海洋环境因素对白冠覆盖率的影响及其数值估算

波浪破碎是一个强非线性过程,破碎时产生的大量气泡在海面上表现为白冠,白冠覆盖率是刻画波浪破碎一个重要参数。研究表明,白冠覆盖率与海上风速、海浪状态和大气稳定度等多种海洋环境因素有关。综合前人的观测数据,本文给出了更为可靠的依赖风速的白冠覆盖率公式,发现海水温度越高,白冠覆盖率越大。提出了以波浪破碎耗散函数为参数的白冠覆盖率公式,同时发现波龄小于某个临界值时,白冠覆盖率随波龄增大,波龄大于临界值时,白冠覆盖率保持不变,该临界值随风速增大而减小。     

海浪微波散射理论模式

在假设海面白帽为球形气泡层的基础上,利用白帽海面的矢量辐射传输方程各随机粗糙面散射模型建立了海面的微波散射模型。辐射传输方程利用迭代法求解,随机粗糙面散射模型采用双尺度散射模型,利用白帽覆盖率的经验公式计算海面的微波散射特性。数值计算结果表明,随着气泡厚度的增加球形气泡散射系数越来越接近球形粒子散射系数;白帽对散射同的贡献随风速增大而增大;侧风情况比逆风和顺风情况影响均大;水平极化比垂直极化影响大     

海洋白浪寿命的定义及测量结果

通过对国内外白浪研究和应用的分析,首次提出了有效白浪寿命的定义,给出了计算白浪寿命的公式及测量方法和结果,并报告了以此方法在渤海实测的结果,得到了白浪寿命ＴＬ与海面风速Ｕ１０的关系为ＴＬ＝０．２６Ｕ１０以及白浪寿命概率分布近于瑞利分布等。     

白浪覆盖率模式中参量的研究

在波面位移为正态过程的假定下,推导出一种以平均周期和风速为参量的白浪覆盖率公式W=1-Φ[5.11094[-T/U10]0.7576].依据摩擦风速和U10的表达式,进一步推导出白浪覆盖率依赖于摩擦风速的形式W=1-Φ[0.5227[-T/U]0.7576]].考虑到在实际应用中,经常需要用波龄描述波浪的状态,将白浪覆盖率表示成一种形式简单的波龄的函数W=1-Φ(3.6496ξ0.7576),与Monahan等的海上测量数据符合良好.     

A Whitecap Coverage Model Based on the Surface Slope For Criterion of Wave Breaking

Using the limit surface slope as a criterion of wave breaking,a simple model for estimatingthe spatial fraction of breaking surface of sea at an instant,which is regarded as the whitecap coverge inthis paper,is analytically derived from the probability density of surface slope based on Gaussianstatistics.The resulting fraction is found depending on the fourth moment of wave spectum,m_4,as well asthe critical threshold of surface slope.By expressing the fourth moment in terms of the Neumannspectrum,a formula linking the fraction and wind speed for fully developed sea states is obtianed.Anotherformula relating the fraction to both wind speed and fetch(or duration)is achieved by expressing m_4 interms of the Krylov spectrum and applying the empirical relationships used in the SMB ocean wave pre-dicting technique.A comparison between these results and the field data of whitecap coverage collected byMonahan and O＇Muircheartuigh shows an encouraging agreement.     

基于白冠覆盖率的飞沫生成函数参数化

海浪破碎使得海面产生飞沫水滴，由于飞沫水滴的存在改变着大气和海洋之间的能量传输。飞沫生产函数一般认为是水滴初始半径和风速的函数，但海浪时刻存在于海-气界面，仅仅考虑海面风的作用，而忽略海浪的影响是不够完善的。白冠覆盖率是海浪破碎的重要特征参数，有研究者发现白冠覆盖率与海面风速和海浪均存在相关性。本文尝试从白冠覆盖率出发，构建飞沫水滴的生成函数参数化方案，将描述不同飞沫水滴半径的飞沫生成函数基于白冠覆盖率参数有机整合，然后结合白冠覆盖率和海浪状态的关系，利用实验室观测数据，分析不同海浪状态条件下海浪对飞沫生成函数的影响。研究结果表明，新的考虑波浪效应的飞沫生成函数可以合理地描述不同海浪状态条件下飞沫水滴的生成过程。     

一种白浪覆盖率与风要素关系模式

采用Ｇｌａｚｍ ａｎ 提出的“微尺度平均”的方法,在合理选择平均尺度的基础上计算了ＪＯＮＳＷＡＰ谱的四阶矩,并将此结果与Ｓｎｙｄｅｒ提出的白浪覆盖率模式结合,从而建立起依赖于风速和风区两者的半经验、半理论的白浪覆盖率与风要素关系模式。此模式给出的结果与Ｍｏｎａｈａｎ 等汇集的海洋白浪覆盖率测量数据总体符合良好。     

