海南岛洋浦湾沉积作用研究

本文对海南岛洋浦湾海域的洋浦湾、新英湾、洋浦深槽及拦门沙浅滩的沉积环境和沉积特征做了描述、讨论，对河流、海岸侵蚀和珊瑚礁生物的３种沉积物来源及数量做了分析计算，得出其总量为９×１０⁴ｍ^３／ａ。根据钻孔柱状样的¹⁴Ｃ及²¹⁰Ｐｂ分析，得出８０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来沉积速率为０．１～０．２ｃｍ／ａ，近百年来沉积速率为１～２ｃｍ／ａ。     

现代沉积年分辨的137Cs计年──以云南洱海和贵州红枫湖为例

1964,1975及1986年三个¹³⁷CS时标计算出红枫湖和洱海沉积物平均堆积速率完全一致,说明1975年和1986年次级蓄积峰作为计年时标的可靠性。洱海沉积物平均堆积速率为0．047±0．002g／(cm²·a),与²¹⁰Pb方法所获得的结果一致;红枫湖为0．17±0．01g／(cm²·a),与其建湖以来沉积物实际堆积的观察结果吻合。洱海1964年沉积物中¹³⁷CS的比活度(校正到沉积年代)仅46．4Bq／kg,而红枫湖达145Bq／kg。由于红枫湖沉积物堆积速率约为洱海的3．7倍,所以其1964年层节沉积物中¹³⁷CS蓄积量比洱海大11.5倍。红枫湖沉积物中¹³⁷CS累计值的99．4％分配于1985年以前,而洱海的19．4％分配于1986年以后,显示出¹³⁷CS在洱海沉积物中的较大扩散能力。     

西藏东南雅鲁藏布大峡谷入口处 第四纪多次冰川阻江事件*

在第四纪的末次冰期、新冰期和小冰期期间,位于大峡谷入口处的则隆弄跃动冰川发生多次的快速前进,多次发生阻塞雅鲁藏布江事件,在大峡谷以上河段形成4期(Ⅳ~Ⅰ)的林芝古堰塞湖。¹⁴ C测年结果指示第2次、第3次和第4次堰塞湖分别发生在9760~11300aB.P.,1220±40~1660±40aB.P.和287±93~394±83aB.P.。估计Ⅳ~Ⅱ期堰塞湖库容量约2150km³,835km³和81km³。冰川阻塞湖坝的溃决释放突发性洪水,对下游的雅鲁藏布大峡谷河段及下游地区的环境产生巨大的影响。     

用树轮δ13C重建1685年以来的大气CO2浓度变化趋势

对采自浙江西天目山地区的3株柳杉树盘,交叉定年后,测定了3株树轮^δ13C的年序列,分析了3株树轮^δ13C序列中所含的共同环境变化信息。用二项式拟合法去除气候因素引起的3个^δ13C序列的高频变化,得到3个低频变化序列。分析了theLowDome冰芯记录的大气CO₂浓度与树轮^δ13C序列低频变化趋势的关系,建立了相应的转移函数,重建了天目山地区1685年以来大气CO₂浓度变化。结果表明:用3株树轮^δ13C序列重建的结果有较好的一致性,并与南极冰芯的记录及前人研究结果有很好的吻合。这一结果表明用同一地区不同树木个体的树轮^δ13C序列的低频变化序列可以重建出基本一致的大气CO₂浓度变化历史。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF CLIMATE VARIATIONS OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU DURING THE PERIOD 1300 ～ 2010

小冰期气候为评估现代气候变化提供了最直接的背景.本文主要依据树轮资料,同时结合现代仪器观测记录,利用经验正交函数(EOF)方法探讨了青藏高原小冰期以来气候变化的时空特征.首先分析了高原的温度变化.近50年来青藏高原的温度变化基本同相位变化,没有明显的区域差异;乌兰树轮序列是青藏高原的冬半年(9～4月)温度代用指标;利用6条指示夏季或暖季温度变化的树轮序列合并形成的新序列可指示高原春季-夏季(3～8月)温度变化;依据RCS(区域曲线标准化)方法建立的昌都树轮序列,能够反映整个青藏高原的年平均温度变化;不同季节的温度重建序列均显示17世纪和18世纪20～70年代是高原小冰期气候寒冷的时期,而18世纪初,19世纪后半叶,20世纪中期的气候较温暖,且均显示20世纪末期气候的快速增暖事实.其次,从重建的亚洲区域夏季PDSI(Palmer Drought Severity Index)网格化数据集中提取42个网格点数据,分析了过去700年(1300～2005A.D.)高原的湿度变化.发现前3个特征向量代表了高原过去湿度变化的主要空间模态,与利用器测降水记录展开的EOF模态基本一致,表明主导高原干湿变化时空差异的物理过程是稳定的,不随时间而变化;近700年来高原南北部湿度变化具有明显的区域差异,最显著的差别是:自20世纪中期以来高原北部存在明显的变湿趋势,而高原南部却恰恰相反,呈现逐渐变干的趋势;近700年来高原南部的干湿变化有超前于高原北部的趋势.     

