露天矿非工作帮移动监测及滑坡规律性讨论

根 据 某露 天 煤 矿 非工 作 帮 移 动监 测 的 多 年资 料 ,总 结 出 露 天矿 非 工 作 帮的 监 测 方 法,并 初 步探 讨 了 露 天 矿非 工作 帮 移动 滑坡 的 规律 性。     

合成地震记录在煤炭地震勘探中的应用

人工 合 成 地 震 记 录 是 利 用 已 知 测 井 资 料 ,通 过 数 学 方 法 模 拟 实 际 地 震 记 录 的 一 项 技 术 ,其 主 要 用 途 是 :鉴别 反 射 波,识 别多 次 波 ,建 立 地震 模 型 。该 技 术 在 铁法 矿 区 地 震勘 探 中 的 应用 ,优化 了 地 震 勘探 设 计 、提 高 了 采 集 及解 释 精 度、准 确标 定 地 质 层位 。     

周日观测下动态目标测量数据的实时处理

Ｇｅｏ－ｒｏｂｏｔ系统用于变形监人理论上对系统的数据处理作了论述,从实际上论证了系统数据处理方法的实用性和可靠性,极大地克服了现在常规地面测量方法的诸多缺陷,减轻了测量工作的过去强度。１９９７年１１月,该系统首次在五强海水电站水坝进行现场试测,取得了令人满意的结果。     

老石旦煤矿缓坡斜井大口径通风立眼钻孔关键技术

通过老石旦煤矿缓坡斜井通风立眼的施工,叙述了钻遇采空区的几项施工关键技术。针对大口径通风井过采空区、井较深、井径较大的特点,采用大孔径反井成孔工艺;导向孔采用无线随钻定向技术,后改用无磁单点测斜潜孔锤定向技术;采用技术套管隔离的方法进行了管底特殊处理,保证技术套管顺利起拔;悬空固井技术,大直径套管人工柔性井底的制作等;对大孔径反井施工工艺技术进行了系统全面介绍,并对反井施工过程中发现的问题及取得成果进行的总结,为类似工程的施工具有示范效应。     

气测录井在黑富地1井钻探中的应用

黑富地1井作为一口小口径油气地质调查井,文章以该井施工为背景,简要介绍气测录井施工的原理和操作步骤,对气测录井施工过程遇到的问题和解决办法进行阐述,指出本井气测异常的评价原则和按照该原则对黑富地1井钻遇气层的判定情况,并参照气测录井结果和施工过程中的经验,分析在施工过程中影响气测录井数据准确性和录井曲线连续性的主要因素,探索小口径油气地质调查井气测录井操作规范,说明由于小口径钻井特点对油气储量评价带来的影响。     

单因素方差分析在煤层判分中的应用

针 对 多 煤 层矿 井 中 常 规地 质 方 法 对煤 层 判 分 的困 难 ,提 出 了 单 因 素方 差 分 析 的地 质 数 学 方法 。该 方 法对 煤层物 理 化 学 参数 进 行 量 化考 核 ,从而 将 煤 层 区分 出 来 ,既 考 虑 了 抽 样 观 测 中 的 随 机 误 差 ,又 考 虑 了 归 属 不 同 煤 层 的系统 误 差 ,为 煤 层 判 分提 供 了 一 种新 方 法 、新 思 路 。     

构造煤中煤层气扩散-渗流特征及其机理

煤层气产出一般要经过解吸、扩散和渗流三个阶段,而煤层气在变形较强的构造煤中的扩散过程不同于在原生结构煤或变形较弱的煤体中的扩散。外界压力的变化只是构造煤吸附与解吸整个过程的一种外在因素,构造煤的变形和结构变化以及吸附势场的转换才是构造煤吸附与解吸的内在因素,是导致解吸过程不可逆性的根本原因。当构造煤体与CH4等多元气体间的吸附平衡状态遭到破坏时,变形较强的构造煤在降压后会产生解吸滞后现象;而变形较弱的煤,分子结构中的气体会很快解吸,第一阶段是气体解吸作用,第二阶段是游离气体从微孔向较大孔隙扩散的过程,气体扩散速率主要由第二阶段决定。构造煤气体扩散机理主要是由孔隙形状、大小、连通性和多元气体性质和状态所决定的。韧性变形煤的微孔隙比较发达,所以韧性变形煤以Knudsen扩散为主,脆性变形煤的中、大孔隙所占比例较大,而且脆性变形煤的孔隙之间具有很好的连通性,所以脆性变形煤以Fick型扩散为主,脆-韧性变形煤以及接近脆-韧性变形煤的脆性变形煤和韧性变形煤均以过渡型扩散为主。在试井渗透率比较中,一定变形程度的脆性变形煤>韧性变形煤,脆性变形煤中以过渡孔为主,其余为微孔,测不出亚微孔和极微孔,脆性变形还增加了各孔隙之间的相互连通性。韧性变形煤中过渡孔比表面积所占比例下降,微孔和亚微孔增高,扩散主要发生在微孔和过渡孔中,所以韧性变形煤的试井渗透率低于脆性变形煤的试井渗透率。     

