Accuracy of nonlinear static procedures for the seismic assessment of shear critical structures

The nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members represents a key issue in the seismic performance assessment of structures. Many structures constructed in the 1980s or earlier were designed based on force limits; thus they often exhibit brittle failure modes, strength and stiffness degradation, and severe pinching effects. Field surveys and experimental evidence have demonstrated that such inelastic responses affect the global behavior of RC structural systems. Efforts have been made to consider the degrading stiffness and strength in the simplified nonlinear static procedures commonly adopted by practitioners. This paper investigates the accuracy of such procedures for the seismic performance assessment of RC structural systems. Refined finite element models of a shear critical bridge bent and a flexure‐critical bridge pier are used as reference models. The numerical models are validated against experimental results and used to evaluate the inelastic dynamic response of the structures subjected to earthquake ground motions with increasing amplitude. The maximum response from the refined numerical models is compared against the results from the simplified static procedures, namely modified capacity spectrum method and coefficient method in FEMA‐440. The accuracy of the static procedures in estimating the displacement demand of a flexure‐critical system and shear‐critical system is discussed in detail. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CFRP板条嵌入式加固RC框架节点的抗震性能试验研究及有限元分析

为验证 CFRP板条嵌入式加固方法对提升十字形 RC框架节点抗震性能的有效性,开展了1 个 CFRP板条嵌入式加固节点和1个对比节点的拟静力试验研究.试验结果表明:在核心区及相邻梁端嵌入 CFRP板条可起到类似箍筋的抗剪作用,使得节点由核心区剪切破坏转变为梁端受弯破坏,且梁铰得到转移;构件抗震性能明显提升,承载力和延性分别提高了16．3%和13．7%.同时, 利用 ABAQUS建立试验数据验证的有限元模型,并对节点主要加固设计参数进行影响分析.结果表明,节点承载力随着 CFRP板条面积的增大、板条间距的减小和基体混凝土强度的提高而提高.所提节点加固方法体现出塑性铰转移的抗震设计理念,同时提高核心区抗剪强度和梁端的抗弯强度,可用于 RC节点的抗震加固.     

Modelling exterior unreinforced beam‐column joints in seismic analysis of non‐ductile RC frames

The seismic response of non‐ductile reinforced concrete (RC) buildings can be affected by the behaviour of beam‐column joints involved in the failure mechanism, especially in typical existing buildings. Conventional modelling approaches consider only beam and column flexibility, although joints can provide a significant contribution also to the overall frame deformability. In this study, the attention is focused on exterior joints without transverse reinforcement, and a possible approach to their modelling in nonlinear seismic analysis of RC frames is proposed. First, experimental tests performed by the authors are briefly presented, and their results are discussed. Second, these tests, together with other tests with similar features from literature, are employed to calibrate the joint panel deformability contribution in order to reproduce numerically the experimental joint shear stress–strain behaviour under cyclic loading. After a validation phase of this proposal, a numerical investigation of the influence of joints on the seismic behaviour of a case study RC frame – designed for gravity loads only – is performed. The preliminary failure mode classification of the joints within the analysed frame is carried out. Structural models that (i) explicitly include nonlinear behaviour of beam‐column joints exhibiting shear or anchorage failure or (ii) model joints as elements with infinite strength and stiffness are built and their seismic performance are assessed and compared. A probabilistic assessment based on nonlinear dynamic simulations is performed by means of a scaling approach to evaluate the seismic response at different damage states accounting for uncertainties in ground‐motion records. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Derivation of energy-based base shear force coefficient considering hysteretic behavior and P-delta effects

A modified energy-balance equation accounting for P-delta effects and hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete members is derived. Reduced hysteretic properties of structural components due to combined stiffness and strength degradation and pinching effects, and hysteretic damping are taken into account in a simple manner by utilizing plastic energy and seismic input energy modification factors. Having a pre-selected yield mechanism, energy balance of structure in inelastic range is considered. P-delta effects are included in derived equation by adding the external work of gravity loads to the work of equivalent inertia forces and equating the total external work to the modified plastic energy. Earthquake energy input to multi degree of freedom (MDOF) system is approximated by using the modal energy-decomposition. Energy-based base shear coefficients are verified by means of both pushover analysis and nonlinear time history (NLTH) analysis of several RC frames having different number of stories. NLTH analyses of frames are performed by using the time histories of ten scaled ground motions compatible with elastic design acceleration spectrum and fulfilling duration/amplitude related requirements of Turkish Seismic Design Code. The observed correlation between energy-based base shear force coefficients and the average base shear force coefficients of NLTH analyses provides a reasonable confidence in estimation of nonlinear base shear force capacity of frames by using the derived equation.     

