加强海洋仪器质量管理之我见

加强海洋仪器质量管理之我见郭长松质量是根本，质量是海洋技术所的生命。只有狠抓质量，强化管理，才能形成拳头产品，才能争得市场，赢得用户。海洋仪器是海洋环境监测、海洋资源开发中必不可少的手段。而海洋作业环境条件恶劣，这就要求海洋仪器必须先进可靠，其质量问...     

SII型海洋重力仪稳定平台倒台故障分析与处理

SⅡ型海洋重力仪凭借其动态测量精度高、系统可靠性强等优点已日益成为海洋调查中重力测量的重要仪器之一。从SⅡ型海洋重力仪在使用中出现的稳定平台倒台故障着手，分析了平台倒台故障的原因以及处理方法，并对仪器使用中的注意事项以及改进建议作了介绍。     

海洋仪器的密封装置

海洋环境使用的海洋仪器由于受到多种复杂外界因素的影响使实验室不存在的问题在现场使用却成为很大问题。海洋仪器与装置多数情况下是在水下使用，因此要求仪器的水密性能可靠，尤其在深海使用时水密问题就更加重要了。由于设计或工艺制造上不慎就是在100～200米水深使用的仪器也能引起渗漏使仪器无法正常工作，     

气象水文海洋仪器可靠性强化试验技术应用研究

海洋仪器可靠性是影响海洋仪器工程化和产业化的关键因素,已成为制约我国海洋仪器发展的一大瓶颈问题。针对海洋仪器可靠性提升的需求,本文综述分析了国内外海洋仪器可靠性研究现状,提出了一套适用于气象与水文海洋仪器的可靠性强化试验方法,以定点CTD(温盐深)、气温和气压等海洋水文气象测量仪为研究对象,设计了热应力步进、快速温变、振动步进以及综合环境应力等可靠性强化试验剖面并开展了相关试验。试验结果显示强化试验激发了海洋仪器故障,通过故障定位分析和设计改进,有效提升了设备可靠性水平。本文研究成果可为同类海洋仪器设备可靠性强化试验的开展提供良好借鉴。     

测量仪器的误差和准确度

仪器的误差是仪器质量的最重要的技术指标之一。测量仪器的误差概念和准确度的概念是相互关联的。一般情况下，我们把测量仪器的误差理解为仪器的示值(测量值)和被测量的真值之间的差值，而准确度则说明仪器示值与被测量的真值相符合的程度。当我们谈到仪器准确度时就会联想到仪器的误差。从误差的观点来看，     

我国的海洋剖面探测浮标-COPEX

文章概述了国外Argo浮标的特点及今后的发展状况，重点详细介绍了我国自行研制的COPEX浮标的工作原理、结构设计、通讯、电路原理以及海上实验的情况。通过照片、图表绘出了该仪器的实验数据和实验结果。     

海洋仪器常用的金属材料及其合金

近代海洋科学的发展，要求它的探测仪器和设备更加现代化。但是我们必须看到目前国内外研制的海洋仪器与探测设备还不能完全满足要求。海洋仪器的质量迄今是一个十分重要的问题。如何制造出稳定可靠、精确灵敏、经济耐用的海洋仪器与设备、除了应有正确的设计、合理的制造工艺外，还必须有适合在海洋长期使用的优良材料。     

海洋仪器的工作条件和要求

目前海洋科学技术发展的一个特点就是在近代科学技术的最新成就的基础上研制了多种多样的新式的海洋仪器。近代海洋仪器与探测装置不断的出现和应用又促进了海洋科学技术的发展。但是我们必须看到目前国内外研制的海洋仪器与探测装置还不能满足近代海洋科学的发展。为了解决这个问题，必须对海洋环境的特点和海洋仪器的工作条件进行深入的研究。     