提高完井电测一次成功率的钻井液技术对策

近年来,随着油气勘探开发的深入,大斜度井、水平井的增多,定向井及水平井位移越来越长,遇阻通井现象频频发生,完钻电测一次成功率低,影响了建井周期。本文通过对川西、川东北等地区部分定向井及水平井完井电测遇阻原因分析,从钻井液角度出发,提出“强抑制-交联-固壁”技术、高效润滑段塞技术等相应对策提高电测一次成功率。现场应用表明,这些钻井液技术对策为提高完井电测一次成功率、解决电测遇阻问题提供了新的思路。     

煤层顶板导水裂缝带高度综合探查技术

新建矿井应进行顶板"两带"实测。采用井下上仰钻孔注水测漏法、井-地联合微震监测法以及UDEC软件数值模拟,综合探查高家堡矿井首采面顶板导水裂缝带发育高度。利用这3种方法获得的工作面停采线附近的导水裂缝带高度数值基本一致,分别为88.03 m、86.54 m和87.00 m,与实际情况相符合。与地面钻孔冲洗液法或井下上仰钻孔注水测漏法探查结果结合起来,井-地联合微震监测具有突出优势,可实现煤层顶板覆岩破坏与变形的时-空动态四维监测,是研究顶板"两带"发育高度及其变化规律的重要方法。      

竖井变形破坏机制与继续使用可行性探究

依据程潮铁矿地表变形、岩体变形和井筒裂缝监测资料,分析东主井井筒变形破坏的成因,总结井筒裂缝分布规律及其与采空区的关系,通过数值分析探讨井筒继续使用的可行性。结合后期对地表与深部岩体较为详细的监测资料,建立了倾倒破坏力学模型,探讨井筒裂缝扩展与井区岩体水平位移之间的关系以及井区岩体分区与井筒裂缝分布之间的关系。研究结果表明,东主井变形破坏是由地下采矿引起的,岩体水平位移对井筒变形破坏起重要作用;井筒的裂缝分布在空间上与采空区的位置有关,井筒的东面和西面裂缝发育,南面和北面基本无裂缝。由数值计算结果可知,井区地表与岩体变形将继续加大,但不会发生整体失稳破坏。对比岩体分区与裂缝分布发现,井筒的裂缝分布在深度方向上与井区岩体分区有很好的对应关系。     

地铁竖井施工过程中周边环境响应分析

为明晰地铁竖井施工过程中周边场地的响应,减少地铁施工风险,以长春地铁1号线自由大路车站竖井工程为背景,采用有限元软件对竖井周围场地及邻近建筑物沉降进行数值模拟。探讨了倒挂井壁法竖井施工过程中周围场地地表变形特点和机理,分析了工程中隔离排桩的作用。研究表明:衬砌水平变形与井底隆起变形是竖井开挖引起周围地层变形移动的主要原因;设置的隔离排桩阻断了上部地基的变形传递,降低了竖井开挖施工对周边建筑物地基的累积沉降及差异沉降量的影响。最后,对隔离排桩桩长设置进行了探讨。研究成果对类似相关工程的设计与施工具有借鉴意义。     