青藏高原末次冰期盛冰阶的时限与干盐湖地质事件

本文根据高原盐湖原生石盐矿物包裹体流质的氢、氧稳定同位素分析以及包裹体流质的Ｎａ^＋、Ｍｇ^2＋测定讨论了青藏高原北部近五万年来的气候环境演变，论述了末次冰期盛冰阶在高原地区的时限问题，初步确定盛冰阶的时限为２１０００－１５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．，该期的平均温度比现今低约６－７℃。由于高寒的气候环境，促使高原盐湖补给水锐减，在其盛冰阶的晚期普遍形成干盐湖地质事件，这从各不同时间形成的原生石盐包裹体的流质中ｖｇ^2＋／Ｎａ^＋值的分布得到充分的证实。     

大荔人化石层位上限年龄的地质学证据

1978年春刘顺堂在陕西大荔县段家乡解放村东的甜水沟发现一个比较完整的人头骨化石,属早期智人中较古老的类型,代表一个新的亚种-智人大荔亚种(Homosopiensdaliensis),俗称大荔人^[1]。这一发现填补了我国人类发展史上的一个空缺。据铀系年龄,大荔人的时限为019～0．23MaB．P．^[2]。1998年春我们考察了大荔人头骨化石地点及附近的地质地貌,对黄土一古土壤序列给予特别的注意。在地貌上,化石地点位于洛河左岸合阳黄土源的段家梁。段家梁附近发育有两级黄土台地。第2台地由洛河第3级阶地及上覆黄土-古土壤序列两部分构成。洛河第3级阶地的层序自下而上为：1)淡黄色粗砂砾石层,150cm     

中国地下热水的基本类型和成因特征

循环型地下热水的δＤ和δ¹⁸Ｏ具有类似于现代大气降水的线性关系和环境效应，其δＤ低于当地大气降水，据８０年代末检测其氛比值一般小于１，¹⁴Ｃ年龄逾２００００ａＢ．Ｐ．(华北)，这说明循环型地下热水起源于区域古大气降水，且补给期为冷湿的雨期。封存型地下热水中贫氘富钙的Ｃｌ－Ｃａ型烃矿床卤水，其δＤ和δ¹⁸Ｏ接近初生水值域，⁴⁰Ａｒ／³⁶Ａｒ值接近海岭型值域，反映水的一级起源──上地幔的脱水排气作用。     

黄河硫同位素组成与青藏高原隆起

黄河水的平均δ^３4ＳＯ₄^{2-值为＋８．４‰，是世界主要大河中硫同位素组成最重的河流；从上游至下游，河水的矿δ３4ＳＯ₄2-值规律性地逐渐增重，在龙门—三门峡河段达最大值。这反映了由于青藏高原隆起而引起的中国西北地区气候干燥趋势及随后出现的沙漠化、古盐湖蒸发岩的形成和黄土堆积环境对黄河水硫同位素组成的控制性影响。}     

中国的小冰期气候及其与全球变化的关系

根据由历史文献资料复原的气候序列和树木年轮、冰芯记录以及冰川、沙漠、湖泊资料,作者认为,我国的小冰期持续至19世纪90年代结束。这期间最寒冷的时段是17世纪20年代—90年代和19世纪20年代—90年代。文中指出小冰期时我国的寒潮、梅雨、尘暴、干旱灾害及降水变率的特点。将我国的资料与欧洲、日本的资料拼图,并与北美的资料对比,可以看出,我国小冰期的气候变化与全球变化一致,其中寒冷时段在欧洲的出现略早于东亚,而我国出现的若干个最寒冷的10年则同时在北美和欧洲出现。     

Climatic fluctuation in the Czech Lands during the last millennium

On the basis of documentary evidence, proxy-data and instrumental observations, the climatic fluctuation during the last millennium in the Czech Lands is analysed. According to narrative sources, the warmest period falls between the 1260s–1380s, documents for Lamb's (1984) Medieval Warm Epoch in 1150–1300 are missing. The prevalence of extremely cold and also rainy periods, as an expression of the Little Ice Age, is most conspicuous in the 15th century, in the 1590s and, with three interruptions, between the 1730s–1850s. Since the latter half of the 19th century a rising temperature trend has manifested itself. A regional climatic scenario for the model of global warming is discussed in relation to the observed trends in the Czech Lands.     

