黔南克脚二叠纪末生物群特征及其地质意义

贵州惠水克脚剖面是南盘江盆地北缘二叠系-三叠系界线剖面,地层连续,产不同门类的化石,对古生代-中生代之交黔南古地理和生物演化研究具有重要意义。剖面主要包括上二叠统大隆组和下三叠统大冶组下部。大隆组岩性主要为硅质泥岩、钙质泥岩和炭质页岩,夹火山灰黏土岩与薄层硅质灰岩,泥岩发育水平层理。大隆组主要产游泳生物菊石、浮游生物放射虫,另外产小个体腕足类、双壳类和腹足类等,少数层位含植物化石。大冶组下部主要为薄层泥质灰岩夹钙质泥岩。通过岩性、古生物组合、沉积构造等分析,认为本剖面在二叠纪末为离古陆较近的深水沉积。     

浙江湖州黄芝山剖面长兴组顶部古剥蚀面的识别及其地质意义

通过浙江湖州黄芝山剖面的研究,发现其长兴组顶部存在清晰古风化壳残积物,本文描述了该古风化壳的沉积特征。精细的牙形石古生物地层学研究表明,该古风化壳代表的平行不整合面位于Clarkina meishanensis meishanensis带的底部,其层位相当于浙江煤山D剖面的25层底部,与二叠纪末生物集群灭绝主灭绝期层位基本一致。所以深入研究该古风化壳对探讨二叠纪末海平面变化和生物集群灭绝具有重要意义。     

湖北崇阳二叠纪—三叠纪之交生物灭绝和沉积微相演化

二叠纪—三叠纪之交,湖北崇阳地区处于浅水碳酸盐岩台地环境.二叠纪末的全球事件在该剖面的沉积微相和生物演化上均留下了清楚的记录.二叠纪末生物大灭绝之前,崇阳地区为典型的正常浅海台地环境,生物种类多样,数量丰富,主要生物化石有钙藻、有孔虫、腕足、棘皮类和海绵等.生物大灭绝之后,钙藻、(筳)类、棘皮类、海绵、绝大部分有孔虫开始消失,取而代之的是个体微小的腹足、介形虫和大量的蓝细菌化石.大灭绝界线之上,首先出现的是25 cm厚的纹层状的微生物岩,含较丰富的种类单调的有孔虫化石.之后逐渐相变为花斑状微生物岩和穹隆状微生物岩,厚度分别为6.4,2.3m.不同类型微生物岩在结构构造和生物组成上存在差别.微生物岩沉积结束之后,则相变为浅滩相鲕粒灰岩.共划分出3种沉积相,即开阔台地相、潮坪相和浅滩相.崇阳剖面的生物灭绝和沉积微相变化是二叠纪—三叠纪之交浅水台地环境生物与环境过程的典型代表,为认识二叠纪末浅海沉积相演化和全球事件提供了新材料.     

赣西北地区二叠——三叠纪之交的灾变性地质事件

赣西北地区在二叠纪末—三叠纪初，曾经历过地壳上升、海平面快速下降、沉积环境变迁、生物灭绝等灾变性地质事件。作者以典型剖面为依据，分析了Ｐ—Ｔ界线的层序地层特征、岩石微量元素含量、沉积环境、古生物化石，认为本区发现的界线粘土岩属火山成因，该粘土岩层正好是Ｐ—Ｔ的界线层。     