斜井盾构掘进时富水围岩变形特性模拟分析

在富水软岩地层中进行盾构掘进施工过程时,围岩应力状态会发生变化。准确掌握其变化规律,有利于采取合适的处置方法,避免发生斜井垮塌涌水和卡盾抱箍等工程事故。以往研究一般只考虑盾构、斜井和软岩中的一个或两个条件,也未对有无渗流两种工况进行对比,并较少涉及不同埋深条件下坡度的影响。文章采用有限元计算模型研究盾构在富水软弱地层中掘进过程中围岩的力学特性,通过选择若干观测断面进行监测,得出软岩整体呈现“横鸭蛋式”椭圆形变化趋势,且顶部比两侧和底部更容易受到施工扰动,在渗流条件下该趋势得到加强;设定5种埋深和5种斜井坡度条件,模拟盾构在掘进过程中不同条件下顶部和侧向监测点的位移,结果显示:盾构洞周拱顶竖向位移一般大于两侧水平位移;当斜井纵坡坡度<4°时,盾构顶部监测点竖向位移与侧向监测点水平位移相差较小,但均随斜井埋深的增大而增大;坡度超过4°后,盾构掘进引起的顶部竖向位移与侧向水平位移间差值随着埋深的增加而逐渐增大。     

Three Zones and Support Technique for Large Section Incline Shaft Crossing Goaf

Aiming at the construction and control problems of fractured rock mass when large section inclined shaft through goaf in this paper, and with the new digging belt conveyer incline shaft at No. 6 mine of Pingdingshan as the study subject, three zones of overlying strata in goaf and stability control of surrounding rock in incline shaft was studied. According to the actual mining situation and the engineering geological conditions, the methods of empirical formula and field tracking were used to determine the height of three zones of overlying strata and the length corresponding to the new digging belt conveyer incline shaft. At the same time, the mechanical characteristics of surrounding rock in caving zone analyzed by laboratory experiment. And the compacted conditions of rock strata in goaf with the Ding_5–6 coal seam was obtained through the field, so that “rigid U steel arch+ pouring concrete” supporting scheme was put forward. In addition, the mechanics principle of U steel inverted arch was analyzed by mechanical theory, which finally determined the concrete support parameters and construction scheme for surrounding rock of incline shaft in caving zone. Through field practice and late monitoring, the result shown that the stability of surrounding rock was well controlled, and surrounding rock began to stabilize and its deformation rate was less than 1 mm/d in the stable stage of monitoring.     

Shaft failure characteristics and the control effects of backfill body compression ratio at ultra-contiguous coal seams mining

Solid backfill coal mining is a mainstream method in green coal mining, which has gradually become a key technology to control shaft deformation when recovering industrial square pillars during mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. On the basis of the engineering background of Nantun Coal Mine, this paper combined physical simulation, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis for studying shaft deformation, failure characteristics, and stress variation rules during the mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. The results revealed that shaft deformation and failure were the results of the movement of strata caused by coal mining; in addition, the backfill body compression ratios in two adjacent coal seams were the key factors in shaft deformation control during the mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. Moreover, the effects of the backfill body compression ratios on shaft deformation in ultra-contiguous coal seam mining were simulated by ABAQUS, and the optimal compression ratios of backfill body in two coal seams were determined. Finally, based on the probability-integral method, the vertical compressive deformation and the inclined deformation of shaft were estimated and the results showed that the shaft safety and stability at ultra-contiguous coal seam mining can be provided when the backfill body compression ratios of 3_upper and 3_lower coal seams were set at 85%.     

井筒非采动变形破坏附加应力影响因素分析

立井井筒的非采动变形破坏是出现在华东厚表土层矿区的一种特殊矿山地质灾害,底部含水层失水压缩变形产生的附加应力是造成这一地质灾害的主要原因。在总结井筒发生非采动变形破坏的地质条件和破坏特征基础之上,通过建立三维数值模拟模型,分析了不同影响因素作用下井筒外壁所受附加应力的大小和变化规律,并根据模拟结果,利用弹性力学厚壁圆筒解建立井筒变形破坏应力状态与底部含水层水头降之间的对应关系,得到井筒变形破坏极限状态下对应的底部含水层水头降为89.5 m。      

桩端下有软弱下卧层的群桩沉降分析

群桩沉降由桩身压缩和桩端沉降组成。本文采用桩身线弹性的假定计算单桩桩身压缩,用单桩的桩身压缩近似代替群桩桩身压缩,并用承台下的平均附加应力乘以桩端荷载传递系数后作为桩端的附加应力,推出了桩端下有软弱下卧层的群桩沉降计算方法,同时与其他计算方法和工程实测值进行了比较。     

