汕头湾表层沉积物重金属元素含量和分布特征研究

于2002年9月在汕头湾采集了13个表层沉积物样品,测定了它们的细粒级组分、总有机质、铝、铁、锰、铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、镍、钴的含量,对其分布特征及其彼此之间相关性进行了分析,并以南海陆架区重金属含量为背景值计算了汕头湾表层沉积物重金属元素的富集系数,结果表明,铁、锰、铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、镍、钴的含量范围分别为2.91%~3.94%,427.85~810.96,24.43~79.49,84.83~248.50,35.56~50.25,0.30~1.75,36.11~74.22,16.99~31.69,8.22~10.87 mg/kg,其分布由汕头湾上游的榕江口至湾口呈波浪状递减(锰除外)。汕头湾表层沉积物中各重金属的富集系数均大于1,其中富集系数从大到小的重金属元素是铜、镉、铅、锌、镍、铬和锰。人为排污、水动力作用、黏土含量、盐度是多数重金属元素分布特征的控制因素。锰的分布特征更多地取决于汕头湾水域的氧化还原条件。     

乐清湾表层沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

笔者于2012年8月对乐清湾表层沉积物进行了采集,并测定了其中各重金属(汞、砷、铅、镉、铜、铬和锌)元素的含量。采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染情况进行了评价,结果表明:7种重金属元素的地累积污染指数由大到小依次排列为:铜、锌、汞、镉、砷、铅、铬,乐清湾海域基本上所有站位均处于"无-中"的污染水平;同时该海域沉积物重金属污染总体潜在生态风险程度低,各重金属元素潜在生态风险程度由高到低依次排列为:镉、砷、铜、汞、铅、锌、铬,其中镉为该海域主要潜在生态风险因子。     

胶州湾、莱州湾潮间带沉积物污染比较

系统地在胶州湾、莱州湾潮间带获取表层沉积物样，对沉积物中有机污染（有机质，石油类）、重金属（汞，铜，铅，锌，镉，铬，砷）、营养盐（总磷，总氮，总碳）、硫化物进行了定量测定。分析结果表明：除镉、总磷外，各物质在胶州湾潮间带的质量分数普遍大于在莱州湾潮间带内的质量分数；Q型聚类分析将两湾分成两类，受到工业排污、生活污水等人为因素影响严重的胶州湾东部为一类，而受人为因素影响较小的胶州湾西部和莱州湾等其余站位为一类；胶州湾潮间带生态危害程度要高于莱州湾潮间带。     

长江口及其邻近海域悬浮体地球化学组成及其影响因素

基于2010年10月国家自然科学基金委东海调查公共航次所获得的数据和悬浮体样品,使用ICP-AES、ICP-MS仪器对悬浮体中的主、微量元素含量进行了测定,对悬浮体中元素组成、空间分布及其影响因素进行了研究,结果表明:长江口及邻近海域悬浮体中主量元素铝、镁、铁、钙等含量为1%~30%,含量以铝为主;微量元素镉、铬、钴、铜、锰、镍、铅、钒等含量为n×10-6~n×10-9,以锰最高;铝与铁、锰以及大部分的微量元素都有良好的相关性,指示这些主量元素以陆源输入为主和微量元素被细颗粒物质吸附为主的特征。水团对长江口及邻近海域颗粒态地球化学组分的空间分布具有重要的影响,其中铝、铁及铬、钴、铜、锰、镍、钒等元素受水团的制约更加显著。     

辽宁菊花岛海域沉积物中某些化学要素分布特征研究

菊花岛周围海域38个站表层沉积物的铁、锰、铝、钛、磷、有机质、氮、铜、锌、铅、镉、镍和汞等化学要素含量的Q型因子分析计算表明,本区可划分为三个化学元素沉积区:1.海流悬浮沉积区;2.近岸波浪作用区;3.波浪海流作用区。柱状沉积物中铁等化学元素的迁移、富集受氧化——还原界面的控制。     

珠江口及其邻近海域重金属的河口过程和沉积物污染风险评价

根据2006年到2007年,“908专项”珠江口附近海域海水与沉积物的调查资料,研究珠江口海域海水和沉积物中重金属含量分布特征;珠江口及附近海域海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、总铬、汞、砷的含量平均值均符合国家一类海水水质标准,采用数理统计相关分析计算出各重金属元素与各环境因子之间的相关,发现在河口重金属主要以稀释混合过程为主,悬浮颗粒物中重金属在酸化作用下以解吸作用为主,氧化还原作用的影响不大.沉积物中铜-锌、铅-锌、铜-镉、铅-镉、锌-镉、铅-铬,锌-铬、镉-铬8组元素间具有显著的相关性,表明它们具有相似的元素地球化学性质和来源;并运用Hakanson潜在生态危害系数法对其潜在生态危害程度进行评估,珠江口沉积物的潜在生态风险的来源是镉和汞占据主要权重,尤其珠江口沉积物中镉的污染程度和潜在生态风险局部激增的特点值得重点关注.     