东秦岭陕西聂家沟剖面二叠纪—三叠纪之交沉积特征及其古环境意义*

东秦岭陕西镇安聂家沟地区二叠纪—三叠纪之交发育一套海相碳酸盐岩沉积序列,较完整地记录了二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后浅海碳酸盐岩台地相生物群落演替及环境变化等信息,是研究二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后生态环境变化与沉积响应的理想区域。通过碳酸盐岩微相分析方法,对陕西镇安聂家沟剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的碳酸盐岩生物组合和微相类型进行了详细分析,共识别出11个微相类型: 斑点状凝块石、叠层石灰岩、鲕粒—纹层状叠层石灰岩、有孔虫颗粒灰岩、藻—海百合泥粒灰岩、含有被包壳和被磨蚀骨屑颗粒的粒泥灰岩、鲕粒颗粒灰岩、集合颗粒灰岩、含鲕粒的粒泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩和泥岩。根据碳酸盐岩微相特征及沉积相标志,在二叠系—三叠系界限附近划分出台地边缘、开阔台地和局限台地3种沉积相,其反映了二叠纪—三叠纪之交频繁的沉积相带变更的特点。该剖面碳酸盐岩微相反映的古生态和生物群落演替特征与中国华南同时期其他剖面具有较好的一致性,即二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件之后,早三叠世正常浅水碳酸盐岩台地生物类型和丰度极低,仅含有少量的双壳类、海百合等,灭绝事件界线附近以微生物碳酸盐岩等特殊微生物沉积构造占主导,之后微生物岩等消失,又出现了以双壳类为首的生物碎屑石灰岩。研究结果为了解二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件中生物和环境的协同演化提供了新的材料和认识。     

东秦岭陕西聂家沟剖面二叠纪—三叠纪之交沉积特征及其古环境意义*

东秦岭陕西镇安聂家沟地区二叠纪—三叠纪之交发育一套海相碳酸盐岩沉积序列,较完整地记录了二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后浅海碳酸盐岩台地相生物群落演替及环境变化等信息,是研究二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后生态环境变化与沉积响应的理想区域。通过碳酸盐岩微相分析方法,对陕西镇安聂家沟剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的碳酸盐岩生物组合和微相类型进行了详细分析,共识别出11个微相类型: 斑点状凝块石、叠层石灰岩、鲕粒—纹层状叠层石灰岩、有孔虫颗粒灰岩、藻—海百合泥粒灰岩、含有被包壳和被磨蚀骨屑颗粒的粒泥灰岩、鲕粒颗粒灰岩、集合颗粒灰岩、含鲕粒的粒泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩和泥岩。根据碳酸盐岩微相特征及沉积相标志,在二叠系—三叠系界限附近划分出台地边缘、开阔台地和局限台地3种沉积相,其反映了二叠纪—三叠纪之交频繁的沉积相带变更的特点。该剖面碳酸盐岩微相反映的古生态和生物群落演替特征与中国华南同时期其他剖面具有较好的一致性,即二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件之后,早三叠世正常浅水碳酸盐岩台地生物类型和丰度极低,仅含有少量的双壳类、海百合等,灭绝事件界线附近以微生物碳酸盐岩等特殊微生物沉积构造占主导,之后微生物岩等消失,又出现了以双壳类为首的生物碎屑石灰岩。研究结果为了解二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件中生物和环境的协同演化提供了新的材料和认识。     

江西修水二叠纪·三叠纪界线地层海平面下降的岩石学证据

在江西修水四都镇东岭村发现了一个连续的、出露完好的二叠纪-三叠纪界线地层剖面。在剖面中有一段厚约2.1m 的地层具有指示海平面下降的岩石组构。这段地层的底部为红色的碳酸盐颗粒岩。红色是颗粒表面的红色铁染,成分为褐铁矿,是出露地表风化形成的。这层红色颗粒岩之上有约2.0 m 的去白云石化灰岩,其中保留了原来粉晶白云石的晶形。去白云石化作用是白云岩受淡水影响而发生的,指示海平面下降事件。这段地层之上是厚1m 的颗粒岩和灰泥岩,代表浅水潮下环境。其上是二叠系-三叠系的界线。这段地层之下的地层中生物丰富多样,并且有复(蜒)、钙藻等大绝灭前的生物。这段地层及其以上的地层中生物种类很少,(蜓)、钙藻等已经消失,表明集群绝灭事件开始于这段地层之下,生物大绝灭的发生与海平面下降事件的发生是基本同时的。由此认为,可能是海平面下降有关的环境剧变事件引发了二叠纪末的集群绝灭事件。     

