华北平原气候时空演变特征

地下水是华北平原主要的供水水源,大气降水入渗补给又是该区地下水的主要补给,因此研究气候时空演变特征对于深入剖析气候变化对其地下水资源的影响具有重要意义。依据中国18个地面气候站1951-2011年逐日气候观测资料,剖析华北平原气候时空演变特征。结果表明:华北平原近60年最低气温显著升高,最高气温基本稳定,平均气温明显升高;空间上呈由西南向东北逐渐降低、由沿海向内陆增高的趋势。降水量总体呈逐渐减少趋势,空间上由山前向滨海逐渐减弱后增强;对比分析典型极端丰枯水年的降水分布特征,不同降水年空间分布差异显著。水面蒸发量整体呈下降趋势,空间上南、北部大于中部。华北平原气候总体向暖干化方向发展,两次突变主要发生在20世纪60年代中期和70年代初。气候变化和人类活动是影响地下水资源的两个重要因素,极端气候则加强了对地下水的影响。因此,定量区分气候变化与人类活动对地下水的影响是有待进一步深入探讨的问题。     

河北平原深层碱性淡水形成的水文地球化学模拟——以保定、沧州地区为例

以揭示河北平原深层碱性淡水化学形成机制为主要研究目的, 选择河北平原深层碱性淡水发育的保定、沧州地区为典型研究区, 应用水文地球综合分析方法和地下水地球化学模拟技术, 探讨了深层碱性淡水水化学性质、分布规律及形成的自然环境; 依据质量守恒原理建立深层地下水质量平衡反应模型, 研究了从山前至滨海整个水流路径上所发生的水文地球化学作用及水、岩间的质量交换, 从而揭示了深层地下水化学演化规律的内涵及深层碱性淡水水化学形成机制.主要结论是深碱性淡水是由山前补给区HCO₃-Ca·Mg水逐步演化而来, 从山前至中部平原, 在地下水环境由开放转为封闭的过程中, 方解石、白云石溶解和沉淀, 钠长石、石膏、岩盐和菱铁矿的溶解, Ca-Na阳离子交换是控制其形成和演化的主要水文地球化学作用.      

北京市平原区地下水更新能力变化的动态均衡证据

对北京市地下水更新能力的时空变化进行分析,为地下水资源管理提供依据。用地下水动态均衡法对北京市平原区地下水,尤其是开采层地下水的补给量、更新周期、更新速率和补给速率等参数做了计算,进而对地下水更新能力及其时空变化做评价和分析。研究结果表明：在自然状态下,地下水更新能力总体上自山前至平原区腹地由强变弱,但总体上更新能力较强;含水层接受外来水源补给的边界条件和赋水条件良好,降水量的多寡是影响地下水更新能力的瓶颈因素;2001－2008年的地下水平均补给速率（0.28 m/a）比1981－2000年减少了35.6%,更新能力明显减弱;近些年地下水开采强度连年大于其更新能力,导致与自然状态下相比地下水位埋深平均下降幅度已达19.73 m,含水层中地下水减少量达101×10⁸ m³。以上证据表明,在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,北京市未来的地下水资源可持续供水问题十分严峻。     

近50年来我国北方典型区域地下水演化特征

文章在总结中国北方地下水最新调查成果的基础上,选择西北内陆盆地、华北平原和松嫩平原为典型区,对近50年来区域地下水系统的演变特征及其影响因素进行探讨。研究发现: 我国北方盆地和平原地下水系统演化具有渐变性和突变性特征,但在不同地区存在着差异,区域地下水系统已经变得脆弱,地下水资源可持续利用向不利的方向发展。地下水补给演变表现为山前平原地带的补给能力减弱,河道补给减弱或消失,中下游农业区地下水补给强度增大,总补给量呈现减小的趋势;  其中,西北内陆盆地下水补给的减少与上游水资源利用过度、渠系防渗程度提高有关;  而华北平原和松嫩平原地下水总补给量的减少与降雨量的减少和山区河流拦蓄水量的增加有关。伴随着补给模式的改变,地下水流场演变表现为普遍出现持续性的区域地下水位下降,西北干旱区表现为山前平原地下水位快速下降、泉流量减少、溢出带下移;  华北平原和松嫩平原表现为溢出带消失、水位降落漏斗形成并发展,区域地下水流被截断,形成以降落漏斗为中心的局部水流系统。地下水化学场变化主要表现为水化学类型变化、矿化度增大,污染组分增加。自西北内陆盆地至华北平原、松嫩平原,水化学变化强度明显增加,以华北平原和松嫩平原最为明显。本文在这些认识的基础上提出了应对气候变化与人类活动双重影响下地下水演变的适应性对策,为地下水资源可持续利用提供了理论依据。     