我国业务化海洋观测仪器发展探讨——浅析中美海洋站仪器的差异、趋势及对策

海洋站业务化观测仪器是业务化海洋观测系统的重要实体支撑。将我国海洋站中典型的国产业务化测量仪器与美国同类仪器在性能指标方面进行了对比分析,结合世界前沿海洋仪器发展现状总结了未来主要发展趋势,探讨了我国业务化海洋仪器优先发展的主要方向。结果表明,相比美国,我国国产验潮仪精度低1个数量级,测波仪的波高、周期和波向精度分别平均低0.2 m、0.27 s和5°~10°,国产观测仪器在业务运行可靠性和稳定性方面存在不足。世界海洋观测装备将更加信息化、智能化、专业化和模块化,并通过谱系化发展使其功能日臻完善,可靠性不断提高。在此趋势下,我国业务化海洋观测仪器应优先重点发展高精度传感原件和材料、抗生物污损和防腐蚀技术以及智能电子电路、人工智能和自动化技术等。     

关于海洋仪器的分类及其常用技术术语的探讨

海洋仪器的分类及其基本术语的统一是发展我国海洋仪器事业不可缺少的一项工作。它们对形成海洋仪器事的共同语言，保证海洋调查资料的质量，促进国内外技术交流都有重要意义。     

同位素技术在海洋倾废区选划中的应用

本文从以往海洋倾废区选划中存在的问题出发，结合国内外海洋倾废区的选划实例，论述了同位素技术在海洋倾废区选划中的重要作用。为了提高倾废区的选划质量，作者建议尽快制定《海洋倾废区选划规范》，并将有关的同位素技术纳入该规范之中。     

倾废航行数据记录仪的数据判读

本文简要介绍了我所研制的ＨＹＱ１－１型倾废航行数据记录仪的特性。根据该仪器在实际运行中取得的大量数据,探讨一些特殊航线的判读方法以及地面数据处理软件的改进措施。     

Impact of dredging and dumping on the stability of ebb–flood channel systems

The impact of dredging and dumping on the morphologic stability of the tidal channels is investigated using morphologic field observations for the Westerschelde estuary dating back to 1955. The results are used to verify the theoretical concept presented by Wang and Winterwerp (2001). This concept states that a critical threshold for the amount of sediment dumping exists above which a channel system in equilibrium may become unstable and degenerate. The value of this threshold amounts to 5–10% of the total sediment transport capacity. Verification of this concept using field observations is not straightforward as the morphology of tidal channel often changes as a result of both natural processes and human interferences, i.e. the channels are not in equilibrium. In addition, the morphological timescales associated with channel degeneration are large (decades to centuries). Verification of the theory thus requires a careful analysis of abundant morphological data and numerical modeling of sediment transports. The results of such analyses presented in this study confirm the existence and the approximate magnitude of the critical level for dumping that follows from theory. Refined guidelines are derived to use the theoretical concept as an engineering tool for the evaluation and design of strategies for dumping in estuarine multi-channel systems. In the absence of the required morphological data the indicative theoretical level of 5–10% can be used to obtain a first estimate of the dump capacity in two-channel systems.     

海洋倾倒区对附近海域环境影响分析 ——以嵊泗上川山为例

文章根据2016—2017年3个航次的嵊泗上川山疏浚物海洋倾倒区跟踪监测资料，分析了倾倒活动对该海域的水下地形、水质、沉积物、生物的影响情况。结果表明：倾倒区局部区域出现一定的淤积态势，平均淤积厚度为0.13 m；疏浚物倾倒过程中，海水中的悬浮物、无机氮和磷酸盐含量明显增加，沉积物中的硫化物和镉有所增加；倾倒结束后水质、沉积物和生物都恢复至倾倒前水平。长期来看，受倾倒活动影响较大的是底栖生物，其生物量和栖息密度较本底值都明显降低。     

The fate of dumped sediments monitored by a high-resolution multibeam echosounder system,Weser Estuary,German Bight

With the development of high-resolution multibeam echosounder systems (MBES) for surveying shallow-water areas a new tool is available to monitor rapid changes in seabed morphology as, e.g., caused by the dumping of dredge spoil in coastal waters. In this study, four data sets of repeated bathymetric surveys with a MBES were processed and analyzed. The data were collected in a 1.94-km² dumping site in the outer Weser Estuary (German Bight). Between June and December 1998, 2.6 million m³ of dredged sediment were deposited there. The bathymetric maps generated in the course of this study reveal features such as subaqueous dunes, scour holes, and mounds of dumped dredge spoil. The mean water depth decreased by about 1 m during the dumping period. Furthermore, difference grids showing changes in sediment volume allowed a calculation of the sediment budget for the monitored area. After a time period of only 5 months, 0.5 million m³ of the originally dumped 2.6 million m³ of dredge spoil had already been removed from the dumping site.     