近铁路基坑通风井段变形特征及其机制分析

针对长春某地下车站深基坑工程,深入研究了基坑开挖过程中近铁路侧通风井段险情的发生过程及其致险机制。通过分析通风井附近桩身水平位移、桩顶水平位移、支撑轴力以及铁路道轨两侧路肩沉降差,探讨了通风井段基坑变形过大的原因;采用ABAQUS有限元软件对该基坑的施工过程进行数值模拟,分析了通风井段基坑施工险情的发生机制。研究结果表明,通风井段基坑变形过大是由岩土体过度应力释放和基坑变形空间效应共同作用导致。由于通风井处阳角的存在,且施工过程中通风井段基坑未架设斜撑,致使该处基坑变形的空间效应显著,坑壁产生指向通风井的扭转变形;开挖速度过快、支撑安装不及时和岩土体中过度应力释放导致围护桩变形过大,使基坑的稳定性变差。     

岩土体变形破坏机制及井筒破裂模式

以淮北临涣矿区为例,在详细调查分析了破裂井筒的矿井水文地质与工程地质条件及其它背景资料的基础上,根据矿区底含土体及煤系基岩风化带变形破坏的影响因素及形成过程,本文首次论论了岩土体变形破坏的四个发展阶段和井筒破裂的四种模式及其间的关系,并揭示了井筒破裂的,从而为防治井筒破裂和评价井筒稳定性提供了依据。     

Neotectonics and current hydrologically-induced karst deformation. Case study of the Plateau de Calern (Alpes-Maritimes,France)

The astronomical and geodetic observatory OCA, located on the karst plateau of Calern (Caussols, France), has been monitoring earth deformation for several years. Two medium baseline tiltmeters have been installed in a shaft in 2007, along with classical hydrogeological monitoring tools in order to investigate the relationship between current karst deformation and hydrology. Dye tests have shown that the plateau is drained towards the East, to the spring of Bramafam, except for its Western third. Karst tilting, as recorded by the tiltmeters, is linked to rainfall events. These instruments bring additional information to characterize different reservoirs: the deep karst aquifer of Bramafan with high amplitude oscillations of its water table, up to 100 m, the perched aquifer of Moustiques shaft whose response is attenuated, and several slope aquifers with reduced oscillations (Fontaniers, Castel Bon Pré).

Tilt deformation reaches 8 μad with a definite orientation between N90°E and N100°E. The best correlation between hydrology and tilts is observed for the deep aquifers. If the first autumn rainfall is ineffective on tilt, it recharges the epikarst and refills the reserves. The winter rains cause the water to flush towards the eastern deep aquifer and provokes a quick tilting of the plateau. Finally, the long term variations in tilt and water table show a very good correlation.

The relationship between current hydrological deformations and tectonics is also analyzed; broken and shifted speleothems in the shafts indicate a general shift of the plateau towards the south.     

Near-surface foundation level assessment from seismic measurements: a case study of north Jeddah City,Saudi Arabia

In this study, a comprehensive assessment on the generation mechanism, distribution characteristics, and extension rules of structure cracks was conducted by in situ monitoring and field investigation in the Chengchao Iron Mine. Structure cracks are affected by many factors, e.g., surface deformation, structure strength, occurrence position, and machine vibration. They initially occur in a structure when the strength of the structure is not enough to resist the inner strain as surface deformation increases. In contrast, increases in width and length of structure crack exert stress release in the structure and thus decrease structure deformation surrounding the crack. A great ground crack may adversely aggravate structure cracking and release the stress of surrounding rock masses. In addition, micro cracks in rock masses provide favorable conditions for the generation and extension of cracks, resulting that cracks occur in shaft walls more easily and extend towards the deeper. The initial distribution of cracks is generally consistent with such micro cracks. Subsequently, cracks in deep rock masses will extend along the strike of the mined-out area as surface deformation increases. Sensibilities to cracking of structures are changed by their different strain resistances and become stronger from bolt-shotcrete shaft, bolt-shotcrete tunnel, and brick-concrete building to brick wall. Based on distribution characteristics of cracks and wave velocity in rock masses, the overlaying strata affected by underground mining can be divided into four zones: broken zone, broken transition zone, crack generation zone, and micro deformation zone.