Spatio-temporal variations in precipitation on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 1963 to 2012

Spatio-temporal variations in precipitation are affecting agricultural production in China in the context of climate change. Based on daily precipitation data from 63 national meteorological stations on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 1963 to 2012, this paper analysed the spatio-temporal variations in precipitation in terms of precipitation days and intensity, using spatial interpolation, linear trend estimation and wavelet analysis. The results indicated that: (i) from 1963 to 2012, the number of annual precipitation days and intensity decreased gradually from the southeast to the northwest. Additionally, the distribution of the extreme precipitation index was similar to that of the annual precipitation index; (ii) the number of annual precipitation days and heavy precipitation days gradually decreased, while precipitation intensity and extreme precipitation days and extreme rainfall intensity remained relatively stable or decreased. The spatial patterns of annual variation trends were considerably different. The annual precipitation days and intensity trends are consistent with the overall trend, while that of the extreme rainfall index in some regions differs from the overall trend; (iii) the precipitation index displayed different periodic oscillations during the period, and the precipitation index values differed at different time scales. However, all the precipitation index values exhibited a 28-yr oscillation.     

Key pluvial parameters in assessing rainfall erosivity in the south-west development region,Romania

Located in the south-western part of Romania, the south-west development region overlaps the main relief forms: the Carpathians mountains, the Getic Subcarpathians, the Getic piedmont, the Romanian plain and the Danube valley. The study aims at providing an overview on the main pluvial parameters and their role in assessing rainfall erosivity in the study area. The authors assessed the occurrence, frequency and magnitude of some of the most significant pluvial parameters and their impact on the climatic aggressiveness in the study area. Thus, the monthly and annual mean and extreme climatic values for different rainfall related parameters (e.g., maximum amounts of precipitation/24 hr, heavy rainfall), as well as relevant indices and indicators for pluvial aggressiveness (Fournier, Fournier Modified, Angot) were calculated. The rainfall erosivity was assessed in order to provide both the spatial distribution of the triggering extreme weather phenomena and the resulted intensity classes for the analysed indices and indicators. The authors used long-term precipitation records (1961–2010) for the selected relevant meteorological stations distributed throughout all analysed relief units.     

河北省地下水资源承载能力评价及预警方法研究

河北省由于地下水持续超采引发一系列生态环境问题,其根源在于人类活动强度超出了地下水资源承载能力,并缺乏及时有效的预警。为了构建更符合河北省实际的地下水资源承载能力评价体系,解决以往预警方法需要设置固定的水位、水量预警区间值,水位的区域差异导致的宏观性评价困难、工作量巨大且无法动态修正的问题,从地下水的资源属性和社会属性出发,采用指标体系综合分析评判法,建立承载本底、承载状态2个层面的承载能力评价体系;采用地下水开发利用程度为主,水位变化幅度加以修正的“双控联动”预警方法,实现两指标的动态联动且无需设置固定的水位、水量区间。研究表明河北省地下水资源承载本底整体较好,但由于开发利用程度高,承载状态多处于超载状态,承载能力太行山中南部高于北部及燕山山区、坝上地区,山前冲洪积平原优于中部湖积平原和滨海平原;受咸水分布、工农业生产取水量大等因素影响,地下水红色及橙色预警区域主要分布于河北平原中部冲湖积平原的沧州、衡水地区、太行山山前平原邯邢交界区域及城市市区周边。评价及预警结果与河北省实际情况吻合。该评价方法具有区域适用性强、可操作性好、数据易获取等优点。     

