The Roles of Low-level Jets in “21·7” Henan Extremely Persistent Heavy Rainfall Event

An extremely heavy rainfall event lasting from 17 to 22 July 2021 occurred in Henan Province of China, with accumulated precipitation of more than 1000 mm over a 6-day period that exceeded its mean annual precipitation. The present study examines the roles of persistent low-level jets(LLJs) in maintaining the precipitation using surface station observations and reanalysis datasets. The LLJs triggered strong ascending motions and carried moisture mainly from the outflow of Typhoon In-fa(2021). Th...     

新疆西部一次大暴雨形成机理的数值模拟初步分析

2016年7月31日至8月1日新疆西部发生了一次罕见的大暴雨过程,利用常规观测资料、FY-2G卫星TBB（Black-Body Temperature）资料和NCEP/NCAR（1°×1°）再分析资料,在天气尺度环流背景和中尺度系统分析的基础上,利用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式对此次大暴雨过程进行了高分辨率数值模拟,利用模拟资料对大暴雨的形成进行了分析。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在稳定维持的"两脊一槽"环流形势下,巴尔喀什湖低槽、高空偏西急流、低空偏东急流和近地面辐合线是造成此次大暴雨过程的主要天气系统。中尺度云团沿近地面的辐合线在天山迎风坡附近不断生成,云团生成后,在向东北方向移动过程中,经过伊犁地区上空时,受天山地形抬升影响不断发展增强,造成伊犁地区出现持续性较强降水。天山迎风坡附近持续较长时间的辐合线是造成此次新疆西部大暴雨的直接中尺度系统,其生成与低层风场辐合、低空急流和地形均有关系。低层辐合引发的垂直运动在地形迎风坡附近加强,风场辐合及地形抬升共同导致强垂直运动发展并维持,类似于"列车效应",不断生成的尺度更小的对流系统沿着辐合线持续移过新疆西部的伊犁地区,是该次暴雨持续的重要原因。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Role of the Nocturnal Low-level Jet in the Formation of the Morning Precipitation Peak over the Dabie Mountains

The diurnal variation of precipitation over the Dabie Mountains(DBM) in eastern China during the 2013 mei-yu season is investigated with forecasts of a regional convection-permitting model. Simulated precipitation is verified against surface rain-gauge observations. The observed morning precipitation peak on the windward(relative to the prevailing synoptic-scale wind) side of the DBM is reproduced with good spatial and temporal accuracy. The interaction between the DBM and a nocturnal boundary layer low-level jet(BLJ) due to the inertial oscillation mechanism is shown to be responsible for this precipitation peak. The BLJ is aligned with the lower-level southwesterly synoptic-scale flow that carries abundant moisture.The BLJ core is established at around 0200 LST upwind of the mountains. It moves towards the DBM and reaches maximum intensity at about 70 km ahead of the mountains. When the BLJ impinges upon the windward side of the DBM in the early morning, mechanical lifting of moist air leads to condensation and subsequent precipitation.     

06·6福建大暴雨的数值模拟及复杂地形影响试验

利用WRF（Weather Research Forecast）中尺度模式对2006年6月5-7日福建地区出现的一次大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,根据模式输出的物理量进行了诊断分析,并通过地形敏感性试验讨论福建地形对此次暴雨的影响。结果表明：中尺度WRF模式成功模拟出了这次暴雨的雨况及高低空流场分布。这是建立在静止锋、低空切变线和低空急流等系统基础上的一次典型的华南准静止锋降水。冷暖气流在底层交汇并产生强烈的垂直上升运动,不稳定能量的释放是暴雨发生和维持的机制之一,位温的垂直分布有利于低层涡度的发展。福建北部的喇叭口地形和武夷山迎风坡共同作用,导致西南气流的转向辐合,触发了中尺度切变线和中尺度涡旋的形成,加速了上升运动和中层对流发展,有利于位于迎风坡的建瓯、邵武、蒲城等地区降水的增强。     

