基于BISQ模型双相各向同性介质中地震波数值模拟

基于BISQ机制,推导了双相各向同性介质中弹性波数值模拟方程,并借助交错网格有限差分方法进行了波场模拟。证实了三种波(快纵波、慢纵波、横波SV)的存在和波场特征;在合成地震记录中,观测列三种波的反射,由于各种波相互之间的转换,转换波在地震记录中显示也很清楚,这使得波场变得更为复杂化。     

RVSP弹性波数值模拟及传播特征分析

基于纵波、横波解耦的弹性波高阶有限差分方程和PML吸收边界条件,实现了RVSP观测统中弹性波数值模拟。采用完全弹性波波动方程进行数值模拟,可以得到纵波和横波的混合波场,且波场丰富,符合实际地震波的传播规律。该正演模拟方法纵波、横波自然解耦,产生全波场、纯纵波和纯横波模拟记录。通过对层状介质模型、凹陷模型,以及实际复杂介质模型的RVSP弹性波进行数值模拟,得到各模型不同分量下全波、纯纵波和纯横波的波场,并对弹性波传播特征进行了分析,为下一步的RVSP地震资料处理和解释工作奠定了理论基础。     

VTI介质中井间地震三分量数据的波场特征

用波动方程的有限差分数值解法,模拟了井间地震观测到的VTI介质中传播的波场,合成井间地震共炮点的三分量记录,对比识别了野外实际井间地震三分量观测记录上的快纵波、慢纵波、快横波和慢横波,分析了各类波的传播速度和偏振特性,为井间地震数据的波场分离、不同类型波场的成像以及纵横波和快慢波的联合解释提供依据。      

基于高阶有限差分纵横波分解的弹性波数值模拟

常规弹性波数值模拟方法得到的VSP波场信息中,P波和S波是相互耦合在一起的,波场信息复杂,在进行多波多分量地震波场特征分析时需要进行波场分离。这里采用纵波、横波解耦的弹性波波动方程高阶有限差分算法进行数值模拟,并采用PML边界条件处理人工边界条件,得到纵波、横波解耦的独立VSP纵波、横波记录,为进一步研究弹性波VSP波场特征奠定了基础。     

利用时间分裂的错格伪谱法模拟地震波在基于改进BISQ模型的双相介质中的传播

改进的BISQ(Biot-Squirt)模型中各参数具有明确的物理意义和可实现性,在不引入特征喷流长度的情况下可将Biot流动和喷射流动两种力学机制有机地结合起来;而高精度的地震波场数值模拟技术是研究双相介质地震波传播规律的重要手段。本文从本构方程、动力学方程和动力学达西定律出发,推导了基于改进BISQ模型的双相各向同性介质的一阶速度--应力方程组;采用时间分裂错格伪谱法求该方程组的数值解,模拟半空间及层状双相介质中的地震波场。数值模拟结果表明:①与传统方法相比,时间分裂错格伪谱法波场数值模拟的精度更高,压制网格频散效果更好;②在非黏滞相界情况下,慢纵波呈传播性,而在黏滞相界情况下,慢纵波呈扩散性,以静态模式出现在震源位置;③双相介质分界面处,各类波型复杂的反射透射规律可由数值模拟结果清晰展现。     

二阶弹性波动方程高精度交错网格波场分离数值模拟

给出了一种等价的二阶弹性波动方程,以解决弹性波场中完全弹性波动方程不能完全分离耦合的纵、横波波场问题.应用高阶交错网格有限差分法求解该波动方程,并使用通量校正技术(FCT)进一步压制频散,采用均匀介质模型和层状介质模型进行波场分离数值试验,精确得到了混合波场、完全分离的纯纵波及纯横波波场.数值结果分析表明,本文方法在均匀介质情况下准确可靠,在分离后的纯纵、横波波场中可观察到较为丰富的能量转换信息,这对认识复杂弹性波的传播规律及弹性波理论具有重要意义.     

双相TI介质中弹性波交错网格高阶有限差分法数值模拟

应用双相介质波动方程,推导了双相横向各向同性介质(TI)中波动方程的有限差分格式,对双相TI介质中弹性波有限差分数值进行了模拟.结果表明,弹性波在双相TI介质中传播时,除了存在常规的快纵波(qP1)和横波以外,还存在慢纵波( qP2).并且慢纵波的速度明显小于快纵波,而且受耗散系数的影响衰减地很快,所以在实际中很难观测到慢纵波.快纵波在固相和流相中相位相同,而慢纵波在固相和流相中的相位相反.慢纵波在流相中振幅大,而在固相中的振幅较小.     

三维方位各向异性介质数值模拟及波场分析

采用交错网格技术将速度-应力方程中的速度对时间的导数转化为应力对空间的导数, 将弹性波动方程表示为与二阶双曲方程等价的一阶应力-速度公式, 以实现三维三分量地震波场模拟。对获得的波场快照、VSP记录图像和地面记录图像进行波场分析, 发现在波场图像中存在明显的拟P波、拟快横波和慢横波, 还出现了横波分裂、横波分裂盲区及波面三分叉等地震波在方位各向异性介质传播时产生的特殊现象。研究结果表明, 用交错网格三维模拟方法研究方位各向异性介质对方位各向异性介质中地震波传播反演能起到很强的辅助作用。     

叠前弹性波逆时深度偏移及波场分离技术探讨

这里探讨了Sun和McMechan提出的叠前弹性波标量逆时深度偏移方法,即在地表附近,对地表接收到的弹性波波场分量进行波场逆时延拓,然后分别对在波场延拓过程中通过波场分离得到的纯纵、横波反射波场进行偏移。在模型中,每个网格点的纵、横波成像时间,为震源到该网格点的纵波初至时间。利用纵波速度模型和声波传播方程的有限差分解,对反射纵波进行逆时延拓和成像,利用横波速度模型和声波传播方程的有限差分解,对转换横波进行逆时延拓和成像,并在偏移前进行极性校正。然后,在Sun和McMechan偏移成像方法的基础上,提出了直接偏移成像方法,即对地表接收到的弹性波波场分量在整个模型范围内进行波场逆时延拓。在波场延拓过程中,对符合成像条件的网格点进行波场分离、偏移成像和转换波极性校正。最后,通过数值模拟对二种偏移成像方法的结果进行了比较。     

基于PML井间地震纵横波分离的弹性波数值模拟

井间地震方法观测到的波场信息丰富且复杂,其难点是如何识别和分离这些波场信息。这里从纵波波场为无旋场,横波波场为无散场出发,利用一阶速度～应力方程的交错网格高阶有限差分法,对井间弹性波纵、横波场分离问题进行了数值模拟。经数值模拟试验表明,同二阶的位移方程相比,使用等价的波场分离交错网格的一阶速度应力方程,无论是模拟精度还是模拟的稳定性方面都有了较大的提高,同时该横波资料的获取方法为井间地震资料的解释应用,提供了一种新的技术思路。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of