Effects of wave age and air stability on whitecap coverage

The paper considers the effects of wave age and air stability on the whitecap coverage at sea. This is made by using the logarithmic mean wind velocity profile including a stability function as well as adopting a recent wave age dependent sea surface roughness formula. The results are valid for wind waves in local equilibrium with the steady wind. Examples of results demonstrate clear effects of wave age and air stability on the whitecap coverage. Comparisons are also made with field measurements by Sugihara et al. [Sugihara, Y., et al., 2007. Variation of whitecap coverage with wave-field conditions. J. Mar. Syst. 66, 47–60], representing unstable air stability conditions. Although the data basis is limited, the wave age independent Charnock sea roughness based predictions capture the main features of the observed whitecap coverage, suggesting a stronger dependence on air stability than on wave age in the data.     

Imagery of the inhomogeneities of currents on the ocean surface state

The influence of inhomogeneities of surface currents on the intensity of breaking wind waves is considered and a model for the relation between whitecap contrasts and the tensor of current gradients is developed. The imagery of typical patterns of ocean currents is discussed. The results of field observations supporting this model are given.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Determination of the gas exchange rate in whitecaps using measurements of the bubble concentration

The effective gas exchange rate in whitecap formations, determined as the ratio of the total gas stream through the bubbles to the variation in the concentration of the gas dissolved in sea-water from that balanced with the atmosphere, is calculated for nitrogen and oxygen. The gas stream was determined from experimentally derived data on the distribution of air bubbles in the whitecap using remotein situ macrophotography. The dependence of the gas exchange rate on the relative saturation of the water with gas and the wind velocity is analysed. The gas exchange rate in whitecap formations for nitrogen is three times that for oxygen.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

A two-frequency hydroacoustic scatterometer for bubble scatteringinvestigations

High-frequency bubble layer scattering investigations require the measurement of the intensity of backscattered sound and the corresponding depth of the scatterers below the moving surface. Especially at high sea state conditions and high acoustic frequencies, bubbles acoustically mask the surface, i.e., the surface return cannot be detected. However, this environmental condition is the most interesting one in bubble scattering investigations and a reliable method is required to determine the range of the scatterers to the surface displacement. A method for the determination of the vertical profiling of acoustic scattering in the presence of bubbles at high sea state conditions is presented. It is based on the transmission of a low-frequency signal alternately to the high-frequency signal at which the scattering investigations are performed. The only information that is extracted from the low-frequency echo is the onset of the surface return. It is used to compute the true depth of scatterers at the high frequency. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum low frequency at which the detection of the surface onset in the presence of a high bubble concentration is ensured. A screening ratio is defined to give a measure of the acoustic masking of the sea surface. It is depicted for an extreme wind condition (20 m/s) for the frequency range of 5-25 kHz and as a function of wind speed for 50 kHz measurements. Selected results of subsurface bubble scattering at 50 kHz from experiments under open sea conditions are presented for the wind speed regime from 9 to 22 m/s. Additionally, the two-frequency scatterometer is used to measure sea state characteristics simultaneously to the scattering investigations by remote sensing techniques     

Storm surge simulation using wind-wave-surge coupling model

Simulation of a storm surge caused by Typhoon 9918 in the Yatsushiro Sea, Kyushu, Japan was hindcasted by the synchronous coupled wind-wave-surge model composed of a Meso-scale meteorological model (MM5) for the wind and sea surface pressure, a spectral third-generation wind-wave model (Wavewatch III) for waves, and the coastal ocean model (Princeton Ocean Model). Inclusion of the whitecap wave breaking stresses (whitecap dissipation stress) in the coastal ocean model made it possible to reproduce the extreme surge height in the extremely shallow bay.     

Probabilistic Models for the Probability of Wave Breaking and Whitecap Coverage Based on Kinematic Breaking Criterion

More and more researches show that neither the critical downward acceleration nor the critical slope of water waves is a universal constant. On the contrary, they vary with particular wave conditions. This fact moders the models either for the probability of wave breaking B or for the whitecap coverage W based on these criteria difficult to apply. In this paper and the one which follows we seek to develop models for the prediction of both B and W based on the kinematical criterion. First, several joint probabihstic distribution functions (PDFs) of wave characteristics are derived, based on which the breaking properties B and W are estimated. The estimation is made on the assumption that a wave breaks ff the horizontal velocity of water particles at its crest exceeds the local wave celerity, and whitecapping occurs in regions of fluid where water particles travel faster than the waves. The consequent B and W depend on wave spectral moments of orders 0 to 4.Then the JONSWAP spectrum is used to represent the fetch-limited sea waves in deep water, so as to relate the probahility of wave breaking and the whitecap coverage with wind parameters. To this end, the time-averaging technique proposed by Glazman (1986) is applied to the estimation of the spectral moments involved, and furthermore, the theoretical models are compared with available observations collected from published literature. From the comparison, the averaging time scale is determined. The final models show that the probability of wave breaking as well as the whitecap coverage depends on the dimensionless fetch. The agreement between these models and the database is reasonable.     

