2017年吉林宁江M 4.9地震前电磁变化

2017年7月23日吉林宁江M 4.9地震前,地震影响范围内电磁台站出现多种电磁异常,其中4项电磁手段异常明显,分别是：地磁垂直分量日变幅加卸载响应比异常、地磁场总场强度F₂₁每日一值空间相关异常、绥化地震台地电阻率EW向反向下降异常及林甸电阻率EW向整点值变化异常簇异常。本文对地磁异常进行统计、分析,为东北地区未来利用电磁方法分析预测地震提供经验。     

2019年9月16日张掖5.0级地震前多尺度电磁异常现象

2019年9月16日甘肃张掖发生5.0级地震，地震发生前既有空间范围跨度较大的地磁低点位移异常，也有单台电磁扰动异常；既有震前2年开始出现的山丹台视电阻率的年变形态畸变，也有震前3个月之内出现的高台钻孔应变和高台大庄低频电磁扰动异常。本次地震震级不高却记录到丰富的电磁场的异常信号，表明该地区处于地震电磁异常的敏感区。高台钻孔应变在震前观测到同步的异常变化，揭示孕震区应力状态发生了显著的变化。     

红山基准地震台ELF电磁观测资料异常特征分析

对河北省红山基准地震台2014年3月7日至2015年12月31日ELF观测的天然电磁场数据进行处理,研究电磁场强度与视电阻率变化规律,分析2014年8月3日鲁甸6.5级地震、2015年的4月19日文安3.0级地震、4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震、11月15日滦县2.9级地震发生前后电磁短临异常现象,结果表明,1 Hz、39 Hz、178 Hz电磁场自功率谱有明显的台阶、突跳和集丛现象,视电阻率异常变化幅度达到1—2个数量级。     

汶川8.0级地震前后电磁场的变化特征

2008年5月12日汶川M_s8.0地震前后,距震中320 km甘肃陇南汉王地震台的地电阻率、大地电场、ELF电磁等多种观测手段捕捉到这次地震前后的异常信息.本文采用解析方法,着重探讨汶川8.0级地震前后观测到的电磁场变化特征,从电磁现象来探讨汶川M_s8.0地震发生前后,电磁场长、中、短、临期的异常特征和变化规律.自2003年以来甘东南地区及甘川交界发生4次5.0级以上地震,从空间上看,有从南北地震带中段的西北向西南方向移动的特点,强度逐渐增强,其中,文县5.0和两次岷县5.0级以上地震可以视为汶川8.0级地震的前震;从时间上分析,震前陇南汉王地震台观测到电磁场出现了长趋势变化和短临异常变化,其特征：①2003～2008年,ZD8B地电仪观测的N54°W、N85°E和N73°W测道地电阻率均显示出长趋势变化和短期变化;②视电阻率各向异性度‘S′’年变化率在有震年（异常年）是无震年（正常年）的两倍;③ELF电磁仪观测到了（0.5～39 Hz）频率段的电场、磁场在汶川8.0级地震及余震序列中异常变化分别比正常月份大1～5个数量级,并记录到电磁同震现象;④大地电场仪（ZD9A-Ⅱ）在汶川震前17个小时也记录到高频临震变化信息.     

红山基准地震台ELF电磁观测资料异常特征分析

对河北省红山基准地震台2014年3月7日至2015年12月31日ELF观测的天然电磁场数据进行处理,研究电磁场强度与视电阻率变化规律,分析2014年8月3日鲁甸6.5级地震、2015年的4月19日文安3.0级地震、4月25日尼泊尔8.1级地震、11月15日滦县2.9级地震发生前后电磁短临异常现象,结果表明,1 Hz、39 Hz、178 Hz电磁场自功率谱有明显的台阶、突跳和集丛现象,视电阻率异常变化幅度达到1—2个数量级。     

云南ELF电磁观测资料的异常特征分析

通过对云南省通海地震台2009年1月至2010年12月ELF电磁观测数据的处理分析,研究云南省及邻区中强地震前后,电磁场强度、视电阻率的变化特征。结果表明,1Hz、39Hz的电磁场功率谱在多次地震临震前分别比正常月份约大0.2～1.4个数量级。表现为在地震及余震序列中,电、磁场功率谱有明显的突跳,变化幅度与震级大小、震中距等有关;同时视电阻率的异常变化也比较明显。     

