三丁基锡对文蛤外套膜代谢酶活性的影响

用实验生态学方法，观察浓度为0．1、1、10ng／dm^3的三丁基锡暴露2、8、20d以及恢复7、20d后对文蛤外套膜酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶以及Na^＋、K^＋-ATP酶活性的影响．结果表明各浓度组的三丁基锡在暴露早期（2d），外套膜中酸性、碱性磷酸酶和Na^＋、K^＋-ATP酶活性与对照组比较没有显著差异，随着暴露时间的延长，高浓度的TBT暴露对AKP表现出激活作用，对ACP和Na^＋、K^＋-ATP酶活性则具有抑制作用．结果显示Na^＋、K^＋-ATP酶可作为有机锡暴露的生物标志物．     

苯并(a)芘、芘及其混合物暴露对梭鱼肝脏谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活性的影响

在实验生态条件下,观察苯并(a)芘、芘及其等浓度混合物暴露对梭鱼(Mugil so-iuy)肝脏谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性的影响。结果显示,在7d的暴露中,苯并(a)芘、芘对肝脏GST活性的影响主要为诱导效应,芘对GST活性的诱导比苯并(a)芘强。混合物在15d的暴露中未观察到GST活性的诱导,而是在暴露的后期出现GST活性的抑制。实验表明,肝脏GST活性的诱导指示受到PAHs污染胁迫,而GST活性抑制则是受到较长时间或较严重的污染。     

Phototoxicity of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene to embryo-larval stages of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a greater hazard to aquatic organisms than previously demonstrated, due to their potential to cause photo-induced toxicity when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The consequences of photo-induced toxicity are reported here for embryo-larval stages of the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, following exposure to pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. During laboratory investigations, significant increases in toxicity were observed in the presence of environmentally attainable levels of UV-radiation, compared with embryos exposed to PAH alone, at levels previously deemed to have little acute biological effect. The phototoxicity of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene completely inhibited the development to the D-shell larval stage when embryos were simultaneously exposed to 5 microg l(-1) PAH and ultraviolet light (UVB = 6.3 +/- 0.1 microW/cm2 and UVA = 456.2 +/- 55 microW/cm2). A linear relationship was also demonstrated for benzo[a]pyrene phototoxicity with decreasing UV light intensity.     

1-Hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure in the marine polychaete Nereis diversicolor

The possibility of using the pyrene metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure was investigated by exposure of the marine polychaete Nereis diversicolor to several PAHs in the laboratory. Animals were exposed to pyrene alone and to five different PAHs – phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[k]flouranthene. After five days of exposure the concentrations of parent PAHs and 1-hydroxypyrene were identified using three different analytical methods, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/F), synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The SFS measurements of 1-hydroxypyrene were validated by the more sensitive method HPLC/F. The positive correlation between total PAHs and 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in the polychaete tissues observed in experiments, suggests the feasibility of 1-hydroxypyrene as a suitable biomarker for total PAH exposure assessment. Furthermore, the possibility of employment of the simple and rapid SFS method instead of HPLC/F for biomarker analysis has been confirmed by the positive and significant correlation between results achieved by these two analytical methods.     

黄河流域硅酸盐风化的讨论

根据2007年6月和7月采集的黄河干流及部分支流水样和河床砂样品数据,对黄河流域硅酸盐化学风化进行了探讨。在充分评估黄河流域的K+,Na+来源的基础上,确定了硅酸盐风化的K+量,并通过选定的硅酸盐风化(K/Na)比值,得到了硅酸盐风化的Na+量;通过测定流域内不同岩石类型分布的河床砂样品,得到河床砂样品硅酸盐部分(Ca/Na)和(Mg/K)的比值,确定了钙镁硅酸盐风化的Ca2+,Mg2+量;并据此估算了流域硅酸盐化学风化的CO2消耗率。如果选用黄河入海多年径流量58.02×109km3/a进行计算,则得到全流域硅酸盐风化CO2消耗率约为26.22×103mol/km2/a。若选用2007年的平均径流量24.83×109km3/a进行计算,则黄河流域硅酸盐风化引起的CO2消耗率约为11.19×103mol/km2/a。     