Climatic fluctuations in the Central Region of Argentina in the last 1000 years

Several lines of evidence concur to explain the climatic fluctuations that occurred in the central region of Argentina during the last millennium. The investigation was advanced in two ways: on the one hand, a geographic model was elaborated; and on the other, a temporal sequence for various climatic situations was developed. During the last 1000 yr, two significant events related to global changes occurred: the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA). The Medieval Warm Period was characterized by a humid and warm climate in the plains and recession of the Andean glaciers. In contrast, during the Little Ice Age the plains had temperate, semi-arid to arid climates, and Andean glaciers advanced. In the western region, the fluvial-lacustrine systems were more extensive during cold events (LIA) and contracted during warm events (MWP). In contrast, in the eastern region the fluvial-lacustrine systems showed a diminution during cold events and increased their extent during warm episodes. During the LIA, the occurrence of two cold pulses separated by an intermediate period has been established. The first cold pulse extended from the beginning of the XV century to the end of the XVI century; the second cold pulse (the main one) began at the beginning of the XVIII century and lasted until the beginning of the XIX century. Both cold pulses can be related to the Spörer and Maunder Minimums respectively. These climatic changes modified the landforms, influenced the vegetation distribution and were one of the main factors for control of human activities during the last 1000 yr.     

明清时期中国东部高温事件年表重建和分析*

气候变化的背景下,极端暖事件的频率有增加的趋势。通过“语义差异法”识别了明清时期的高温事件,对其高温程度进行分级,建立了1350—1910年中国东部的高温事件年表,并对高温事件的发生时间、年代际特征进行了分析。结果表明: 明清时期有41个年份记录了高温事件,36个年份出现极端高温事件;高温事件发生频率和强度存在一定的阶段性变化,这种阶段性变化与北半球及中国气温的冷暖阶段变化有一定对应,与极端冷事件频率基本呈反相变化,1700—1749年和1800—1859年是明清时期极端高温事件发生频率最高且强度最大的2个时段,分别对应小冰期中期1710—1760年较温暖的时期和小冰期末期,16世纪末至17世纪是小冰期中最寒冷的一个阶段,极端高温事件相对不频繁,极端冷事件则发生频繁;高温事件还具有连年或隔年再发的特点。尝试利用现代器测资料和站点相关的计算方法对高温事件记录点所可能反映的地理范围进行了探讨,长江下游地区和华北平原的案例分析表明,历史时期记录有限,但区域的单点高温记录可能反映了范围比较广的极端高温事件。     

中国小冰期的气候

在建立了近百年中国10个区的年平均气温序列的基础上,利用史料、冰芯δ18O及树木年轮,重建了各区近400～1000年的10年平均气温序列。分析表明,近千年来中国可能有5次冷期分别出现于1100’s～1150’s,1300’s～1390’s,1450’s～1510’s,1560’s～1690’s及1790’S～1890’S。第4次冷期主要在中国大陆中部最明显,而第5次冷期在中国南部较强。新疆、东北及闽台气温变化与中国其它部分特别是南部及西南有一定差异。如果把最后两次冷期作为中国小冰期的两次主要寒冷阶段,其30年平均气温可能比20世纪中期中国最暖的30年(1920’S～1940’S)低0．6～0．11℃。     

A 2000-yr-long multi-proxy lacustrine record from eastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada reveals first millennium AD cold period

We generate a multi-proxy sub-centennial-scale reconstruction of environmental change during the past two millennia from Itilliq Lake, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Our reconstruction arises from a finely subsectioned ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹⁴C-dated surface sediment core and includes measures of organic matter (e.g., chlorophyll a; carbon–nitrogen ratio) and insect (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages. Within the past millennium, the least productive, and by inference coldest, conditions occurred ca. AD 1700–1850, late in the Little Ice Age. The 2000-yr sediment record also reveals an episode of reduced organic matter deposition during the 6th–7th century AD; combined with the few other records comparable in resolution that span this time interval from Baffin Island, we suggest that this cold episode was experienced regionally. A comparable cold climatic episode occurred in Alaska and western Canada at this time, suggesting that the first millennium AD cold climate anomaly may have occurred throughout the Arctic. Dramatic increases in aquatic biological productivity at multiple trophic levels are indicated by increased chlorophyll a concentrations since AD 1800 and chironomid concentrations since AD 1900, both of which have risen to levels unprecedented over the past 2000 yr.     