中国地震交变电磁场观测数据处理技术新进展

交变电磁场是对地震事件反应最灵敏的物理场之一,已观测到与地震有关大量的电磁场异常现象.随着人工源极低频电磁技术和卫星电磁观测技术在地震观测中被逐步应用研究,交变电磁场法用于地震观测的数据量呈数量级的增加,急需发展适于海量数据或大数据的信息处理和挖掘技术.本文介绍了自适应滤波技术及其在地面电磁场观测数据处理中的应用研究,以及小波分析技术在地面和卫星观测数据分析中的应用研究,表明在对实际测量数据处理中,自适应滤波技术可以有效识别天然源信号和人工源信号,并且提高了电磁场频谱和视电阻率计算的信噪比,小波分析等技术可以发现电磁异常现象与地震事件可能存在的相关性.这些技术可能成为对海量观测数据处理分析的有效方法.     

中国地电阻率临震异常的某些观测和研究结果(英文)

本文重点讨论了某些强震和中等地震前有代表性的地电阻率临震突变现象。研究了地电阻率临震异常的时空展布特征,并将这些现象与地震活动性、应变资料、地下水位及水温等资料作了对比。还讨论了地电阻率临震异常与震源机制解、发震断裂等的关系。阐明这些事实与地电阻率临震异常在时间上的同步性,在空间上的一致性,从而对地电阻率临震现象作了某些解释,认为地电阻率临震异常的原因有待进一步研究,它们可能是构造应力场迅速变化及由应力变化而引起的地下水的组分和状态变化综合影响的结果。同时指出,由于强震前地电阻率临震异常分布的不均匀性,能记录到异常的台站仅仅是一部分,这就给捕捉临震异常增加了难度,必须建立一定密度的台网进行长时间连续的观测。至于中等强度地震的临震信息,只有在某些特定的地震前,且在靠近震中的特定台站才可能记录到。     

电磁监测台站观测的舒曼谐振背景变化

舒曼谐振是由闪电激发的电离层与地面之间的全球电磁震荡,在地球与电离层空腔中传播,由于共振作用,其电磁波能量明显高于其他频率电磁波能量.舒曼谐振具有稳定的频域参数和频谱结构,近几年的研究发现,地震发生前会使这些固有参数发生扰动,因此利用舒曼谐振异常来进行地震短临监测可能是一种行之有效的手段.要判断舒曼谐振地震电磁异常,了解舒曼谐振电磁场背景变化规律是前提.本文利用极低频电磁台站观测的天然电磁场数据,处理和分析了各台站观测的舒曼谐振频率电磁场功率谱随时间的变化,得到了舒曼谐振随季节和纬度的背景变化规律.并提出将舒曼谐振背景变化规律应用到地震短临监测预报中,能够为今后辨别地震监测中的舒曼谐振异常提供物理依据.     

电磁卫星和地震预测

地震前几周、几天、几小时甚至几分钟,电磁场的强度、相位或者谱密度等将发生异常变化,电离层的电子、离子浓度和温度等会发生异常扰动,这些现象的出现向人们发出地震即将来临的信号.这些现象不仅在地面可观测到,在卫星上也能观测到,它们在确定异常现象发生的地点和时间等方面具有各自的优势,把两种观测相结合,对异常信号进行立体监测,是实现地震预测预报的发展趋势.至今,对地面观测已经进行了大量的研究和实践,利用卫星进行观测近几年刚刚开始,但已经显示了它监测地震异常的独特能力,引起各方面的高度重视,成为各国建立立体预警系统不可缺少的组成部分.本文重点介绍利用卫星等观测空间电磁异常现象的研究结果.     

多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁法多分量全域视电阻率定义

本文针对多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁法理论,建立了相应的多分量全域视电阻率定义方法.分析了利用磁场强度进行多辐射场源地空系统全域视电阻率定义的优点,针对磁场强度的各个分量,提出了各自的全域视电阻率算法,实现了多分量、全时域、全空域视电阻率计算,并分析了偏移距对全域视电阻率的影响.通过调整源的相对位置及电流方向等参数,多辐射源瞬变电磁地空系统不仅可以加强不同分量信号强度,削弱随机干扰,还可更好地分辨地下异常体的位置.通过对所设计模型的处理,证实了多辐射场源地空系统多分量全域视电阻率算法的有效性,也验证了多辐射场源地空系统的优势.     