低层偏东气流对贵州梵净山东侧强降水的作用

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站资料、雷达探测资料与NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等,对低层偏东气流影响下贵州铜仁梵净山东侧4次强降水天气过程进行了分析,重点探讨了在低层偏东气流与地形共同作用下的强降水形成机制,并归纳低层偏东气流影响下的梵净山东侧强降水概念模型。结果表明:(1)高空槽、低层切变线、地面中尺度辐合线是影响梵净山东侧强降水的主要天气系统;(2)低层浅薄偏东气流对梵净山东侧强降水起着关键作用,当低空气流u分量随高度减小时,地形迎风坡气流辐合上升,而气流v分量随高度增加时,地形迎风坡会产生与山脉垂直的水平涡管,在地形抬升作用下涡管向上凸起形成两个涡管环流圈,涡度垂直分量使山脚附近上升气流加强而有利于山脚产生强降水;(3)梵净山东侧强降水区的形成存在三种机制,即迎风坡山脚多次触发对流形成雨量叠加效应、地面中尺度辐合线自身触发组织对流、回波沿地面中尺度辐合线东移形成“列车效应”,三种机制产生的降水带与地面中尺度辐合线走向一致。     

Climatic features of the south-westerly low-level jet over southeast china and its association with precipitation over east China

The major features of the south-westerly low-level jet (LLJ) in the lower troposphere over Southeast China and its climatic impacts are investigated by using FNL reanalysis data and observational precipitation data. Results show that LLJ mainly occurs in spring and summer and the occurrence frequency of LLJ over southeast China has significant diurnal cycle, most LLJ occur in the nighttime (0200 LST and 0800 LST). The high nocturnal occurrence frequency of LLJ is mainly resulting from increased nocturnal ageostrophic wind. Research on the climatic impacts of large-scale conditions depicts that, the occurrence of LLJ in April mainly results from the northward shifting of western pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the occurrence of LLJ in July results from the strengthening of detouring flow around Tibetan Plateau. Analysis of the climatic effects of LLJ on precipitation distribution in 3 rainy seasons over Southeast China indicates that the rainfall events with strong intensity correspond to strong LLJs. The LLJ affects the precipitation over Southeast China by transporting water vapor and triggering upward motion. Rainfall regions well corresponds to the regions of the moisture convergence and strong upward motion triggered by LLJ. Negative wind divergence anomalies at 850 hPa and positive wind divergence anomalies at 200 hPa over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley strengthen the upward motion over this region, which are conductive to produce more precipitation over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley.     

强热带风暴碧利斯 (0604) 引发的特大暴雨中尺度结构多普勒雷达资料分析

强热带风暴 “碧利斯” (Bilis) 于2006年7月14日12:50在福建省霞浦县北壁镇再次登陆, 与南海季风相互作用, 在福建省引发特大暴雨。作者利用双多普勒雷达三维风场反演技术对厦门和龙岩新一代多普勒雷达时间同步探测资料进行了风场反演, 综合利用雷达回波强度资料, 对造成长泰、 漳州特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明: (1) 此次特大暴雨主要是由中低层西南[CD*2]东北走向的β中尺度辐合线引发的, 辐合线对于水汽输送以及暴雨的形成、 触发、 维持具有重要作用, 辐合线在暴雨的整个生命史过程中经历了由弱变强、 由强变弱的演变过程, 变化过程与降水的强弱演变过程基本同步。 (2) 由于丰富的水汽供应和中低层辐合线的动力抬升作用, 西南[CD*2]东北走向的β中尺度回波带的西南不断有新的γ中尺度对流单体生成, 在沿着辐合线向东北移动过程中进一步发展、 合并形成β中尺度对流线, 造成持续的强降水。最后, 还给出了此次特大暴雨的三维云系结构模型。     

2013年广西一次前汛期暴雨过程分析

利用地面观测资料、探空资料和卫星观测资料对2013年4月29日至5月1日广西东部地区出现的一次暴雨天气过程进行分析,结果表明：（1）本次强降雨过程前期具有典型的暖区暴雨天气过程,主要受高原槽、低层急流系统影响,低层风向辐合高层辐散的配置触发了暴雨天气的产生,后期冷空气南下影响,触发强对流云团发展,造成强降雨天气的持续;（2）过程期间涡度场、散度场低层辐合高层辐散配置较好,水汽辐合上升强烈;（3）中尺度雨团在广西东部连续的生成并维持,造成桂东地区大范围的暴雨天气.     

