a latest Oligocene unconformity (ca. 24 Ma), which indicates a major Scandinavian uplift phase. The deeper burial that caused the late Oligocene thermal event recognized in the AFTA data reflect progradation of lower Oligocene wedges derived from the uplifting Scandinavian landmass. The onset of Scandinavian uplift is represented by an earliest Oligocene unconformity (ca. 33 Ma). Late Neogene exhumation affected the eastern (and western) North Sea Basin including Scandinavia. The sedimentation pattern in the central North Sea Basin shows that this phase began in the early Pliocene (ca. 4 Ma), in good agreement with the AFTA data. These three phases of Cenozoic uplift of Scandinavia also affected the NE Atlantic margin, whereas an intra‐Miocene unconformity (ca. 15 Ma) on the NE Atlantic margin reflects tectonic movements of only minor amplitude in that area. The study demonstrates that only by considering episodic exhumation as an inherent aspect of the sedimentary record can the tectonic evolution be accurately reconstructed.     

全球粮食安全格局的时空演化

Food security is the primary prerequisite for achieving other Millennium Development Goals(MDGs).Given that the MDG of“halving the proportion of hungers by 2015”was not realized as scheduled,it will be more pressing and challenging to reach the goal of zero hunger by 2030.So there is high urgency to find the pattern and mechanism of global food security from the perspective of spatio-temporal evolution.In this paper,based on the analysis of database by using a multi-index evaluation method and radar map area model,the global food security level for 172 countries from 2000 to 2014 were assessed;and then spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted to depict the spatial patterns and changing characteristics of global food security;then,multi-nonlinear regression methods were employed to identify the factors affecting the food security patterns.The results show:1)The global food security pattern can be summarized as“high-high aggregation,low-low aggregation”.The most secure countries are mainly distributed in Western Europe,North America,Oceania and parts of East Asia.The least secure countries are mainly distributed in sub-Saharan Africa,South Asia and West Asia,and parts of Southeast Asia.2)Europe and sub-Saharan Africa are hot and cold spots of the global food security pattern respectively,while in non-aggregation areas,Haiti,North Korea,Tajikistan and Afghanistan have long-historical food insecurity problems.3)The pattern of global food security is generally stable,but the internal fluctuations in the extremely insecure groups were significant.The countries with the highest food insecurity are also the countries with the most fluctuated levels of food security.4)The annual average temperature,per capita GDP,proportion of people accessible to clean water,political stability and non-violence levels are the main factors influencing the global food security pattern.Research shows that the status of global food security has improved since the year 2000,yet there are still many challenges such as unstable global food security and acute regional food security issues.It will be difficult to understand these differences from a single factor,especially the annual average temperature and annual precipitation.The abnormal performance of the above factors indicates that appropriate natural conditions alone do not absolutely guarantee food security,while the levels of agricultural development,the purchasing power of residents,regional accessibility,as well as political and economic stability have more direct influence.     

GIS‐based DSS for priority setting in humanitarian mine‐action

Mine contamination is one of the main obstacles to economic recovery and other types of progress in mine‐affected countries. Therefore, the primary goal of humanitarian demining operations is to clear all suspected minefields and restore them so as to make them available for their previous use. The customary financial shortfall results in the need for priority setting in the mine removal process. This paper describes and investigates a new approach to priority setting within mine action, with the introduction of a hierarchic GIS‐based decision support system (DSS). The proposed DSS is aimed at determining the objective priorities required to reduce the risks stemming from mine contamination. DSS is based on a combination of GIS analysis and a multicriteria method in order to enable efficacious mine action management, namely setting humanitarian demining priorities in order to optimally reduce the risk caused by mines. GIS is outlined as a powerful tool for the generation of aggregated information used in multicriteria analysis, as is the link between hierarchic decision levels in the proposed DSS. The results of a demonstration of the proposed GIS‐based DSS on mine‐affected water resources in Croatia are supplied.