浙江煤山D剖面二叠系长兴组高精度岩石地层

基于对浙江煤山D剖面长兴组到下三叠统殷坑组岩石地层单元高精度的测量,选择了Yinetal.(1996)、盛金章等(1987)和赵金科等(1981)的地层资料,对比并修订了早期地层资料中的误差。重点标注了该剖面特殊岩性段,如黏土岩、碳酸盐化流纹质凝灰岩的产出层位,详尽描述了二叠系-三叠系界线附近的微观岩石地层特征,认为Y24e层顶部至Y27层为存在高度凝缩沉积或者沉积缺失的层段。这些高精度岩石地层材料将进一步推动二叠纪-三叠纪过渡期生物灭绝事件的后层型研究。     

江西乐平沿沟二叠纪末有孔虫的演变及对鲕状灰岩的古环境指示意义

江西乐平沿沟剖面均一的碳酸盐相岩沉积, 完整地记录了二叠系-三叠系界线附近生物演变过程.通过对该剖面系统的化石切片研究, 共鉴别出有孔虫27属39种, 包含类4属7种.该剖面有孔虫的演变在二叠纪-三叠纪之交呈现出单幕式的消减过程, 对应于华南两幕生物灭绝中的第1幕.有孔虫的个体数和多样性在21-2层顶部发生了突然降低.4个不同有孔虫组合的演替关系, 揭示了有孔虫在灭绝事件中的演变过程, 即由灭绝前的高丰度、高分异度组合转变为灭绝后低丰度、低分异度组合.通过对二叠系-三叠系界线处鲕状灰岩的化石和沉积特征研究, 发现Hindeodus changxingensis带内的鲕状灰岩中仍存在较为丰富的有孔虫等化石.剧烈的海平面变化以及鲕状灰岩形成使下伏地层中的化石颗粒发生再沉积作用, 是形成这一特殊现象的主要原因.通过对鲕状灰岩中化石和沉积特征的深入研究, 论证了该鲕状灰岩形成于二叠纪-三叠纪之交大灭绝之后, 是当时特殊的海洋生态系产物, 反映了当时较高的海水回旋速率、微生物繁盛、海水碳酸盐超饱和等异常的环境条件.      

广西乐业地区吴家坪期牙形石的发现及其意义

吴家坪期作为二叠纪晚期两次灭绝事件（瓜德鲁普世末灭绝事件和二叠纪末灭绝事件）之间的一次快速的生态复苏时期,是地质历史时期一个重要的阶段.该时期扬子台地中部及滇黔桂地区碳酸盐岩台地仍有广泛分布;其中乐业碳酸盐台地是南盘江盆地内一个典型的孤立碳酸盐岩台地,在瓜德鲁普统茅口组顶部不整合面之上发育连续的吴家坪期海相碳酸盐岩沉积.此前该地二叠纪地层划分对比仍依据传统的 化石生物地层分带,与牙形石生物地层相比,精细程度尚不足.对乐业台地内部的刷把村剖面和六为剖面合山组底部牙形石进行了研究,在这两个剖面共鉴定出牙形石2属8种（含一个新种）,包括Clarkina asymmetrica、C. aff.asymmetrica、C. daxianensis、C. dukouensis、C. leveni、Hindeodus julfensis、H. typicalis和Hindeodus praechangxingensissp.nov..其中在刷把村剖面识别出C.asymmetrica和C.leveni两个牙形石带,六为剖面识别出C.asymmetrica一个牙形石带.根据牙形石关键分子的首现,乐业台地...     

Trace fossils of a cyclic chalk-marl succession; the upper Maastrichtian Rørdal Member, Denmark