3D joint inversion of magnetotelluric and airborne tipper data: a case study from the Morrison porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit,British Columbia,Canada

Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic and broadband magnetotelluric data were used to determine three‐dimensional electrical resistivity models of the Morrison porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit in British Columbia. Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic data are collected with a helicopter, thus allowing rapid surveys with uniform spatial sampling. Ground‐based magnetotelluric surveys can achieve a greater exploration depth than Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic surveys, but data collection is slower and can be limited by difficult terrain. The airborne Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic tipper data and the ground magnetotelluric tipper data show good agreement at the Morrison deposit despite differences in the data collection method, spatial sampling, and collection date. Resistivity models derived from individual inversions of the Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic tipper data and magnetotelluric impedance data contain some similar features, but the Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic model appears to lack resolution below a depth of 1 km, and the magnetotelluric model suffers from non‐uniform and relatively sparse spatial sampling. The joint Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic inversion solves these issues by combining the dense spatial sampling of the airborne Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic technique and the deeper penetration of the lower frequency magnetotelluric data. The resulting joint resistivity model correlates well with the known geology and distribution of alteration at the Morrison deposit. Higher resistivity is associated with the potassic alteration zone and volcanic country rocks, whereas areas of lower resistivity agree with known faults and sedimentary units. The pyrite halo and ≥0.3% Cu zone have the moderate resistivity that is expected of disseminated sulphides. The joint Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic inversion provides an improved resistivity model by enhancing the lateral and depth resolution of resistivity features compared with the individual Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic and magnetotelluric inversions. This case study shows that a joint Z‐axis tipper electromagnetic–magnetotelluric approach effectively images the interpreted mineralised zone at the Morrison deposit and could be beneficial in exploration for disseminated sulphides at other porphyry deposits.     

STUDY ON THE ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ANQIU AND JUXIAN ELECTROMAGNETIC STATIONS IN THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

The Yishu fault zone is one of the branch faults of the Tanlu fault zone in its central part. Moderate and strong earthquakes occurred in the Yishu fault zone repeatedly. Due to its complex structure, the Yishu fault zone attracts much attention from earthquake researches. The Anqiu and Juxian electromagnetic stations in Shandong Province locate near the Anqiu-Juxian Fault and Changyi-Dadian Fault, which are branches of the Yishu fault zone, respectively. Geoelectric field and geomagnetic field observation were carried out in these two stations. The Wudi electromagnetic station is in the west of Tanlu fault zone in the Jidong-Bohai block and 230km from Anqiu electromagnetic station. This paper firstly describes the crustal structure near the electromagnetic stations by using magnetotelluric(MT)method. By processing the data carefully, we obtain the MT data in good quality near the stations. The MT data of each electromagnetic station and its nearby area suggests that the electrical structure and geological structure of the station are comparable. This paper applied 1-D and 2-D inversion for MT data and obtained the crustal electrical structure model beneath the Anqiu and Juxian seismic station. The shallow electrical structure from the MT method was compared with the results of symmetrical quadrupole electrical sounding. The model suggests that the electrical structure beneath the Anqiu and Juxian electromagnetic stations is complex and shows the feature of block boundary. The Wudi electromagnetic station is located inside a basin, the crustal structure shows layered feature typical for the stable blocks. Beneath the Anqiu electromagnetic station, there is a 1km-thick relative low resistivity layer in the shallow crust and a high resistivity body beneath it with a depth of 13km. There is a high resistivity structure in the crust beneath the Juxian electromagnetic station. The crustal structures are divided into two different parts by Anqiu-Juxian Fault and Changyi-Dadian Fault, respectively. More conductive layers appear to the west of the two faults. Plenty of fluid possibly exists within the conductive body to the west of Changyi-Dadian Fault, which plays important role in the earthquake generation. There is a relative low resistivity layer in the crust within 1~2km beneath the Wudi electromagnetic station. Beneath the relatively low resistivity layer, a relatively high resistivity layer extends to a depth of around 15km, and the resistivity value decreases with the increase of depth. The electrical resistivity model suggests the seismic activity of the Yishu fault zone around the Anqiu and Juxian electromagnetic stations should be taken into account seriously, and monitoring and research on it need to be strengthened. The results of this paper provide a certain reference value for the crustal structure research to similar stations.     