An Extreme Monsoonal Heavy Rainfall Event over Inland South China in June 2023: A Synoptic Causes Analysis

An extreme monsoonal heavy rainfall event lasted for nine days and recurred in the interior of northern south China from June 13 to 21, 2022. Using regional meteorological stations and ERA5 reanalysis data, the causes of this extreme monsoonal rainfall event in south China were analyzed and diagnosed. The results are shown as follows. A dominant South Asian high tended to be stable near the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, providing favorable upper-level dispersion conditions for the occurrence of heavy rainfall in south China. A western Pacific subtropical high dominated the eastern part of the South China Sea, favoring stronger and more northward transport of water vapor to the northern part of south China at lower latitudes than normal. The continuous heavy precipitation event can be divided into two stages. The first stage (June 13-15) was the frontal heavy rainfall caused by cold air (brought by an East Asian trough) from the mid-latitudes that converged with a monsoonal airflow. The heavy rains occurred mostly in the area near a shear in front of the center of a synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ), and the jet stream and precipitation were strongest in the daytime. The second stage (June 16-21) was the warm-sector heavy rainfall caused by a South China Sea monsoonal low-level jet penetrating inland. The heavy rainfall occurred on the windward slope of the Nanling Mountains and in the northern part of a boundary layer jet (BLJ). The BLJ experienced five nighttime enhancements, corresponding well with the enhancement of the rainfall center, showing significant nighttime heavy rainfall characteristics. Finally, a conceptual diagram of inland-type warm-sector heavy rainfall in south China is summarized.     

北京城区一次大到暴雨的预报难点分析

2005年6月25日夜间北京城区出现了大到暴雨过程，与预报的小到中雨有很大偏差。通过对常规资料及雷达、卫星、风廓线仪和自动站资料的综合分析，发现这次降水不属于北京典型的大降水过程，而是具有明显的中尺度特征。25日23时低层弱冷空气从北面侵入，触发了具有高不稳定能量的对流发展；同时，低空西南急流携带大量水汽和能量到北京，使降水得以加强并维持。另外，位于山西的中尺度低压的东部有一条纬向辐合线，北京的城区和南部成为了地面上偏东和偏南气流的风速辐合区。根据以上分析提出了预报着眼点。     

Mesoscale modeling study of severe convection over complex terrain

Short squall lines that occurred over Lishui, southwestern Zhejiang Province, China, on 5 July 2012, were investigated using the WRF model based on 1°× 1° gridded NCEP Final Operational Global Analysis data. The results from the numerical simulations were particularly satisfactory in the simulated radar echo, which realistically reproduced the generation and development of the convective cells during the period of severe convection. The initiation of this severe convective case was mainly associated with the uplift effect of mesoscale mountains, topographic convergence, sufficient water vapor, and enhanced low-level southeasterly wind from the East China Sea. An obvious wind velocity gradient occurred between the Donggong Mountains and the southeast coastline, which easily enabled wind convergence on the windward slope of the Donggong Mountains; both strong mid–low-level southwesterly wind and low-level southeasterly wind enhanced vertical shear over the mountains to form instability; and a vertical coupling relation between the divergence on the upper-left side of the Donggong Mountains and the convergence on the lower-left side caused the convection to develop rapidly. The convergence centers of surface streams occurred over the mountain terrain and updrafts easily broke through the lifting condensation level(LCL) because of the strong wind convergence and topographic lift, which led to water vapor condensation above the LCL and the generation of the initial convective cloud. The centers of surface convergence continually created new convective cells that moved with the southwest wind and combined along the Donggong Mountains, eventually forming a short squall line that caused severe convective weather.     