Trace fossils from an upper Maastrichtian cyclic chalk-marl succession, the Rørdal Member, exposed in the Rørdal quarry, Denmark, are analysed in order to test whether the changes in substrate lithology exerted any control over the ichnodiversity, tiering complexity, and density of the infauna. The cyclicity is interpreted as caused by orbital changes within the Milankovitch frequency band. The carbonate content varies between 71 and 82 weight% in the marl and 82-92 weight% in the chalk beds. The material is based on 19 samples collected from six chalk and marl beds. The investigated bedding-normal sample surfaces vary in area between 29 and 155 cm². Eight ichnogenera and two undetermined ichnogenera are recognised. The member is characterised by three ichnofabrics (A, B and C). The ichnofabric analysis is based on texture and internal structure of the sediments resulting from bioturbation. Ichnofabric A is found only in chalk samples and shows a poor preservation of trace fossils, whereas ichnofabric C is found in a few chalk and all marl samples and comprises a very dense, diverse and well preserved ichnofauna representing a high tiering complexity. Ichnofabric B represents an intermediate situation between ichnofabrics A and C and occurs in chalk samples immediately adjacent to marl beds. The observed changes in ichnofabrics between chalk and marl are related to the amount of clay in the samples and the differences in the occurrence of trace fossils are interpreted as due to differences in the visibility of traces between chalk and marl and not due to differences in ecological stress upon the endobenthic community of the two lithologies. The study thus provides an excellent example of how the effect of taphonomic factors may give a misleading and biased impression of apparent differences in the endobenthic community between chalk and marl.     

Sedimentary Record of the Planation Surface in the Hoh Xil Region of the Northern Tibet Plateau

Miocene marl is the most widespread Tertiary stratigraphic record in the northern Tibet Plateau, termed the Wudaoliang Group in the Hoh Xil region and the correlative Suonahu Formation in the Qiangtang region. The uniform marl overlies red beds of the Eocene-Oligocene Fenghuoshan Group. The Wudaoliang Group is generally 100-400 m thick, but the thickest strata are 700-1300 m, located in the Haidinghu (Maiding Lake) and Tuotuohe (Tuotuo River) regions respectively. Based on observations from eight measured sections and outcrops, the thin-bedded marl, which varies in colour from grey-white to light brown-grey, is explained as a large-scale or serial lacustrine deposit stretching throughout northern Tibet.The Wudaoliang Group commonly crops out on geographic lowland at an average elevation of 4600 m above sea level within the mountain chains, showing concordant summit levels, e.g. the Fenghuoshan and Bairizhajia Mountains. These mountains with a flat ridge are considered to be remains of the palaeo-planati     

Bedrock lithology control on contemporaneous alluvial fan facies, Oligo-Miocene, southern Pyrenees, Spain

Climate and tectonics play important roles in controlling processes of transport and deposition on alluvial fans, but the bedrock lithology in the fan catchment area is also a significant, independent factor. Adjacent Oligo-Miocene alluvial fan deposits on the northern margin of the Ebro Basin display contrasting depositional characteristics with one dominated by the deposits of debris flows and the other by deposition from flows of water. A difference in clast compositions indicates that the two studied fans (the Nueno and San Julián fans) had contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. The proximal facies of the Nueno fan body contains matrix-supported conglomerate beds with up to 80% pebble clasts of gypsum in a matrix of gypsiferous sand, interbedded with gypsarenite beds. The drainage basin of this fan was dominated by Triassic bedrock consisting of beds of gypsum, marl and micritic limestone. The San Julián fan body comprises clast-supported, polymict conglomerate beds containing pebbles from Triassic, Cretaceous and Palaeogene limestone units that are exposed in the adjacent part of the basin margin. The interfingering of the deposits of these two fans demonstrates that they were contemporaneous. Given the consistent climate, the differences in fan depositional processes must therefore be attributed to the contrasting bedrock lithology in their drainage basins. A drainage basin consisting mainly of marl and gypsum bedrock provided sufficient fine-grained material to generate debris flows, whereas more dilute, water-lain processes dominated where the drainage basin was largely limestone strata.     

Valanginian perisphinctid ammonites from the Kisújbánya Basin (Eastern Mecsek Mts., Hungary)