高氟地下水的水文地球化学环境及氟的赋存形式与地氟病患病率的关系──以华北平原为例

在华北平原，地方性氟中毒疾病（简称地氟病）主要由于饮水中含氟量高（超过１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）而引起，属饮水型病区。本文分析了地氟病致病的主要环境因素，讨论了形成高氟地下水的水文地球化学环境，并以河北邢台地区山前平原浅层地下水系统为例，应用地下水地球化学模拟的理论和方法，对研究区浅层地下水系统氟的水文地球化学进行定量研究，从统计学的角度研究了浅层高氟地下水中氟的组分存在形式与地氟病患病率的相关关系。     

Numerical Modelling of Geochemical Behaviour of Fluoride in the Shallow Groundwater Systems

The Xingtai piedmont plain in Hebei Province is a representative area in northern China where endemic fluorosis is serious and shallow high-F ground water is distributed. In this paper, the area is selected as a typical study area, and on the basis of large amounts of field work and the experiments, through groundwater geochemical modelling and by applying the theory and method of the coupled model of hydrodynamic transport and chemical reactions in a multicomponent system, the author performed numerical modelling of the geochemical behaviour of fluoride in a shallow groundwater system, quantitatively studied the hydrodynamic transport and chemical reaction of fluorine migration, transformation and concentration in a water-heterogeneous unsaturated soil system under the conditions of meteoric water infiltration and quantitatively determined the speciation of fluorine and the saturation state and dissolution/precipitation trend of various solid precipitates in shallow high-F groundwater, thus deepening t     

中国典型地区地下水位对环境的控制作用及阈值研究

研究采用理论分析和实践成果相结合、区域宏观分析与典型地区深入剖析相结合的研究方法,从地下水不合理开发利用引起的环境问题出发,选取华北地区、西北地区以及沿海地区作为典型区,分析地下水位对环境的控制作用,提出了具有针对性的地下水位控制阈值。华北平原有利于山前调蓄的地下水位埋深为10m、中东部平原浅层控制土壤盐渍化水位埋深为2~3 m、防止地裂缝的水位埋深为7 m、深层控制地面沉降水位埋深为50 m、浅埋岩溶区地下水位应控制在岩溶含水层上覆的松散岩类的底板高程(2 m)之上;西北地区控制天然植被衰败的地下水位埋深为2.0~4.5 m和人工绿洲灌溉期控制土壤盐渍化的地下水位埋深为1.2~1.5 m,非灌溉期中冻结期地下水位埋深1.3~1.5 m,冻融期为2.2~2.7 m;沿海地区防止海水入侵的地下水位阈值应控制在漏斗中心水位高程-5~-6 m,最大不超过-8 m。上述地下水位控制阈值的确定,为实施地下水总量控制和水位控制管理提供了科学依据。     

Identifying the recharge sources and age of groundwater in the Songnen Plain (Northeast China) using environmental isotopes

The recharge sources and groundwater age in the Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were confirmed using environmental isotopes. The isotopic signatures of the unconfined aquifers in the southeast elevated plain and the north and west piedmont, cluster along local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) with a slope of about 5. The signature of source water was obtained by the intersection of these LMWLs with the regional meteoric water line (RMWL). This finding provides evidence that the recharge water for these areas originate from the Changbai Mountains and the Low and High Hingan Mountains, respectively. Groundwater in the unconfined aquifer in the low plain yields a LMWL with a slope of 4.4; its nitrate concentration indicates the admixture of irrigation return flow. The δ-values of the unconfined aquifer in the east elevated plain plot along the RMWL, reflecting recharge by local precipitation. The mean residence time of groundwater in these aquifers is less than 50?years. However, the ¹⁴C age of the groundwater in the confined Quaternary aquifer ranges from modern to 19,500?years, and in the Tertiary confined aquifer from 3,100 to 24,900?years. Modern groundwater is mainly recharged to the Quaternary confined aquifer on the piedmont by local precipitation and lateral subsurface flow.     