1998年南极中山站海洋气溶胶的化学组成及其来源判别

从1998年3月7日至1999年3月2日历时12个月,在南极中山站连续采集52个海洋气溶胶样品,提供全部样品的13种化学元素铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、铝、锰、铬、钒、钾、钠、钙、镁含量的实测值.研究表明中山站气溶胶化学成分的含量具有季节性变化的特征.通过富集因子、相关分析、因子分析等方法判别中山站气溶胶化学成分的来源.     

北部湾沉积物中重金属元素的地球化学特征及物源初探

本文根据北部湾沉积物岩心样调查结果计算了铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、砷等重金属元素的背景值,并分析了其与南海陆架区和南海全海域沉积物背景值、广西土壤背景值之间的差异.对北部湾表层沉积物中重金属含量及近10 a的变化趋势以及岩心样中重金属元素含量近百年以来的变化趋势综合分析结果表明:北部湾近岸海域沉积物中铜、砷、汞、镉重金属元素含量总体呈增长趋势,北部湾中部海域沉积物中重金属元素含量的年际变化有升有降,至湾口处沉积物中重金属元素的含量基本不变.综合评价结果表明,北部湾近岸沉积物中砷、汞、镉等重金属元素的地球化学特征明显受到广西人类活动的影响.北部湾沉积物中的重金属元素主要来源于人类活动影响下的广西沿岸陆源输入,经由琼州海峡的外部海域物质输入也有贡献.     

X射线荧光光谱法同曲线测定海洋沉积物和陆地地化样品中的29个主次痕量元素

本法采用粉末压片,使用Axios X射线荧光光谱仪同曲线测定海洋沉积物和陆地地球化学样品中钠、镁、铝、硅、磷、氯、钾、钙、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、砷、溴、钇、铌、锆、锶、铷、铅、钍、钡、铪共29个主次痕量元素。针对地质样品的多样性,通过多种校准样品拟合同曲线测量,降低了检出限,并有效解决了Cl、As等元素的测量范围局限性。用经验系数、理论alpha系数与经验系数相结合和康普顿散射线内标法校正元素间的基体效应。分析结果的精密度和准确度能满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》中的相关要求。     

胶州湾底质痕量元素污染研究

为了查清胶州湾表层沉积物的痕量污染元素对环境的影响,于2002-2004年对胶州湾全区进行了详细的污染调查,并对所获取的312 个表层沉积物样品中的痕量元素按海洋沉积物质量标准进行了评价研究,其中铜有 33 个站位超第一类标准,有 2 个站位超第二类标准,1 个站位超第三类标准.铜在研究区是最严重的污染元素,其污染面广,程度深.铬的污染面仅次于铜,有 29 个站位的样点超标.汞有 22 个站位超标,其中有 5 个站位超第二类标准,1个站位超第三类标准,虽然它的污染面较铜和铬小,但污染程度较严重.锌有 7 个站位超标,其中1个站位超第二类标准.镉的污染程度较低,只有 3 个站位超标.铅的沉积环境较好,只有 2 个站位的含量值超第一类标准.研究区污染最轻的痕量元素是砷.结果表明,这些痕量元素主要为工业和生活污水经排污沟和排污河而进入胶州湾.按其污染范围大小排序是：铜＞铬＞汞＞锌＞镉＞铅＞砷;按其污染程度排序是汞＞铜＞铬＞锌＞镉＞铅.     