菲与芘在砂基培养的红树植物秋茄中的分布与可视化定位

本研究采用系列浓度盆栽试验研究多环芳烃（PAHs）菲与芘在红树植物秋茄（Kandelia obova-ta）中的迁移与分布规律,采用加速溶剂萃取（ASE）法和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）方法测定秋茄叶片和根中的多环芳烃含量,应用倒置荧光显微镜对秋茄叶片中的多环芳烃进行定位表征.结果表明：秋茄能从培养液中吸收菲和芘,并将根系吸收的菲和芘向叶片运输.秋茄体内菲和芘含量随处理时间（4、8、21 d）呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在培养8 d达到最大值.与4 d和8 d处理相比,在21d试验完成后,秋茄根与叶中的菲和芘含量显著降低,表明在红树植物体内存在明显的PAHs降解或者挥发.秋茄根系中的菲和芘含量随处理浓度提高而增高,与叶片相比,PAHs更多地在根部累积.在叶片中,菲和芘主要储存在叶片的维管束及附近的海绵组织中.     

PAH-biodegradation potential of indigenous microorganisms: evidence from the respiratory activity of surface sediments in the Quanzhou Bay in China

Seven stations were established in the Quanzhou Bay (24.73°-24.96°N, 118.50°-118.70°E) in China on three cruises to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the numbers of PAH-degrading bacteria in surface sediments. Assessing the biodegradation poten- tial of indigenous microorganisms by measuring the respiratory intensity with the addition of PAHs in sediment samples was also one of the aims of this study. The results show that the total PAH concentrations of the sedimen...     

A non-destructive assessment of the exposure of crabs to PAH using ELISA analyses of their urine and haemolymph

Urine and haemolymph can be repeatedly sampled from crabs with no (or limited) damage to the organism. Their analysis offers a measure of the animals' exposure to biologically available contaminants. Shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) were exposed to the PAHs phenanthrene and pyrene at concentrations ranging from 20 to 200 microg l(-1). After 48 h, urine and haemolymph samples were taken and analysed using ELISA and UV-fluorescence spectrophotometry. High correlations were recorded between the two sets of results from the urine analyses (r2 = 0.83 for phenanthrene and r2 = 0.88 for pyrene). Contaminant concentrations were much lower in haemolymph than in the urine. Analyses of urine taken from crabs collected from clean and contaminated sites confirm the suitability of these analyses for environmentally exposed organisms. Again, a good correlation was recorded between the ELISA and spectrofluorimetric analysis (r2 = 0.83). In this instance, difficulties were experienced with haemolymph analyses owing to a lack of sensitivity.     

Plasma steroid levels in female flounder (Platichthys flesus) after chronic dietary exposure to single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The chronic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on ovary development, total hepatic lipids and plasma sex- and corticosteroid levels in female flounder (Platichthys flesus) were examined. Sexually mature feral female flounder were exposed via the diet to phenanthrene (0.5, 2.5 or 12.5 nmol/g food) or chrysene (0.4 nmol/g food) for 12 weeks, during the previtellogenic phase of the annual reproductive cycle. PAH exposure did not directly affect germ cell development since no structural and/or developmental differences were observed between control and exposed fish. On the contrary, all treatments resulted in altered plasma steroid levels. The most pronounced effect was the significant decrease in plasma 17 beta-estradiol to 19 +/- 11%, 27 +/- 7%, 63 +/- 20% and 61 +/- 12% in relation to control fish, respectively, in flounders exposed to 12.5, 2.5 or 0.5 nmol phenanthrene/g food and 0.4 nmol chrysene/g food. Impaired ovarian growth was not observed, most likely because experiments were ended before the period of vitellogenesis, even though a non-significant general decline in total hepatic lipids could be observed. Moreover, all exposed flounders, except fish fed with the highest amount of phenanthrene, showed a negative correlation between plasma 17 beta-estradiol and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone levels (r = -0.46). One possible explanation is that PAH action may be mediated by a specific inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes. These findings provide evidence that selected PAHs are antiestrogenic xenobiotics with the capability to impair female teleost reproductive function.     