The gradual subduction-collision evolution model of Proto-South China Sea and its control on oil and gas

This study involved outcrop, drilling, seismic, gravity, and magnetic data to systematically document the geological records of the subduction process of Proto-South China Sea (PSCS) and establish its evolution model. The results indicate that a series of arc-shaped ophiolite belts and calcalkaline magmatic rocks are developed in northern Borneo, both of which have the characteristics of gradually changing younger from west to east, and are direct signs of subduction and collision of PSCS. At the same time, the subduction of PSCS led to the formation of three accretion zones from the south to the north in Borneo, the Kuching belt, Sibu belt, and Miri belt. The sedimentary formation of northern Borneo is characterized by a three-layer structure, with the oceanic basement at the bottom, overlying the deep-sea flysch deposits of the Rajang–Crocker group, and the molasse sedimentary sequence that is dominated by river-delta and shallow marine facies at the top, recording the whole subduction–collision–orogeny process of PSCS. Further, seismic reflection and tomography also confirmed the subduction and collision of PSCS. Based on the geological records of the subduction and collision of PSCS, combined with the comprehensive analysis of segmented expansion and key tectonic events in the South China Sea, we establish the “gradual” subduction-collision evolution model of PSCS. During the late Eocene to middle Miocene, the Zengmu, Nansha, and Liyue–Palawan blocks were separated by West Baram Line and Balabac Fault, which collided with the Borneo block and Kagayan Ridge successively from the west to the east, forming several foreland basin systems, and PSCS subducted and closed from the west to the east. The subduction and extinction of PSCS controlled the oil and gas distribution pattern of southern South China Sea (SSCS) mainly in three aspects. First, the “gradual” closure process of PSCS led to the continuous development of many large deltas in SSCS. Second, the deltas formed during the subduction–collision of PSCS controlled the development of source rocks in the basins of SSCS. Macroscopically, the distribution and scale of deltas controlled the distribution and scale of source rocks, forming two types of source rocks, namely, coal measures and terrestrial marine facies. Microscopically, the difference of terrestrial higher plants carried by the delta controlled the proportion of macerals of source rocks. Third, the difference of source rocks mainly controlled the distribution pattern of oil and gas in SSCS. Meanwhile, the difference in the scale of source rocks mainly controlled the difference in the amount of oil and gas discoveries, resulting in a huge amount of oil and gas discoveries in the basin of SSCS. Meanwhile, the difference of macerals of source rocks mainly controlled the difference of oil and gas generation, forming the oil and gas distribution pattern of “nearshore oil and far-shore gas”.     

长江口及邻近海域夏季表层沉积物中重金属等的分布、来源与沉积物环境质量

通过现场调查研究报道了长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属、有机碳、石油类、硫化物以及氮磷的分布、来源以及沉积物环境质量.结果显示,长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属、有机碳、石油类、硫化物以及氮磷的分布很不均匀,除硫化物外,重金属、有机碳、石油类以及氮磷基本呈现长江口和杭州湾东北近岸的上海外海出现高值,其他区域浓度较低...     