热带气旋风场的计算

基于以前对热带气旋气压场和风场的研究,作者求出一种能适用于任意热带气旋风压结构且具有一定普遍意义的热带气旋风速分布一般式。同时修正了宫崎正卫关于台风合成风风场的假设,将本文求出的热带气旋风速变化规律作为静止热带气旋风速,以热带气旋移行速度V,按到热带气旋中心距离r指数衰减作为大尺度的本底风场,由矢量合成原理求出另一种移行热带气旋风速分布式。新的移行热带气旋风速分布式还考虑到环境气压等因素的影响,从所计算的个例看,计算风速与实际风速较为吻合。此外,在缺乏海上风压资料的情况下,能由任一条封闭等压线的气压和矢径计算热带气旋风场分布。     

Instrumentation for the measurement of void-fraction in breakingwaves: laboratory and field results

The authors report on the development and use of an impedance probe to measure the volume fraction of air (void-fraction) in bubble plumes generated by breaking waves. The void-fraction gauge described was found to be most useful in the initial period after breaking when large void-fractions prevail. The authors describe the instrumentation at length and report on its use in the laboratory and in the field. The instrument is found to be capable of rendering the space-time evolution of the void-fraction field from controlled laboratory breaking waves. Field results show measurements of void-fractions (up to 24%) which are several orders of magnitude greater than time averaged values previously reported. Preliminary measurements show that the fraction of breaking waves per wave is dependent on significant wave height and wind speed. The dependence on wind speed is compared with data of previous investigators. Underwater video photography from the field shows the formation and evolution of distinct bubble plumes and the presence of large bubbles (at least 6-mm radius) generated by breaking     

两参量的海面阻力系数模式的探讨

从风浪的能量平衡方程出发，引进若干风要素与波要素以及波要素之间的定性关系，经演算可导出海面阻力系数（Ｃｐ）或是风速（Ｕ）和波龄（β）或是Ｕ和波高（Ｈ）的函数，然后沿用最小二乘法，终将得出４组１２个回归方程。当β（或β）或Ｈ为某一给定值，惟有Ｕ为唯一参量时，所提各式均可简化为非线性方程：ＣＤ＝ａ＋ｂ，Ｕ＋ｃ．Ｕ＾２；式中ａ，ｂ和ｃ为三个经验系数，就所检验的例子而言，本文的结果与实际的符合前人的为好。     

Acoustic bubble counting technique using sound speed extracted fromsound attenuation

Sound attenuation has been solely used to estimate bubble size distributions of bubbly water in the conventional acoustic bubble sizing methods. These conventional methods are useful for the void fraction around 10^-6 or lower. However, the change of compressibility in the bubbly water also should be considered in bubble sizing for the void fraction around 10^-5 or higher. Recently the sound speed as well as sound attenuation was considered for acoustic bubble size estimation in bubbly water. In this paper, the sound speed estimated from sound attenuation in bubbly water by an iterative method is used for a bubble counting. This new iterative inverse bubble sizing technique is numerically tested for bubble distributions of single-size Gaussian, and power-law functions. The numerical simulation results are in agreement with the given bubble distributions even for the high void fractions of 10^-4-10^-3. It suggests that the iterative inverse technique can be a very powerful tool for practical use in acoustic bubble counting in the ocean     

基于潜标测量的海洋环境噪声谱特性分析

利用海洋环境噪声测量潜标系统对南海典型海域开展了为期3个月的海洋环境噪声测量,16通道海洋环境噪声测量系统每小时测量两分钟噪声信号。数据处理结果表明,800~5 000Hz范围内,噪声谱与风速相关性最好,且风速越大相关性越好,噪声谱与风速的相关性好于与浪高的相关性。风关噪声谱级在海水中部基本不随接收深度发生变化,但由于测量水听器阵长度未能覆盖整个水深,因此未给出海面和海底处谱级变化规律。在400Hz以上的高频段整个风速范围内噪声谱级都随风速发生变化,且噪声谱级与对数风速具有很好的线性关系。     

一种适用于小入射角条件下的白冠海面后向散射模型

本文提出了一种白冠海面的小入射角星载雷达后向散射模型,模型包括海面非波浪破碎部分和波浪破碎部分的后向散射。在风的作用下,海浪破碎形成白冠,对星载雷达的后向散射信号造成影响。文中利用TRMM PR和ECMWF的时空匹配数据集,拟合得出小入射角下星载雷达海面波浪破碎部分的后向散射模型,并分别与高斯分布/非高斯的海浪斜率分布海面的准镜面散射模型组成了白冠海面小入射角星载雷达后向散射模型。经实测数据对比,本文提出的由非高斯准镜面散射和考虑波浪破碎组合模型有效。