A comparison of helicopter‐borne electromagnetic systems for hydrogeologic studies

The increased application of airborne electromagnetic surveys to hydrogeological studies is driving a demand for data that can consistently be inverted for accurate subsurface resistivity structure from the near surface to depths of several hundred metres. We present an evaluation of three commercial airborne electromagnetic systems over two test blocks in western Nebraska, USA. The selected test blocks are representative of shallow and deep alluvial aquifer systems with low groundwater salinity and an electrically conductive base of aquifer. The aquifer units show significant lithologic heterogeneity and include both modern and ancient river systems. We compared the various data sets to one another and inverted resistivity models to borehole lithology and to ground geophysical models. We find distinct differences among the airborne electromagnetic systems as regards the spatial resolution of models, the depth of investigation, and the ability to recover near‐surface resistivity variations. We further identify systematic biases in some data sets, which we attribute to incomplete or inexact calibration or compensation procedures.     

电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像

电性源地空瞬变电磁法具有工作效率高、勘探深度大、采集信号信噪比高、适用于地形地质条件复杂地区等优点.但是,到目前为止,由于尚未建立起该方法的解释系统,大大制约了该方法的发展.本文旨在建立起完整的地空电磁探测系统,丰富整个探测系统的理论.本文围绕地空瞬变电磁法全域视电阻率定义、瞬变电磁虚拟波场的克希霍夫偏移成像、逆合成孔径成像方法三个科学问题进行了系统研究.提出了用磁场强度定义全域视电阻率的迭代算法,理论模型试验结果表明计算出的视电阻率曲线首支趋于第一层电阻率,尾支趋于最后一层电阻率,实现了全空域、全时域视电阻率的计算;在先前研究的基础上,实现了适合电性源地空装置的瞬变电磁虚拟波场的克希霍夫偏移成像;采用相关迭加技术,实现孔径内多测点数据合成,将传统的单点处理方式发展成为逐点推移多次覆盖的逆合成孔径处理方法.层状模型试验表明:(1)全域视电阻率能够光滑、完整、渐变地反映出模型的电性信息变化;(2)当改变三层模型中间层电阻率时,全域视电阻率曲线随着参数的改变分异明显,对电性层的识别容易且直观;(3)由于在电阻率计算中同时考虑了接收机高度、偏移距、时间等各参数的影响,全域视电阻率可实现全空域、全时域的视电阻率计算.含水采空区的复杂模型算例表明:(1)根据不同测线的全域视电阻率结果可以看出,在靠近采空区的位置,全域视电阻率断面可以清晰地反映出采空区的空间位置,随着测线离采空区越来越远,采空区异常越来越弱直至消失;(2)波场变换和偏移成像的结果显示存在两个电性差异较大的界面,上界面指示地表,由于空气和大地之间的电性差异较大,故该界面波场信号反映强烈,遍布整个区域,下界面异常信号则主要集中在中部,向外逐渐减弱,指示采空区;(3)逆合成孔径成像结果表明地表界面在合成前后没有变化,而采空区异常合成后范围明显变小,且异常边界清晰,指示的采空区位置与模型吻合很好.本文借助于逆合成孔径雷达成像的基本思想,建立了一套电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像方法.基于反函数思想结合迭代算法提出的电性源地空瞬变电磁法的全域视电阻率定义方法,实现了全空域、全时域的视电阻率计算;借鉴瞬变电磁拟地震偏移成像算法,实现了瞬变场的三维成像;借鉴逆合成孔径雷达的思想,提出电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径算法,进一步提高了成像的分辨率.采空区模型算例表明相关叠加合成确实具有增强有用信号、提高信噪比、提高分辨率的诸多优点,证实了瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像方法的有效性.     