渤海中部表层沉积物中重金属赋存相态及来源

近年来由于环渤海经济圈的快速发展,渤海接受了来自周边河流、沿岸排污及海上油气开采所产生的大量的重金属等污染物质,使得渤海的生态环境系统面临前所未有的压力。本文采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）对采自渤海中部的25个表层沉积物样品中的Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd等重金属元素的含量和赋存相态进行了分析,探讨了重金属分布规律、污染状况及来源。研究结果表明,Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr在渤海湾的近岸区域和渤海中部泥质区有较高的含量,而Pb和Cd则在整个研究区的含量都较高;表层沉积物中Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr主要以残渣态形式存在,而Pb和Cd则具有较高的非残渣态含量;生态风险评价结果表明该区表层沉积物未受到Co、Ni、Cr的污染,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd则为未污染-中等程度污染。重金属元素Co、Ni、Cr以自然来源为主,在沉积物中的分布主要受沉积物物质组成的影响,而Cu、Zn、Pb,尤其是Cd,则受到了人类活动的显著影响。黄河沉积物是研究区表层沉积物中重金属的主要来源,影响范围涵盖了本区大部分区域,但在研究区的北端受到滦河来源物质的影响,渤海湾和研究区中部则受到海河物质和大气沉降来源重金属的一定影响。     

Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in Hong Kong coastal waters: changes in space and time

The use of selected organisms as biomonitors of trace metal bioavailabilities allows comparisons to be made over space and time. The concentrations of 11 trace metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, silver, zinc) were measured in the bodies of two barnacle species, Balanus amphitrite and Tetraclita squamosa, from up to 18 littoral sites from Hong Kong coastal waters in April 1998. These data provide evidence on the geographical variation in metal bioavailabilities at this time, and are compared selectively against historical data sets for 1986 and 1989. Geographical variation in bioavailabilities is clear for several metals, with hotspots for arsenic, copper, nickel and silver at Chai Wan Kok, and for lead in Junk Bay. Victoria Harbour sites head the rankings for silver and arsenic, and Tolo Harbour sites exhibit relatively elevated cobalt, manganese and zinc. Many bioavailabilities of trace metals to barnacles are lower in Hong Kong coastal waters in 1998 than in 1986. The two barnacle species are widespread and the extensive data set presented is a benchmark which can be compared to the results of similar biomonitoring programmes elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.     

深圳湾海域表层和柱样沉积物中的重金属分布特征

分析深圳湾表层沉积物中锌、铬、镉、镍、铅、铜等6种重金属元素的含量发现它们的浓度均值已全部超过广东省海岸带沉积物背景值。根据潜在生态危害法,在6种重金属中镉造成的污染最严重,从潜在的生态危害指数评价看镉的含量已达到很高的污染水平。从面状分布看,重金属污染危害指数值在深圳河口区最低,在蛇口段居中等水平,在深圳湾内侧的近岸水域最大。柱样沉积物的浓度变化以1950年为界划分为两部分:1950年以来的现代沉积物中有较强的人类活动干扰痕迹,表现为重金属元素的浓度增长幅度大,且浓度很高,其均值全部大于广东省海岸带的背景值;1950年以前的近代沉积物中有稍弱的人类活动干扰痕迹。研究认为沉积物粒度特征、沉积速率、人类活动与重金属在沉积物中的浓度高低有直接相关关系,并直接影响到重金属在沉积物中的污染水平。     

Distribution characteristics of heavy metals in surface sediments and core sediments of the Shenzhen Bay in Guangdong Province, China

The concentration of zinc, chromium, cadmium, nickel, lead and copper was measured on both surface sediments and core sediments in the Shenzhen Bay. The average contents of all metals have exceeded the background values in the coastal zone of Guangdong Province. Cadmium is a heavy pollution matter which indicates a strong pollution level according to the ecological risk coefficient method. The ecological risk index of the whole area is 299 which belongs to middle and strong level. The area with strong pollution level is the near shore area closing to the inside of Shenzhen Bay, Shakou area is in the middle level while the weak pollution level occurs in Shenzhenhe Estuary according to ecological risk index. The four sediment cores can be divided into two parts based on lead-210 dating, sediments size analysis and economic development period in surrounding areas since 1950 with strong human intervention. The sediment size, deposition rate and human activities have positive relationship with the contents of heavy metals which directly impact the pollution level of heavy metals in sediments in Shenzhen Bay.     

Distribution and their pollution assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters

The present paper deals with the distribution patterns of heavy metals and the associated influencing factors in the Yalu River Estuary and its adjacent coastal waters.Based upon the analysis of the surficial and core sediments measurements,the pollution of heavy metal and potential ecological risk were evaluated.The burial flux and contents of heavy metals(except for copper) have been continuously increasing since the 1920s.Therefore,the gross potential ecological risk for the sedi-ments was high or very high,and the study area was endangered by heavy metals contamination.Heavy metals originated mainly from upstream pollutant input,correlation analysis showed that chromium,nickel,zinc,cadmium,lead,arsenic,and mercury in the sediments of the middle and west channels as well as the sea area of the western Yalu River Estuary concentrations were most probably derived from similar sources.In contrast,the metal of copper most probably originated from sources different from the other metals.Preliminary studies indicate that copper contamination was most likely the result of emission from mining activities situated at the upstream of the river.The contents of heavy metals in the sediments of estuarine turbidity maximum zone of Yalu River were larger than those of any other areas in the middle channel.With large portion of fine sediments,weaker hydrodynamics,and richer sources of heavy metals,the sediments of the west channel,were even more enriched with heavy metals than those of the middle channel.     