第二类热成风螺旋度对登陆台风降水的诊断能力分析台风泰利个例研究

文中利用中尺度数值模式MM5模拟了台风泰利的登陆过程,模拟的台风路径、天气形势和降水都与观测基本一致,能够很好地反映出真实的天气过程.再利用数值模拟结果,研究了第二类热成风螺旋度(H_2)对登陆台风泰利降水的诊断能力,结果表明它对深入内陆的台风强降水具有较好的诊断能力,而对刚登陆前后的台风降水诊断能力不如经典螺旋度.特别地,H_2在提前1 h时与泰利降水达到最高相关系数,且在提前1-5 h时,它与降水的相关性比经典螺旋度的高,表现出十分显著的预示降水增幅的能力.进一步分析表明,在刚登陆前后,泰利台风中心850-200 hPa的风场垂直切变较小(约5 m/s),其最强降水出现在路径右侧300 km半径范围以内,与低空的正温度平流、低空辐合、高空辐散等无明显的关系,而低空相对涡度能够很好地反映降水的变化,这是经典螺旋度与降水在这一阶段相关性优于H_2的主要原因.而在深入内陆后,台风泰利本体环流减弱,受北部西风槽的影响逐渐增强,环境风场垂直切变迅速增大,发生强降水的庐山和大别山区处于顺垂直风切变方向左侧.在东北向的垂直风切变情况下,庐山和大别山强降水区上空有向东的高空急流出流,强高空辐散诱发垂直次级环流,从而激发对流,形成强上升运动区,因此H_2的诊断优势在这一阶段表现得最清楚.     

基于CMA-TRAMS集合预报的“5·22”极端降水事件可预报性分析

2020年5月22日珠江三角洲地区出现了一次极端强降水天气,最大滑动小时雨量201.8 mm,3 h雨量达到351 mm。为探讨此次极端强降水的关键预报因子及可预报性,对热带中尺度集合预报系统（CMA-TRAMS（EPS））降水预报产品进行检验评估和敏感性分析,结果表明:与欧洲中期数值预报中心集合预报系统（ECMWF-EPS）相比,CMA-TRAMS（EPS）的好成员对本次过程降水强度及位置的预报结果与实况更接近,但对极端性预报仍有欠缺。好成员的预报能力来自于对低涡和（超）低空急流的演变特征以及两者强度和位置耦合的有效预测。好成员组预报珠江三角洲东部（超）低空急流南风分量较强,有利于低涡缓慢移动和气旋性辐合增强,致使降水持续时间长、效率高。而低涡自身发展又反馈于急流强度变化,好成员组较准确地刻画了增强的低涡环流反馈导致急流小范围加速的耦合特征。其他成员组预报的低涡和（超）低空急流的耦合位置偏东、偏南,辐合强度偏弱,导致降水强度或落区出现偏差。此外,强降水致使冷池形成,并增强激烈的冷、暖气团对峙（水平温度梯度达0.23—0.76℃/km）,有利于中尺度辐合线维持,加强对流后向传播并产生极端降水量。但CMA-TRAMS（EPS）两组成员在预报中尺度系统的组织性和传播特征方面均存在明显不足,限制了集合预报系统对极端降水的预报能力。      

台风Lekima(1909)登陆前后动热力结构变化对浙江极端降水的影响

利用NCEPFNL 1°×1°的全球再分析资料、FY-2F卫星相当黑体亮温TBB资料、中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,重点分析了台风Lekima(2019)发展演变过程中的动热力结构变化和水汽分布特征与浙江极端强降水之间的关系.台风Lekima(2019)近海急剧加强为具有特殊双...     

2016年7月华北特大暴雨过程河北南部垂直风切变观测特征

利用气象观测站小时雨量、不同探测手段得到的高空风资料，对2016年7月19—20日华北特大暴雨过程中河北南部降雨不同阶段水平风的垂直变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）在河北南部，太行山沿山一带到山前平原、平原东部分布着两片短时强降雨区，而前者强度更强，体现了地形迎风坡对降雨的增幅作用。（2）本次过程中，三种探测手段计算的深层垂直风切变具有一致的变化规律。西部山区和山前平原降雨显著增强阶段，环境风维持强深层垂直风切变，相应的u风差也显著增强，利于迎风坡降雨增强；降雨结束时，深层垂直风切变为弱垂直风切变。（3）强降雨阶段，水平风垂直切变矢量基本上呈现单一方向顺时针切变，且低层风垂直切变较大；降雨结束阶段，水平风垂直切变矢量方向变化复杂。（4）太行山脉高度以下的东风不断增强，最大东风分量达到8～28 m?s-1，利于山区和山前降雨的增强。     