云南鹤庆盆地近1Ma来的气候序列重建初探

云南鹤庆盆地近1Ma来的孢粉植物群很好地揭示了本区的环境演化过程。本文利用植物生态位知识,通过模糊数学方法对鹤庆(QH)孔孢粉序列所记录的古气候信息进行重塑,建立了近1Ma来的年均温、年降水量及年较差序列,并将本区气候演化分为4个气候旋回,32个气候期。该序列可与黄土-古土壤序列及海洋^δ18O阶段对比,但冷暖波动的幅度及降温时段持续的长短有其特色,表明本区气候既受全球气候变化的控制,又受青藏高原阶段隆升的制约;近1Ma来气温的波动幅度呈递增趋势,0.30MaB.P.尤其显著;冷、暖段间年均温的变化幅度由第一气候旋回的7℃增大到第三气候旋回的9℃(按4次平滑值计算),而样点的实际最大差值由8℃增至16℃;最强烈的降温发生在第二气候旋回中的0.45～0.14MaB.P.时间段,这与玉龙雪山冰川活动规模最大相一致;降温时年降水量及年较差值增大,证实近1Ma来,西南季风区的气候组构与东南季风区不同。     

辽河三角洲地下潜水现状及变化规律研究

在辽河三角洲地区,布设10个地下水监测点,通过3年的动态监测,得到第四系孔隙潜水水质动态变化规律.辽河三角洲地区地下水矿化度普遍较高,范围介于1~31 g/L.西部山前倾斜平原,地下水矿化度较小,水质较好.南部滨海低平原区,矿化度介于12~31 g/L,地下水为盐水.东北部冲积平原区地下水矿化度介于1~3 g/L,为微咸水.在地下水化学类型方面,HCO₃-Na型地下水主要分布于西部山前倾斜平原区;Cl-Na型地下水主要分布在南部滨海低平原地区;Cl-Na·Ca型地下水主要分布在北部和东部的冲积平原区;HCO₃·Cl-Na型地下水主要分布在东北部的冲积平原区.山前倾斜平原地区,地下水水质基本保持着良好的状态,大部分地区水质变化不大.南部低平原区,Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺及矿化度持续升高,高矿化度、氯化物型和钠型水分布面积增大,向周边扩散.北部冲积平原地区,地下水的各组分及矿化度略有起伏,变化不大并趋于稳定.     

河北平原地下水氢、氧、碳、氯同位素组成的环境意义

地下水是古气候信息的载体，它的化学成分和同位素组成可以反映古气候的演变。应用３Ｈ、１４Ｃ和３６Ｃｌ资料计算的河北平原地下水的年龄如下：第１含水组（Ｑ４）０～３ｋａ，第２含水组（Ｑ３）３～１００ｋａ，第３含水组（Ｑ２）１００～３００ｋａ，第４含水组（Ｑ１）３００～７００ｋａ。根据δ１８Ｏ和δＤ计算的地下水补给期的地面平均气温表明，第四纪以来河北平原气候环境是逐渐变暖的。根据第４至第１含水组（Ｑ１～Ｑ４）地下水δＤ＝－７０‰的等值线变化，认为第四纪以来，渤海海岸线逐渐由东向西移动。     

冀中山前农业区地下水位强降弱升特征与机制

针对冀中山前平原农业区浅层地下水位不断下降问题,采用时间序列异变特征和趋势分析方法,基于小时级、自记监测的地下水位动态资料,通过农业区灌溉期、非灌溉期地下水位变化程度的差异特征及机制研究,结果表明:该平原农业区浅层地下水位变化在主灌溉期呈"cm/d"级(大于1.0 cm/d)下降、非灌溉期呈"mm/d"级(小于1.0 cm/d)上升的特征,这些特征与降水量、年内降水分配状况及其影响的农业开采强度密切相关。前期降水偏枯,灌溉期地下水位下降过程线和年内水位上升过程线的大部分位于当地多年地下水位变化趋势线之下;前期降水偏丰,位于趋势线之上。农业集中开采是地下水位"cm/d"级下降特征的动因,厚大包气带是地下水位"mm/d"级上升特征形成的重要条件。     

Analyses of precipitation,temperature and evapotranspiration in a French Mediterranean region in the context of climate change

This study is focused on the western part of the French Mediterranean area, namely the Pyrénées-Orientales and Aude administrative departments. The water resources (surface and groundwater) in the region are sensitive to climate change. The study addresses the question of whether any trend in the annual and monthly series of temperature, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) already appears at the scale of this region. Two data sources have been used: (a) direct local measurements using the meteorological network; and (b) spatially interpolated data from the French weather service model SAFRAN for the period 1970–2006. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test was applied to identify significant trends at the local scale and, because of the natural spatial variability of the Mediterranean climate, regional interpretation was also performed. The trends observed in the 13 catchments of interest are consistent with those observed at a larger scale. An increase in annual mean temperature and annual PET was observed throughout the study area, whereas annual precipitation has not exhibited any trend. The monthly scale has revealed strong seasonal variability in trend. The trend for an increase in monthly PET has been observed mainly in the spring, and has not been seen in the coastal areas. A trend for an increase in monthly temperature has been observed in June and in the spring throughout the entire area. Monthly rainfall has been found to decrease in June and increase in November throughout the area. The significant trends observed in rainfall and temperature seem to be consistent between the different data sources.     