施工缝对框架结构抗震性能影响的数值分析

为研究施工缝对框架结构抗震性能的影响,利用提出的施工缝模型,基于OPENSEES平台建模进行静力非线性分析和非线性动力时程分析。通过对比整浇框架与带缝框架的顶点最大位移、层间位移角、塑性铰出现和分布规律等明确施工缝对框架结构的抗震性能的影响程度。结果表明,施工缝使框架结构的变形和层间位移角显著增大,并且使8、9度区框架结构的层间位移角分布发生改变;施工缝使柱端更易出现塑性铰,更易发生"强梁弱柱"的破坏模式;在高烈度区,施工缝的影响比较显著,如果忽略其影响,将会高估框架结构的抗震性能。     

Nonlinear seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frames using the force analogy method

A method of nonlinear seismic analysis for RC framed structures considering full‐range factors, including stiffness and strength degradation, geometric nonlinearity, and structural member failure, is established based on the fundamental concept of the force analogy method. The strong material nonlinearity, large geometric deformation, and internal forces redistribution due to the member failure can be depicted by the proposed local plastic mechanisms, the rotation hinges at the member ends and the slide hinges assigned to the columns, of which the measurement relationships are moment versus plastic rotation and shear force versus shear plastic deformation, respectively. They are capable of evaluating the exact response of RC structures. Because only unchanging initial stiffness matrices are used through the whole computation process, the state‐space formulation was used for solving the equations of motion. The advantages of the force analogy method, such as high efficiency and stability, are still retained. The exactness of the proposed local plastic mechanisms is verified against a group of tests data, and the application of the proposed procedure is performed to an RC framed structure to simulate the full‐range nonlinear response by increasing the excitation step by step until failure of partial structural members appear. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of computing environment for the seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete frames by using simplified nonlinear models

A computing environment for the seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete frames has been developed in Matlab in combination with OpenSees. It includes several functions which provide calculations of the moment-rotation relationship of plastic hinges in columns and beams, rapid determination of simplified nonlinear structural models, the post-processing of the results of analyses and structural performance assessment with different methods. The user can add new functions to the PBEE toolbox in order to support additional procedures for the seismic performance assessment of RC frames, or can just change the rules for determining the moment-rotation relationship of plastic hinges in columns and beams, which are the main source of uncertainty in simplified nonlinear models. In the paper, the capabilities of the computing environment (PBEE toolbox) are first explained by focusing on the procedures for determining the moment-rotation relationship of plastic hinges. Different examples are then presented, starting with a comparison between the calculated response of a four-storey RC frame building and the response obtained in a pseudo-dynamic experiment. The calculated response was determined with the two different structural models which are later on used for the demonstration of the seismic performance assessment of the same structure by the N2 method. Lastly, seismic performance assessment of an eight-storey frame is performed by using incremental dynamic analysis with consideration of the modelling uncertainties.     

按现行规范设计的Ⅷ度区RC框架结构的倒塌性能评估

选取按照现行规范设计的既有建筑进行有限元建模,考虑地震动的不确定性对其进行大量增量动力分析(IDA),得到模型的IDA曲线簇。在此基础上对其进行地震需求概率分析和概率抗震能力分析,拟合得到结构的易损性曲线,据此对结构的倒塌概率进行定量评估,并比较基于非线性分析与性能评估软件PERFORM-3D的纤维模型和塑性铰模型的分析结果。结果表明:按照我国现行规范设计的钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构,在预期的罕遇地震作用下倒塌概率较小,可满足"大震不倒"的要求;基于PERFORM-3D的截面纤维模型所得的RC框架结构,经非线性分析所得的倒塌概率相对保守,安全储备更高。     

高强钢筋高延性纤维增强混凝土框架结构的屈服机制和抗震性能

为了对混凝土框架结构的地震破坏机制和抗震性能进行控制,在框架柱中配置高强钢筋,并将纤维增强混凝土(FRC)用于框架结构的预期损伤部位。结构柱中的高强钢筋用来减小结构的残余变形,FRC材料用来增加结构的耗能能力和损伤容限。设计了三个框架,采用动力弹塑性时程分析方法进行分析。研究结果表明,采用高强钢筋提高了结构的整体承载能力,在层间侧移角达到3%之前避免了柱铰的出现(包括底层柱底),并且减小了结构的残余变形;预期损伤部位采用FRC材料能够提高结构的塑性耗能。     