2018年北京“7.16”暖区特大暴雨特征及形成机制研究

利用京津冀区域加密自动气象站、SA多普勒天气雷达、L波段风廓线雷达、NCEP 0.25° 再分析资料及0.03° 高分辨率地形资料研究了北京2018年7月15—16日暖区特大暴雨特征和形成机制。结果表明:（1）这次暖区特大暴雨发生在副热带高压边缘的暖气团（θ_se高能区）中,无明显冷空气强迫,斜压性弱,有丰沛的水汽,850 hPa以下出现强水汽辐合。（2）暴雨的中尺度对流系统发展有3个过程:带状对流建立和局地强雨团影响、北京北部“列车效应”南部雷暴冷池出流造成对流加强和移动、平原地区线状对流重建。（3）暴雨发生前,低层西南风出现风速脉动,低空急流建立。首先在2500—3500 m高度形成低空急流,2 h后2500 m以下风速显著增大,5 h后急流厚度由边界层伸展到700 hPa。急流出口区降压,低层出现气旋性风场或切变,有利于垂直上升运动发展,触发和加强对流。（4）西南低空急流暖湿输送导致高温、高湿、高能的对流不稳定层结反复重建,这是对流发展加强的重要原因。（5）地面辐合线是对流触发并逐渐组织成带状对流系统的关键影响因素。地面辐合线方向、低空急流轴、回波移动方向三者几乎重叠是造成对流后向传播和“列车效应”的有利条件。（6）太行山和燕山地形对对流触发和暴雨增幅有重要影响。北京最大雨强≥40 mm/h站点中的77.4%位于西南部和东北部200—600 m海拔高度处。偏东风在华北西部太行山局地迎风坡触发对流,西南低空急流在北京北部迎风坡和喇叭口地形处辐合和抬升更为显著,造成局地特大暴雨。      

阿克苏初秋一次暴雨过程诊断分析

本文利用常规地面与高空观测资料、自动站逐时资料、NECP1°×1°再分析资料,对阿克苏地区2015年9月7日局地暴雨进行分析。结果表明,造成此次暴雨的主要原因有(1)中尺度分析暴雨发生前阿克苏处于高能高湿不稳定区域;(2)08时至20时探空图中湿层、风向以及不稳定能量的突变预示了强对流天气的发生;(3)暴雨过程的大部分水汽是通过低层偏东气流输送,水汽的来源主要为孟加拉湾,其次北疆短波槽及蒙古槽也提供了少量水汽(4)锋区加强、垂直风切变增大、水平风速辐合提供了热力及动力条件,垂直速度伸展高度影响了对流云厚度及高度。(5)地面风速辐合触发对流,加之较好的地面热力条件以及一定的地形增益暴雨强度。(6)地面辐合线及偏东风输送位置影响暴雨落区。     

The Summertime Great Plains Low Level Jet And The Effect of Its Origin On Moisture Transport

Radiosonde data from six stations in Kansas and Oklahoma for the period of June 16–24, 1993 indicate that a low-level jet (LLJ) occurred almost every day except on the 20th. Major characteristics of these LLJs are documented in this paper. The maximum wind speed (the jet speed) varied from 13 to 32 m s^-1 and heights ranged from 167 to 910 m. All the jets were southerly except the one on June 19 which changed its direction dramatically from a southerly to a northerly direction in about three hours although its intensity did not change appreciably. Thermal stability of the boundary layer during these LLJ occurrences ranged from near-neutral to highly stable. All the low-level jets exhibited significant diurnal variations. Analyses show that relatively weak large-scale forcing existed for the LLJs on June 21 and June 22, while strong forcing was present on other days. Analyses also show that moisture transport by the LLJ from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains depends on the location of the LLJ origin. In the two weeks of June 13–19 and 20–26, 1993, powerful storms swept through the central United States, accompanied by tornadoes, strong wind, large hail and heavy rainfall. The analyses indicate that these weather events could be a result of the interactions of the LLJs with synoptic-scale flow.     

局地强对流暴雨的多普勒天气雷达个例分析

从天气背景的分析出发,利用多普勒天气雷达的强度、速度资料以及由速度资料反演的垂直风廓线和二维风场对一次北京局地暴雨从开始到强降水结束时段做了详细的分析。分析发现,这次局地强对流暴雨是大尺度系统和中尺度系统共同作用的结果,大尺度环流为暴雨提供了充沛的水汽;本站层结有很大的不稳定度,为强对流风暴的产生提供了必要条件;低层中尺度辐合线起到了触发对流和加强对流的作用。