塔玛亚历山大藻对罗非鱼肝及鳃组织ATP酶活性的影响

研究了罗非鱼(Tilapia mossambica)腹腔注射塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)毒素粗提液对鳃及肝组织的Na^ -K^ -ATPase活性的影响。结果显示低浓度毒素粗提液对罗非鱼鳃及肝组织Na^ -K^ -ATPase有激活作用,高浓度则有抑制作用。     

东北西部碱水水域对虾生存和生长与K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Na~+/K~+及M/D的关系

利用盐碱化湖泊和池塘水进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)淡化幼虾的生长试验,研究对虾生存和生长与水环境 K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+/K+ 及 M/D(离子系数)的相关性,为内陆碱水水域养殖提供科学依据.结果表明,在碱度为 10.32～38.50 mmol/L,盐度 1.02～3.34,pH 8.5～9.5 的试验水环境下,幼虾存活率差异极显著(P< 0.01),体重特定生长率(SGRW)无显著性差异(P>0.05).存活率和 SGRW 值与水环境因子间的相关性存在因子间的互作效应,其简单相关系数都受到其他因子组合的负效应影响.存活率与 K+,Ca2+,Mg2+ 质量浓度和 Na+/K+ 及 M/D 的相关性不显著;SGRW 值与 Ca2+,Mg2+ 质量浓度和 Na+/K+ 及 M/D 显著相关,与 K+ 质量浓度的相关性很小(P>0.05).投施 KCl,CaCl2 及 MgCl2,可以改善内陆碱水水域 K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+/K+ 及 M/D 的组成结构,有利于对虾生存与生长.     

Induction of cytochrome P4501A and biliary PAH metabolites in European eel Anguilla anguilla: Seasonal, dose- and time-response variability in field and laboratory conditions

Induction of cytochrome P4501A in fish is a well-known indicator of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and determination of PAH metabolites in bile by fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) or synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS), has become an useful method in monitoring programs. In this work the relationship between cytochrome P4501A (EROD activity) and levels of biliary PAH metabolites was measured in the European eel Anguilla anguilla, in both field and laboratory conditions: organisms were sampled on a seasonal basis from the Orbetello lagoon (Tuscany) to characterize the natural variability of these biological parameters, while in laboratory eels were intraperitoneally injected with benzo[a]pyrene to investigate temporal and dose-dependent induction patterns. Results showed that induction of cytochrome P450 and accumulation of PAHs metabolites in bile are not necessarily correlated either in field, or in laboratory investigations; different seasonal changes were measured in natural conditions and slight variations in dose and time response patterns were also obtained in laboratory exposures.     

Induction of cytochrome P4501A and biliary PAH metabolites in European eel Anguilla anguilla: Seasonal, dose- and time-response variability in field and laboratory conditions

Induction of cytochrome P4501A in fish is a well-known indicator of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and determination of PAH metabolites in bile by fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) or synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS), has become an useful method in monitoring programs. In this work the relationship between cytochrome P4501A (EROD activity) and levels of biliary PAH metabolites was measured in the European eel Anguilla anguilla, in both field and laboratory conditions: organisms were sampled on a seasonal basis from the Orbetello lagoon (Tuscany) to characterize the natural variability of these biological parameters, while in laboratory eels were intraperitoneally injected with benzo[a]pyrene to investigate temporal and dose-dependent induction patterns. Results showed that induction of cytochrome P450 and accumulation of PAHs metabolites in bile are not necessarily correlated either in field, or in laboratory investigations; different seasonal changes were measured in natural conditions and slight variations in dose and time response patterns were also obtained in laboratory exposures.     