The most complete Hungarian Valanginian perisphinctid ammonite fauna of the Mecsek Mountains (South Hungary) consists of 14 species is reported. Thurmanniceras sp. aff. otopeta, Fuhriella michaelis, F. cf. hoheneggeri, Sarasinella cf. ambigua, Neocomites (Neocomites) subtenuis, Neocomites (Eristavites) platycostatus are reported for the first time from Hungary. The fauna comprises 23 ammonite species and is reported from Valanginian tuffaceous marl, alternating marl–limestone beds and loose limestone blocks. Two studied sections represent the Lower Valanginian Thurmanniceras pertransiens and partly the Busnardoites campylotoxus Zones while ammonites from loose blocks indicate the latter and possibly the Upper Valanginian Saynoceras verrucosum Zone. Variations in the faunal composition of the marl beds and the limestone blocks respectively, refer to the contrast between the ammonite ecological demands. Phylloceratid and lytoceratid ammonites prevail the marl beds, while olcostephanid and neocomitid ammonites prevail the shallower platform-like limestones. Sediment accumulation rate in that palaeo volcano related environment was high and bottom currents frequently washed together ammonite shells or filled their body chambers with smaller ammonite shell fragments. Due to the fast sedimentation the sections represent only partially the recognized ammonite zones therefore long-term or even infra-regional correlation was not possible. Palaeobiogeographically, the ammonite fauna has Mediterranean character and it shows close relationships to the Valanginian faunas of the Bakony Mts. (Hungary), Western Carpathians (Slovakia), Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria), and SE Spain. The presence of Fuhriella species is remarkable and enlarges our knowledge on the distribution of this enigmatic ammonite taxon adding new data to its Valanginian stratigraphic position and geographic distribution.     

灰岩-泥灰岩韵律层的差异成岩作用

灰岩-泥灰岩韵律层包括结核状灰岩到灰岩和泥灰岩互层,广泛分布在陆棚及深海环境中,出现于各地质时期,是研究高分辨率地层学和环境恢复的理想工具.但是成岩作用在灰岩-泥灰岩韵律层形成过程中的作用一直存在分歧,有的学者认为差异化学压实成岩作用加强了原始沉积的差异,有的学者认为成岩作用不仅能够强烈歪曲原始环境特征,还可以通过自身...     

Palaeoceanographic controls on reef deposition: the Messinian Cariatiz reef (Sorbas Basin, Almería, SE Spain)

The Cariatiz section lies at the toe of the palaeoslope of the Messinian Cariatiz fringing reef, at the northern margin of the Neogene Sorbas Basin in SE Spain. Distal-slope reef deposits in the upper part of the section can be traced laterally to the reef core of the last episodes of reef progradation. The underlying deposits are alternating diatomitic marl, marl and silty marl that intercalate with sandstone beds. Combined lithological changes, variations in proportions of warm-water planktic foraminifera and δ 18O values suggest that at least seven, probably precessional, cycles are recorded throughout the Cariatiz section. The correlation of seven cycles in the pelagic deposits to seven reef progradation cycles, and associated vertical shifts in reef facies, indicates relative sea-level oscillations of several tens of metres. Biostratigraphic and palaeomagnetic data suggest that both the Cariatiz section and the fringing reef formed during the reverse polarity Chron C3r. Surface-water temperatures seem to be the major factor controlling carbonate production in the reef system. Deposition of bioclastic calcirudite and calcarenite, with no active coral growth, took place at the lowest sea-level within each reef cycle during temperature minima within each precessional cycle. Porites framework and reef-slope deposits with Halimeda gravel, in contrast, formed during temperature rises and thermal maxima within precessional cycles.     

Multiproxy approach to understanding the origin of Cretaceous pelagic limestone–marl alternations (DSDP site 391, Blake-Bahama Basin)