The chemical composition and nickel,cobalt, copper,zinc and lead contents of Nanao Bay sediments

The contents of major and some of the minor elements, nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc and lead were studied on sediments collected from three inlets of Nanao Bay located at eastern side of Noto Peninsula. Little variation was found on the average contents of silicon, iron, titanium, aluminum, manganese, magnesium and potassium among the sediments of West, South and North Bays in Nanao Bay. Whereas significant difference was found on the contents of calcium, chlorine, sulfur and nitrogen among sediments of three bays.As to the minor elements, the average contents of nickel (20±5 ppm), cobalt (5±1 ppm), copper (18±5 ppm) and lead (17±8 ppm) are relatively low but zinc content is high in these sediments comparing with those of coastal deposit around Japan Island. From the results obtained here, it became clear that no environmental contamination of nickel, cobalt, copper and lead, and a little organic pollution were found in Nanao Bay sediments.     

Distribution and Enrichment of Heavy Metals in Recent Sediments of Safaga Bay,Egypt

The present study was undertaken for assessing the level of heavy metals such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, lead, and cobalt in recent sediment samples of Safaga Bay, Egypt. Concentration of heavy metals in sediments shows significant variability and ranges from 863.37 to 1144.93 ppm for Fe, 64.29–586.8 ppm for Mn, 2.7–12.68 ppm for Zn, 3.01–7.2 ppm for Pb, 1.53–3.29 ppm for Ni, 0.55–1.57 ppm for Co, 0.16–1.37 ppm for Cu, and 0.22–0.4 ppm for Cd.

Sediment pollution assessments were carried out using an enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index. The calculation of enrichment factor showed that Cd is enriched by 4.1 due to phosphate sources in Safaga Bay. The Geoaccumulation index results revealed that there are positive and negative correlations between Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, and Cd indicating that these metals have complicated geochemical behaviors.     

Variations in the elemental composition of ferromanganese structures from Lake Baikal

The elemental composition of ferromanganese sedimentary structures from the bottom of Lake Baikal represented by nodules and crusts, as well as the enclosing sediments, have been studied by the atomic absorption, chemical, and ICP-MS methods. It is established that the contents of the rock-forming and accompanying elements in them are highly variable. In this connection, the examined samples are divided in two groups differing by their Mn/Fe values. In most of the samples, they range from 0.01 to 0.1, although some of the ferromanganese structures or their parts are substantially enriched in manganese. The contents of most of the rare and dispersed elements in the ferromanganese structures are usually at the background level, although the samples maximally enriched in iron or manganese are characterized by relatively high copper, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, zinc, and molybdenum concentrations.     

Elemental geochemical records of seafloor hydrothermal activities in the sediments from the Okinawa Trough

The major and minor element contents in the sediment core H9 from the hydrothermal fields of the Okinawa Trough show a sharp change at the depth of 80 cm. The elements enriched in the upper 80 cm core are those enriched in the hydrothermal deposits and in the surface sediments recovered from the hydrothermal fields in the trough, which indicates the input of hydrothermal materials. Comparing with other hydrothermal sediments from Mid-ocean Ridges or the Lau Basin, the degree of the enrichment of elements iron, copper,cobalt, and nickel is relatively low. However, the enrichment of elements manganese, lead, arsenic, antimony and mercury is remarkable. The average contents of these elements in the upper 80 cm core sediments are three to six times those in the lower section, and 3~12 times those in the surface sediments which are not influenced by hydrothermal activities. Hydrothermal activities have contributed significant manganese, lead, arsenic, antimony and mercury to the sediments, and these elements are distinct indicators for the hydrothermal activity in the Okinawa Trough. The significant enrichment of these elements in Core H9 upward from the depth 80 cm indicates the start or the significant enhancing of the hydrothermal activity in this area at about 5 740 aB.P. The average accumulation rate of manganese during this period is about 40 461 μg/(cm2·ka), which is similar to the hydrothermal sediments in the Lau Basin or the East Pacific Rise.