Stress protein expression in Ampelisca abdita (Amphipoda) exposed to sediments from San Francisco Bay

Stress proteins (heat shock proteins, hsps) form part of the cellular protein repair system, and are induced by a wide variety of Stressors. To determine their suitability as tools for assessing sublethal sediment toxicity, we measured levels of members of the stress protein families hsp60 and hsp70 in benthic estuarine amphipods (Ampelisca abdita) exposed to sediments from 23 different sampling sites in San Francisco Bay for 10 d. Concentrations of sediment-associated xenobiotics were determined. Per cent survival was recorded and surviving animals were analysed for stress proteins using western blotting techniques. An inverse correlation (r² = 0.44) was seen between amphipod survival and hsp64 levels, and hsp64 levels were positively correlated with concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (r² = 0.5). Principal component analysis revealed that amphipod mortality was linked to a combination of several PAHs (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene) and di-n-butylphthalate at southern San Francisco Bay sites. At northern San Francisco Bay sites, negative correlations were found between hsp64 levels and organotin compounds (MBT, DBT, TBT), and between hsp71 levels and the PAHs, benzo (b,k)fluoranthene and benzo(G,H,I)perylene, suggesting an inhibitory effect of these compounds on stress protein expression.     

Relative potency of PAHs and heterocycles as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in fish

The relative potency of polycyclic aromatic compounds as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in fish was determined using data on CYP1A induction or AhR binding for 74 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocycles in teleost, avian, or mammalian systems from 18 published papers. Each PAH was assigned a fish potency factor relative to the potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as an AhR agonist. Two and three ring unsubstituted PAHs were generally inactive in fish, avian, and mammalian systems. Benzo[k]fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were consistently the most potent PAHs, with fish potency factors of 0.001-0.002. Common structural features associated with higher potency PAHs included 4-6 rings containing fluoranthene or phenanthrene structures with an exposed bay region. These results show that PAHs can have similar potency as many dioxin-like PCBs, and AhR mediated toxicity should be considered in assessing the risks of PAHs in fish.     

海水中多环芳烃的暴露浓度对鲈鱼体内脂质过氧化程度的影响

本文以鲈鱼为实验材料，以鲈鱼体内的丙二醛含量为指标研究了在水样中16种多环芳烃组分和外加芘为实验试剂的条件下，鲈鱼体内不同器官、组织的脂质过氧化程度的变化．实验结果表明：（1）在鲈鱼鳃、全血中的丙二醛浓度较高，而肝脏的丙二醛浓度较低。（2）水样中多环芳烃及外加芘的暴露能导致鲈鱼肝的丙二醛浓度升高，这表明多环芳烃以及芘的暴露能引起鲈鱼肝内脂质过氧化程度的提高。（3）水体中多环芳烃及外加芘浓度的变化对鲈鱼肝的丙二醛浓度的影响具有可逆性，且鲈鱼肝的丙二醛浓度与水环境的多环芳烃（包括芘）暴露浓度呈良好的正相关关系。这说明：鲈鱼肝的丙二醛浓度可作为指示水环境的多环芳烃污染程度的指标。由于生物体内的丙二醛浓度受多种因素的影响，在使用丙二醛浓度指标来指示海洋环境的多环芳烃污染时。最好与其他指标配合使用，以更准确地指示海洋环境多环芳烃污染。     

Response of hematological and biochemical parameters to heavy metal exposure: Implications in environmental monitoring