北极巴罗地区13世纪以来花粉记录的气候变迁及其与青藏高原的比较

北极阿拉斯加巴罗(Barrow)地区(70°21′N,156°40′W)位于北极滨海平原最北端,根据湖泊钻孔花粉记录,210Pb和137Se测定以及多项环境代用指标测试(有机质含量、总C和总N含量、CaCo3),并结合当地现代冻原植被、表层花粉谱、当地70a的气象记录以及有关的冰芯、树龄等资料的综合对比研究,分析了13世纪以来巴罗地区气候和环境变化历史.大约在13世纪以前,巴罗地区植被稀少,气候寒冷,其后冻原植被发育良好,并经历几次演变.结合沉积地球化学元素测试结果和其他环境代用资料研究表明,小冰期以来Barrow地区曾发生3次暖期(公元1540—1600年,1660—1730年和1880—1992)和3次冷期(公元1440—1520年,1610—1650年和1750—1850年).这些冷暖事件与青藏高原冰芯记录对比发现,虽然在高频变化上,不同地区存在着差异,但重大冷暖事件都曾出现.其中3次暖期与青藏高原古里雅冰芯和敦德冰帽中代表温度变化的δ¹⁸O值指示的暖期基本一致,证实巴罗湖芯记录的环境变化序列是可靠的.同时,古里雅和敦德冰芯记录中反映传统小冰期中的15,17,和19世纪的3次冷期,在巴罗湖芯记录中都有显示.     

Interactions of Arctic and Atlantic water-masses and associated environmental changes during the last millennium, Hornsund (SW Svalbard)

The fjords of southwestern Spitsbergen (European Arctic) are a climatically sensitive area neighbouring the mixing zone of warm northward-flowing Atlantic water-masses and cold Arctic Water. Owing to reasonably high accumulation rates, these settings are especially suitable for providing high-resolution sedimentary records of regional hydrological and environmental changes. A sediment core spanning the last millennium was retrieved from the outer Hornsund fjord basin, ¹⁴C dated and analysed for sediment grain size, ice-rafted debris (IRD), the distribution of benthic foraminifera and their oxygen and carbon stable isotope composition. The record of sub-centennial resolution reveals three distinctive periods: the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age (∼AD 1600–1900) and 20th-century warming. The marine record obtained is well correlated with regional high-resolution ice-core records as well as with atmospheric palaeotemperature reconstructions and sea-ice data. The colder periods stay in phase with the greater influence of less saline, cold Arctic Water indicated by subtle changes in benthic foraminifera assemblages and the δ¹⁸O signal, which is dominated by changes in salinity. The IRD record clearly indicates that tidewater glaciers were present in SW Spitsbergen throughout the last millennium, and most actively from the late 16th century until the end of the 19th century.     

长江三角洲千年冬温序列与古里雅冰芯比较

利用长江三角洲史料优势,重建公元820年代以来,年代级冬温序列.为测试古里雅冰芯记录的影响力,与之作比较研究.结果显示:其年代级变化背景有很好的对应关系,年代级变化有大同小异的复杂情况.舍弃量级,就年代级温度,降水升降,约有一半是同步的,且有大致对应的温湿组合.说明两地虽远隔数千公里,环境生态条件悬殊,年代级气候变化仍有响应.最后就形成响应的成因机制作初步分析。     

Climate reconstruction in the Urals from geothermal data

Results of paleoclimatic analysis of geothermal data in the Middle and Southern Urals for different time intervals are presented. Climate reconstruction for the past millennium was made using data from 44 boreholes, and the magnitude of the Wurm–Holocene warming event was estimated based on data from two deep boreholes. The method of functional space inversion was used. The resolution of the method for reconstruction of various climatic events in the past was investigated. Parameters specified a priori and the required duration of the period to be reconstructed were chosen from the results of numerical modeling. According to the inversion results, the ground surface temperature at the maximum of the Medieval Warm Period in 1100–1200 was approximately the same as the present temperature, and at the minimum of the Little Ice Age around 1720, it was 1.2–3 °C lower than at present. The subsequent temperature rise was more pronounced in the past century. The magnitude of the Wurm–Holocene warming event, reconstructed using data from two deep boreholes is 10–11 °C.