Evaluation of groundwater supply capacity for agricultural drought emergency relief of Hebei Plain

Drought is the uppermost natural disaster in the Hebei Plain, which during the past 20 years showed a trend of frequency increasing, range extension, longer duration and severer damage. In the Hebei Plain, as a major grain producing area, the agricultural drought emergency relief can only rely on groundwater exploitation. Thus the work to conduct evaluation of groundwater supply capacity for agricultural drought emergency relief of Hebei Plain is of great significance for disaster prevention and relief. In this paper, with the method of analytic hierarchy process, the evaluation index system with reference to 3 aspects and 7 indexes (the former including groundwater resources, groundwater exploitation technical conditions and water supply facilities) and the ArcGIS Desktop ArcMAP software, the work to assess the shallow groundwater supply capacity for agricultural drought emergency relief in the Hebei Plain was carried out.     

Assessment of shallow groundwater vulnerability in Dahei River Plain based on AHP and DRASTIC

Based on the special hydrogeological conditions of the Dahei River Plain in the Inner Mongolia area, assessment of shallow groundwater vulnerability is conducted based on DRASTIC model. Each evaluation indicator weight is determined by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The most important indicators are lithology in soil media and vadose zone. Assessment model of shallow groundwater vulnerability of the Dahei River plain is constructed. Distribution map of vulnerability index in this area is made with the spatial analysis function of ARCGIS. The results show that the particularly sensitive area is the piedmont of the Daqing Mountain, where the upstream place of the groundwater and the south-central place of the plain has the lowest vulnerability. The assessment results are more in accordance with the actual vulnerability conditions of this area by using analytic hierarchy process, and is helpful for groundwater protection.     

泉域地下水数值模拟及泉流量动态变化预测

本文对位于岩溶地区的小南海泉泉域地下水进行了数值模拟和水平衡分析，全面分析了降雨、河、渠、库地表水系入渗对地下水动态变化的影响，模拟了泉流量动态变化与区域地下水关系。在此基础上，分析了不同气候条件和开采方案对泉流量的影响。模型计算结果表明，小南海泉流量多年平均相对变化率与降雨量多年平均变化率基本一致，减少泉域地下水开采量，特别是矿坑排水可有效地增加枯期泉流量。     

北极巴罗地区13世纪以来花粉记录的气候变迁及其与青藏高原的比较

北极阿拉斯加巴罗(Barrow)地区(70°21′N,156°40′W)位于北极滨海平原最北端,根据湖泊钻孔花粉记录,210Pb和137Se测定以及多项环境代用指标测试(有机质含量、总C和总N含量、CaCo3),并结合当地现代冻原植被、表层花粉谱、当地70a的气象记录以及有关的冰芯、树龄等资料的综合对比研究,分析了13世纪以来巴罗地区气候和环境变化历史.大约在13世纪以前,巴罗地区植被稀少,气候寒冷,其后冻原植被发育良好,并经历几次演变.结合沉积地球化学元素测试结果和其他环境代用资料研究表明,小冰期以来Barrow地区曾发生3次暖期(公元1540—1600年,1660—1730年和1880—1992)和3次冷期(公元1440—1520年,1610—1650年和1750—1850年).这些冷暖事件与青藏高原冰芯记录对比发现,虽然在高频变化上,不同地区存在着差异,但重大冷暖事件都曾出现.其中3次暖期与青藏高原古里雅冰芯和敦德冰帽中代表温度变化的δ¹⁸O值指示的暖期基本一致,证实巴罗湖芯记录的环境变化序列是可靠的.同时,古里雅和敦德冰芯记录中反映传统小冰期中的15,17,和19世纪的3次冷期,在巴罗湖芯记录中都有显示.