The use of selected hematological and biochemical parameters as indicators of metal exposure in aquatic organisms was evaluated. The hematological and biochemical parameters examined include glucose, hematocrit and aminotransferase levels in golden shiners exposed to cadmium. Cadmium exposure produced significant alterations in the levels of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase; however, hematocrit was not altered by exposure to cadmium. In addition, the comparative activity of Na/K adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was evaluated in the fathead minnow, golden shiner and bluegill sunfish. Basal Na/K ATPase activity was lowest in golden shiner (1·01 μmol Pi/mg protein/h) and highest in bluegill sunfish (1·45 μmol Pi/mg protein/h). While a stimulation of Na/K ATPase activity was observed at an exposure concentration of 1 μg Cd/liter in the fathead minnow and bluegill sunfish, inhibition of enzymatic activity was observed at higher exposure concentrations (10 and 100 μg Cd/liter). Gill Na/K ATPase activity in golden shiner was not significantly influenced by cadmium exposure. The observed insensitivity of ATPase in shiner may, in part, be related to higher background and accumulated concentrations of cadmium in gill tissue.     

盐碱地中华绒螯蟹育苗水质调配技术的研究

研究了地下卤水中Na^ ／K^ 对中华绒螫蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼体生长发育的影响以及幼体对人工海水盐度的适应性。结果表明：随着地下卤水中Na^ ／K^ 的降低，中华绒螫蟹幼体存活率、变态率和体质量增长率逐渐升高，当地下卤水中的Na^ ／K^ 低于18、6时，中华绒螯蟹幼体的存活率、变态率和体质量增长率与海水对照相比差异不显著；人工海水盐度梯度设置为18～26，Z1→Z2、Z3→Z4、Z5→M各阶段不同处理组幼体存活率和体质量增长率差异显著，而变态率差异基本不显著，各阶段的最适盐度分别为20，22和20。     

莱州湾南岸平原地下水化学特征研究

用2009年莱州湾南岸地下水最新监测数据,将研究区地下水淡水区、微咸水区、咸盐水区和卤水区进行经典统计分析、相关分析、等值线图和Piper三线图绘制,阐述了水化学类型和成分特征从南往北的变化:EC、TDS、Na+、K+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO42-的平均浓度从南部淡水到北部卤水呈现逐渐增大趋势,因为在卤水区普遍发生碳酸钙沉淀,Ca2+和HCO3-则在咸盐水区浓度达最高;pH值从淡水到卤水呈现从弱碱性到弱酸性的转变;从淡水区向卤水区地下水化学组分阴离子由HCO3-为主变为Cl-为主,阳离子由Ca2+为主变为Na+为主;此外河流对地下水起到淡化和冲刷的作用。主成分分析法提取了水化学3个主成分,分别代表了地下水盐化指标、生物化学作用和碳酸钙沉淀。进一步结合系数比值法和饱和指数计算,在对本区水文、地质以及离子水文地球化学特性分析基础上,指出地下卤水阴阳离子中占绝对优势的Cl-、SO42-、Na+、Mg2+的毫克当量百分数与正常海水的值非常相近而与地下淡水的值相差甚远,反映出本区地下卤水起源于古海水,为沉积海水。此外卤水绝非海水简单浓缩的产物,其间还包括复杂的水化学变质过程及后期演化如矿物沉淀、阳离子交换(K+-Ca2+;Na+-Ca2)+、去白云岩化作用和硅酸盐蚀变等。饱和指数的计算表明石膏在卤水矿化度达100 g/L之后才开始缓慢沉淀,而文石、方解石和白云石基本一直处于饱和沉淀状态,且文石和方解石的饱和指数散点分布极为相似,说明两者可能同时发生沉淀。     

盐度、pH变化对凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase活力的影响

本文研究了盐度、pH变化对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的影响.结果表明:盐度、pH变化对凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的影响显著(F》F0.01).在盐度变化(30→5)3d内,各处理组鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力随着处理时间的增加逐渐升高;至3～15d时,不同盐度下鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力趋于稳定,与对照组相比酶活力明显升高(F》F0.05),而且盐度越低酶活力越大.在pH变化(7.0←8.0→9.5)3d内,各处理组鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力随着处理时间的增加呈峰值变化,表现为向低pH和向高pH变化分别于9h和12h达到最大值,至3d时均恢复正常;在pH变化3～12d内,不同pH环境下鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力无明显差异(F《F0.05).