Limestone–marl alternations are usually directly interpreted to reflect cyclic palaeoenvironmental signals. However, uncertainty in such interpretations stems from the differential diagenesis that most limestone–marl alternations have undergone. Differential diagenesis results in markedly different alterations between limestones and marls and in the loss of comparability of many measurable parameters. For an unequivocal interpretation of the origin of rhythmic alternations, diagenetically robust parameters or parameters that clearly indicate the degree of diagenetic bias are required. The present study uses a multiproxy approach (independent biotic, sedimentary and geochemical parameters) in order to unravel the palaeoenvironmental signal recorded in Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) limestone–marl alternations from the Blake‐Bahama Basin (DSDP site 391). Using this approach, terrestrial and marine influences can be distinguished, changes in nutrient levels estimated and prediagenetic differences in the non‐carbonate fraction constrained. Surprisingly, no systematic variations in any of these parameters were observed between limestone and marl layers, implying that none of these was directly responsible for the formation of the rhythmic alternation. Hence, none of the current models of sedimentary formation of limestone–marl rhythmites is applicable here. Calcareous nannofossils are equally well preserved in limestone and marl layers, ruling out their dissolution in marl layers as a source of the calcite cement in the limestone beds. Sr values of 700–900 p.p.m. indicate that aragonite may have been present in the original, pelagic sediment. The assumption of fine‐grained sedimentary aragonite imported from nearby carbonate platforms as the source of the cement would explain a number of otherwise enigmatic features in these rhythmites, including the source of the calcite cement observed in the limestones, the equally good preservation of calcareous nannofossils in limestones and marls and the higher concentration of calcareous nannofossils in marl layers. The study demonstrates that examination of diagenetically inert parameters or parameters in which diagenetic effects can be filtered can yield unexpected results. Clearly, careful analysis of such parameters needs to be undertaken in order to make reliable palaeoenvironmental interpretations from rhythmite successions.     

Origin of red color in the gercus formation (eocene), Northeastern Iraq

The Gercus Formation (Eocene) in northeastern Iraq consists of a fluvial sequence of associated red and drab beds deposited under an arid to semi-arid climate. Occurrence of pigment on grain contacts in the sandstones and the uniform distribution of pigment in the marls and siltstones indicate that part of the pigment is of predepositional or syndepositional origin, most probably detrital ferric hydroxides that coated the grains. Alteration and corrosion of iron oxides and ferromagnesian minerals, intensified pigment around some opaque grains, and decreased heavy-mineral content (compared to the recent river sediments in the area) point to intrastratal alteration and the diagenetic origin of part of the pigment. Iron contents indicate that leaching of ferric iron with an average of 1.41% Fe from the drab marl and siltstone beds and 0.74% Fe from the drab sandstone beds washed out the pigment (or its precursor) from these beds.     

Late Cretaceous to Miocene and Quaternary deformation history of the Chalk: Channels,slumps, faults,folds and glacitectonics

Late Cretaceous Chalk sedimentation history across the British Isles included (i) fault controlled uplift and subsidence in Northern Ireland and the Inner Hebrides and (ii) uplift along the lines of en echelon folds in Southern Britain and northern France. Synsedimentary slump folds and downslope displacement structures are compared with penecontemporaneous interbed slides and later tectonic folds and faults. Compressional strike-slip tectonic processes at Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, illustrate intra-Chalk slump beds in a half-graben setting. Progressive ‘growth’ of structures characterises early downslope slump folding, interbed sliding and some listric faulting. Sheet-flints replacing slide shear planes and early fractures provide evidence for early movements. Availability of open-slopes or the depth of burial under which the range of structures developed is reflected in the degree of disruption and fragmentation of chalk and flint. Fragmentation provides clues to the timing of events and origin of the Late Campanian Altachuile Breccia (Northern Ireland) and the Coniacian Hope Gap slides (Sussex). Fragmentation and formation of sheet flints together help distinguish intra-Chalk tectonics from Quaternary glacitectonic structures.The role of marl seams, high porosity chalk beds and hardgrounds on bed-sliding, décollement zones and disruption of chalk blocks from bedrock in glacitectonics is discussed. Chalk formations with marl seams develop a special style of fracturing related to early interbed sliding and pore-fluid escape structures. Marl-seams are shown to be primary sedimentary features and not the products of post depositional pressure-solution. More than any other formation the Late Santonian – Early Campanian Newhaven Chalk contains extensive sheet-flints and shows great lateral variation in thickness and lithology across the fold belts of southern England and northern France.     

袁复礼教授对中国地层古生物研究的贡献

袁复礼教授20—30年代对甘肃、新疆等省区的地层古生物研究做了开拓性工作,多有发现。本文阐述了他创立的几个地层单位——平凉笔石层、臭牛沟组、石钱滩泥灰岩(组)、大龙口层(组)、东红山层(组)、烧房沟层(组)、水西沟组(群)的意义,包括他对兽形爬行类化石的重大发现。同时,还介绍了他对甘肃东、西北部石炭纪地层以及准噶尔东部地层的主要研究成果。