Human empowerment: Opportunities from ocean governance

Stimulus to reach the millennium goals of poverty abatement and empowerment, including education and employment, for the large part of the population in the coastal zone can be found in the resources and services of oceans and coasts; the required financial means, given political will and right priorities, can be provided through implementation of the related international conventions, in particular UNCLOS with the EEZ, the Common Heritage of Mankind and other provisions, Agenda 21 [1] of UNCED and the WSSD 2002 Ocean Targets; the motivation is the necessity to address over-exploitation, depletion and destruction of resources, habitats and coastal ecosystem services, global changes, as well as economic transformations and social conditions of poverty, employment and unequity. Achieving adequate management and protection of natural assets as ecosystems and their services, habitats, biodiversity requires that the socio-economic and human security needs of the coastal populations are met. One way to reach the goal is to enable them, representing about 50% of the global population and increasing, to fight poverty and cope with uncertainties and changing conditions of employment, environment and sustainability through proper governance of the coastal and ocean assets. This includes provision of education and knowledge as regards these assets and their proper uses. They include energy, water, food, transportation and trade, communication, coastal developments, tourism, recreation and ecosystem services, as well as the need to properly manage them.The present economic system cannot fully harmonize with the required governance, partly since the ecosystem resources and services are not internalised in the market-oriented system. This calls for a revised education and training system, more comprehensive than the present, taking into account the social, cultural and environmental requirements, and stressing the sustainable development paradigm. In order to achieve ocean governance and comprehensive human security an understanding of the system is needed. This is substantiated through the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development as well as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.The aim here is to discuss some of the issues in context of implementation of related ocean conventions and commitments, which include achieving ocean governance, and to elucidate opportunities given by oceans and coasts, also in generating employment and providing for basic human needs.     

中国近海有害藻华研究现状与展望

海洋或淡水环境中的一些藻类生物量暴发性增长会形成有害藻华(harmfulalgalblooms,HAB),对人类健康、生态安全和社会经济发展构成威胁。近50年来,近海有害藻华问题不断加剧,已经成为一类全球性的海洋生态环境问题。在"全球有害藻华生态学与海洋学研究计划(GEOHAB)"和"全球变化下有害藻华研究计划(GlobalHAB)"支持下,有害藻华研究不断深入,在"有害藻华原因种多样性、生物地理分布特征与适应策略"、"典型有害藻华的生态学与海洋学研究"、"富营养化和气候变化对有害藻华的影响"、"藻毒素与人类健康"、"有害藻华的监测、预警和防控"等方面取得了重要进展。有害藻华是我国近海最突出的生态灾害之一,自2000年以来,我国近海大规模有害藻华不断出现,藻华原因种表现出多样化、小型化和有害化的演变趋势,对沿海地区社会经济发展和生态系统健康构成严重威胁。针对我国近海的有害藻华,本文从有害藻华原因种基础生物学研究、有害藻华生态学与海洋学研究、近海有毒藻和藻毒素研究、有害藻华监测与治理研究等四个方面对主要研究进展进行了总结和分析。综合国内外有害藻华现状和相关研究进展,建议进一步深化对我国近海有害藻华形成及演变机理的研究,高度关注全球变化和人类活动对我国近海有害藻华的影响,推动有害藻华监测预警体系建设,持续提高对藻华灾害的防控能力,积极参与有害藻华领域国际合作,更好地应对有害藻华问题。     

黄河断流对黄河三角洲生态环境的影响

介绍了黄河断流的特点和原因，分析了黄河断流的变化趋势及断流在黄河三角洲地区造成的影响，指出断流不仅加重三角洲地区今后防洪的负担，而且对三角洲环境变化将产生重大影响，研究表明，黄河断流的原因是多方面的，流域降雨量的减少，水土保持减水是黄河流域水资源不足的主要原因；但人为用水如城乡工农业用水和居民生活用水量增加加剧了黄河的断流；人为引水过程中的水资源不合理利用乃至严重浪费，流域引水管理混乱，水资源统一调配的机构和机制不健全，缺乏具体有效的控制引水措施和手段是导致近年来黄河断流加剧的根源，黄河断流对三角液地区的生态环境影响是严重的而且涉及到多个方面，包括造成了三角液地区水资源的极度匮乏，影响三角洲地区水质质量，造成地下水质恶化，区域植被生态系统良性循环变差，陆区农业及海区渔业生态系统失调，湿地生态系统退化，生物多样性减少等多方面的影响。