水平电偶源频率测深中全区视电阻率定义的新方法

从电磁场的统一性出发，分析了水平电偶源频率测深中等效电阻率的算法原理和具体定义．分析表明，等效电阻率可明显地改善波区视电阻率在非波区场的畸变，较为形象、直观地反映出地电断面的电性变化．数值计算、三维模型计算和实际数据处理表明，等效电阻率具有良好的特性和应用前景．     

露天煤矿地下水电磁探测与类型判别

为准确确定露天煤矿地下水分布与类型,根据不同赋存条件电磁差异,基于磁场强度与电阻率参数进行异常划分与类型判别。以新疆某露天煤矿为例,采用高精度磁法通过磁异常强度确定烧变岩边界,并采用高密度电法和瞬变电磁法通过电阻率圈定低阻异常区,结合异常响应差异分别推断地下水分布范围与赋存类型。地面钻探验证探测成果的准确性。结果表明:露天煤矿烧变岩水与砂岩裂隙水电磁响应差异明显,基于磁场强度与电阻率的双参数综合电磁法能准确圈定其分布范围,并判别其赋存类型。     

短偏移距电磁探测技术概述

由于人工源电磁探测效果与收发距离有一定关系,本文首先分析了收发距离为零的中心回线源瞬变电磁法（Transient Electromagnetic Method,TEM）视电阻率定义和算法特点,回溯了从圆形回线到矩形的修正式中心回线装置的发展过程;概述了从中心回线发展到接地导线源短偏移瞬变电磁（Short-Offset TEM,SOTEM）理论上的可行性;列举了将LOTEM（Long-Offset TEM）从数倍于探测深度的观测区推进到近源区后的探测实例.对于频率域人工源电磁法,介绍了起源于MT（Magneto-Telluric）的CSAMT（Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magneto-Telluric）与电磁频率测深法不同发展道路.电磁频率测深将观测区从远区推进到了中区;广域电磁法通过全区视电阻率新定义不仅提高了解释精度,而且将传统CSAMT远场观测模式推进到中区探测模式;最后指出,如能采用新的点微元假设计算方法,可有望分离自有场和辐射场,实现频域电磁近源探测.     

基于二次耦合势的广域电磁法有限体积三维正演计算

与可控源音频大地电磁（CSAMT）相比,广域电磁法通过采用全区视电阻率定义,突破了卡尼亚视电阻率所需的远区条件限制,极大拓展了可控源电磁观测区域和探测深度.考虑到电偶源激发场的三维特征以及地下复杂三维结构,为提高广域电磁数据解释精度,本文实现了基于二次耦合势的广域电磁法三维正演计算.该算法利用Helmholtz定理将麦克斯韦方程转化为库伦规范下的磁矢势和电标势耦合方程,有效改善了离散所得大型线性方程组的谱性质,并通过强加散度条件来消除电场伪解的影响.此外,采用散射场方法,其中一次场使用准解析法求解,二次场使用有限体积法求解,克服了局部激发场源奇异性问题.通过与一维层状模型下电偶源产生的电磁场准解析解对比,验证了本文算法的正确性.在此基础上,利用本文的正演算法对比分析了广域电磁法与CSAMT对典型三维目标体的探测能力,结果表明在相同的观测条件下,广域电磁法能够更准确地反映地下目标体信息,拥有更优的分辨能力.     

Tensor time domain electromagnetic resistivity measurements at Ngatamariki geothermal field, New Zealand

Experimental measurements in the Ngatamariki geothermal field, North Island, New Zealand were made to test the applicability of the time domain electromagnetic method for detailed investigation of the resistivity structure within a geothermal field. Low-frequency square wave signals were transmitted through three grounded bipole current sources sited about 8 km from the measurement lines. Despite high levels of electrical noise, transient electric field vectors could be determined reliably for times between 0.02 and 3.3 s after each step in the source current. Instantaneous apparent resistivity tensors were then calculated. Apparent resistivity pseudosections along the two measurement lines show smooth variations of resistivity from site to site. Over most of the field the images consistently show a three-layer resistivity structure with a conductive middle layer (3–10 Ωm) representing the conductive upper part of the thermal reservoir. A deep-seated region of low resistivity in the northwest of the field may indicate a conductive structure at about 1 km associated with a deeper diorite intrusion. Measurements sited closer than about 100 m to drillholes appear to have been disturbed by metallic casing in the holes. A change in resistivity structure in the east of the field may indicate a major geological or hydrothermal boundary.