改善混凝土剪力墙抗震性能的研究

混凝土剪力墙被广泛运用于各类结构体系中。它作为主要的抗侧力单元,其刚度大、承载力高,但当剪力墙以受剪破坏为主时,其抗震性能较差。为此,不少学者提出了各种改善混凝土剪力墙抗震性能的措施。本文对几种采用不同构造措施的剪力墙作了简要介绍,特别是介绍一种新型双重组合剪力墙。     

碳纤维布增强混凝土平面框架节点抗剪性能试验研究与机理分析

混凝土平面框架节点核心区不存在直交梁的影响,可以应用碳纤维布直接进行加固,以增强地震作用下节点核心区的抗剪承载力。根据足尺混凝土框架节点低周反复加载试验结果,对碳纤维布的增强机理进行了分析和讨论,并在此基础上提出了实用的加固计算公式。     

Cyclic Displacement Model for Reinforced Concrete Columns

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures in low to moderate seismic regions and many older RC structures in high seismic regions include columns with steel reinforcement details not meeting the requirements of modern seismic design codes. These columns typically fail in shear or in a brittle manner and their behavior must be accurately captured when RC structures are modeled and analyzed. The total lateral displacement of a low ductility or shear critical RC column can be represented as the sum of three displacement components: (1) flexural displacement, (2) displacement due to slippage of the reinforcing bars at column ends, and (3) shear displacement. In this study, these three displacement components are separately modeled and then combined together following a proposed procedure based on the expected overall behavior of the column and its failure mechanism. A simplified slip model is proposed. The main objective of this research is to develop an easy-to-apply method to model and capture the cyclic behavior of RC columns considering the shear failure mechanism. The proposed model is validated using the available data from RC column and frame experiments.     

Shaking table comparative test and associated study of a stepped wall-frame structure

A new structural system called a stepped wall-frame structure is proposed in this study to solve the bottom yielding problem of RC frames, which widely occurred during previous earthquakes such as the Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes in China. A 1/5 scale ordinary RC frame model and a stepped wall-frame model were subjected to shake table motions together to study the seismic behavior of the new structural system. This paper presents the dynamic characteristics, the seismic responses and the failure and collapse mechanism of the two models under low, moderate and high intensity shaking. The test results and further analysis demonstrate that the seismic performance of stepped wall-frame structures is superior to ordinary RC frames in terms of the well-controlled deformation pattern and more uniformly distributed damage. The stepped wall can effectively suppress the bottom yielding mechanism, and is simple, economical and practical for engineering practice.     

新型装配式混凝土框架连接节点抗震性能试验

为推广装配式混凝土框架结构的应用,提出3种不同的新型装配式钢筋混凝土框架中节点连接形式,进行低周往复荷载试验。对比各试件的破坏形态、滞回性能、刚度退化、累积耗能和节点剪切变形等抗震指标。研究结果表明:采用方钢管连接的装配式混凝土节点呈现梁端弯曲破坏,采用工字钢连接或对拉螺栓连接的节点呈现节点核心区剪切破坏。采用方钢管的连接形式既能改善节点核心区的破坏形态,又能提高其承载能力、变形能力、耗能能力和梁端转动能力,同时显著改善节点的滞回特性,减小核心区的剪切变形。在弹塑性和塑性变形阶段,采用方钢管连接形式的装配式混凝土节点的抗震性能优于工字钢连接和对拉螺栓连接的节点。此外,采用工字钢连接形式比对拉螺栓连接形式的节点具有更高的承载能力、耗能能力和较小的核心区剪切变形。     

Inelastic response of RC frame buildings with seismic isolation

A comprehensive parametric study on the inelastic seismic response of seismically isolated RC frame buildings, designed for gravity loads only, is presented. Four building prototypes, with 23 m × 10 m floor plan dimensions and number of storeys ranging from 2 to 8, are considered. All the buildings present internal resistant frames in one direction only, identified as the strong direction of the building. In the orthogonal weak direction, the buildings present outer resistant frames only, with infilled masonry panels. This structural configuration is typical of many existing RC buildings, realized in Italy and other European countries in the 60s and 70s. The parametric study is based on the results of extensive nonlinear response‐time history analyses of 2‐DOF systems, using a set of seven artificial and natural seismic ground motions. In the parametric study, buildings with strength ratio (F_y/W) ranging from 0.03 to 0.15 and post‐yield stiffness ratio ranging from 0% to 6% are examined. Three different types of isolation systems are considered, that is, high damping rubber bearings, lead rubber bearings and friction pendulum bearings. The isolation systems have been designed accepting the occurrence of plastic hinges in the superstructure during the design earthquake. The nonlinear response‐time history analyses results show that structures with seismic isolation experience fewer inelastic cycles compared with fixed‐base structures. As a consequence, although limited plastic deformations can be accepted, the collapse limit state of seismically isolated structures should be based on the lateral capacity of the superstructure without significant reliance on its inherent hysteretic damping or ductility capacity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An experimental study of a damage‐controllable plastic‐hinge‐supported wall structure

The reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall serves as one of the most important components sustaining lateral seismic forces. Although they allow advanced seismic performance to be achieved, RC shear walls are rather difficult to repair once the physical plastic hinge at the bottom part has been formed. To overcome this, a damage‐controllable plastic hinge with a large energy dissipation capacity is developed herein, in which the sectional forces are decoupled and sustained separately by different components. The components sustaining the axial and the shear forces all remain elastic even under a rarely occurred earthquake, while the bending components yield and dissipate seismic energy during a design‐level earthquake. This design makes the behavior of the system more predictable and thus more easily customizable to different performance demands. Moreover, the energy dissipation components can be conveniently replaced to fully restore the occupancy function of a building. To examine the seismic behavior of the newly developed component, 3 one third‐scale specimens were tested quasi‐statically, including 1 RC wall complying with the current design codes of China and 2 installed with the damage‐controllable plastic hinges. Each wall was designed to have the same strength. The experimental results demonstrated that the plastic‐hinge‐supported walls had a better energy dissipation capacity and damage controllability than the RC specimen. Both achieved drift ratios greater than 3% under a steadily increasing lateral force.     

A novel structural detailing for the improvement of seismic and progressive collapse performances of RC frames

Earthquake-induced building collapse and progressive collapse due to accidental local failure of vertical components are the two most common failure modes of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. Conventional design methods usually focus on the design requirements of a specific hazard but neglect the interactions between different designs. For example, the progressive collapse design of an RC frame often yields increased reinforcement and flexural strength of the beams. As a result, the seismic design principle of “strong-column-weak-beam” may be violated, which may lead to unfavorable failure modes and weaken the seismic performance. To avoid these adverse effects of the progressive collapse design on the seismic resistance of RC frames, a novel structural detailing is proposed in this study. The proposed detailing technique intends to concurrently improve the seismic and progressive collapse performances of an RC frame by changing the layout of the newly added longitudinal reinforcement against progressive collapse without introducing any additional reinforcement. A six-story RC frame is used as the prototype building for this investigation. Both cyclic and progressive collapse tests are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed structural detailing. Based on the experimental results, detailed finite element (FE) models of the RC frame with different reinforcement layouts are established. The seismic and progressive collapse resistances of different models are compared based on the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and nonlinear dynamic alternate path (AP) methods, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed structural detailing can effectively resolve the conflict between the seismic and progressive collapse designs.     

Earthquake behavior of steel cushion-implemented reinforced concrete frames

The earthquake performance of vulnerable structures can be increased by the implementation of supplementary energy-dissipative metallic elements. The main aim of this paper is to describe the earthquake behavior of steel cushion-implemented reinforced concrete frames (SCI-RCFR) in terms of displacement demands and energy components. Several quasi-static experiments were performed on steel cushions (SC) installed in reinforced concrete (RC) frames. The test results served as the basis of the analytical models of SCs and a bare reinforced concrete frame (B-RCFR). These models were integrated in order to obtain the resulting analytical model of the SCI-RCFR. Nonlinear-time history analyses (NTHA) were performed on the SCI-RCFR under the effects of the selected earthquake data set. According to the NTHA, SC application is an effective technique for increasing the seismic performance of RC structures. The main portion of the earthquake input energy was dissipated through SCs. SCs succeeded in decreasing the plastic energy demand on structural elements by almost 50% at distinct drift levels.     

基于有限元模拟的RC框架结构抗震性能影响因素分析

总结现行的RC框架结构抗震设计、抗震鉴定标准和震害资料,选取了场地条件、规则程度、混凝土强度以及结构层数4个影响框架结构抗震性能的主要因素进行分析;以7度设防的西南地区典型双跨外廊式教学楼为原型,设置8个分析工况,采用基于位移控制的非线性静力（Pushover）分析方法得到各工况在不同烈度罕遇地震下的最大层间位移角（ISDA）,以此为指标对4个框架结构抗震性能影响因素的重要性进行评价分析;最后采用模糊层次分析法,给出了以上影响因素在RC框架结构抗震性能评估中的重要性排序以及初始权重值。