偶极子间距对电法检测填埋场渗漏的影响

偶极子间距会对电法检测填埋场漏洞的灵敏度和准确度产生影响。基于电法检测填埋场渗漏的原理,对偶极子间距的影响进行了分析及实验验证。理论及实验结果表明：偶极子间距越大,漏洞检测的灵敏度越高,但定位准确度同时降低且易造成漏检;偶极子间距越小,漏洞定位的准确度越高,但检测灵敏度降低。工程实践中,偶极子间距通常确定为1 m。     

黄土与其矿物颗粒表面水膜类型及其定量表征

黏性土中细粒表面水膜是影响其物理力学性质的内在因素。经典土力学一般将土粒表面水膜分为强结合水和弱结合水,即所谓双电层模型,弱结合水的存在是土具有可塑性的原因,强弱结合水的界限含水率为塑限,该模型很好地解释了黏性土的稠度变化及其有关的物理力学行为。然而,通过等温吸附试验发现,土粒表面还存在吸附水膜,对非饱和土高吸力段的物理力学特性有重要影响。为此,本文将黄土颗粒表面水膜分为单层吸附水、多层吸附水、强结合水、弱结合水和自由水5种类型。取甘肃正宁Q₂最顶层的L₂黄土试样,采用等温吸附和液限、塑限测试,对该黄土样和其中的单矿物颗粒各水膜之间的界限含水率进行了定量表征,并测试黄土试样的土水特征曲线（SWCC）,在SWCC上界定了这些界限含水率与基质吸力的关系。当水汽压很低时,土粒表面的吸力来自水的偶极分子与颗粒表面离子间的静电引力,形成单层吸附水,水膜厚度为1个水分子直径;离颗粒表面超出水分子直径的地方,吸力来自范德华力,水的偶极子相互靠拢呈定向排列,形成了多层吸附水;当土粒周围水分增加,颗粒表面未平衡掉的分子引力又可吸引更多的极化水分子,此时在吸附水的周围形成结合水,结合水又分为强结合水和弱结合水;吸附水和结合水膜以外的水为自由水。     

扫描电子显微镜下放射虫化石制样方法的探讨

讨论了为获得放射虫化石的高质量的二次电子图像所采用的试样制备方法。通过多次试验,认为放射虫化石的表面导电处理应采用碳金双层镀膜法。在放射虫化石表面先蒸镀一层１０～２０ｎｍ厚的碳膜,然后根据放射虫化石的形态和表面结构的不同,溅射厚度不同的金膜;钟罩形、塔形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在６０～８０ｎｍ,带刺的球形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在８０～１４０ｎｍ,球形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在１４０～２００ｎｍ。     

电离层影响下均匀半空间水平谐变电偶极子的电磁响应计算

空气介质和电离层是电导率不同的分层媒质,当研究由空气层中电流或磁矩激发的电磁场时,地面接收到的电磁波不仅受到空气介质、地下介质的影响,而且还受到电离层的影响。首先,推导出了电磁场一般边值问题,然后,将电离层、空气及地壳视为均匀、线性、各向同性的三层媒质,考虑地壳、空气、电离层的相互耦合,利用分离变量法推导求得了位于地壳表面水平谐变电偶极子的电磁响应表达式,通过这些表达式能够方便地求出电离层影响下均匀半空间空气层中的电磁场场值,同时,为后续的数值计算奠定了理论基础。     

MT倾子响应的影响因素分析

在二维地电模型中,倾子资料作为大地电磁测深实测资料之一,能够很好地反映地下介质在水平方向的不均匀性,可以作为复杂地质构造的表征.这里采用矩形网格单元的双二次插值有限元法对MT的倾子响应进行正演模拟,通过对异常体在不同条件下倾子数值的分析,结果表明,倾子异常的幅值不仅与上覆层的电导率、厚度以及观测频率有关,还与水平非均匀界面两边介质电导率的对比度,以及地下介质尺寸的大小有关.因为倾子响应的异常幅值很小,在实际观测中由于受到多方面的干扰,且地下异常体的几何不规则性,于是倾子响应的异常也是诸多情况的综合反映.通过对倾子影响因素的分析,可以更加准确地利用倾子资料进行地质解释.     

从高密度电阻率成像法到三维空间上的包气带水文学

高密度电阻率成像法是新近出现的通过测定介质电传导特性的地球物理勘探方法。它方便、快速和多尺度，可对探测对象进行无损的、三维的和动态的监测。由于包气带中发生的各种物理、化学、生物和水文过程不可避免的都会引起介质电阻率的变化，通过高密度电阻率成像法可以对这些过程进行三维的动态监测，从而为我们在三维空间上认识各种包气带过程创造了条件。本文首先介绍了高密度电阻率成像法在半无限的介质表面上应用时的电极布置、测定和反演计算方法，然后介绍了影响介质电阻率的因素。最后，从电阻率空间分布的差异性和时间上的变化性方面，介绍了目前高密度电阻率成像法的应用领域和研究方向，以期能促进高密度电阻率成像法的广泛应用和推动三维空间上的包气带水文学的研究。     

对瞬变电磁测深几个问题的思考(一)——瞬变电磁测深中偶极子源及其转换

偶极子源是电磁法研究的基本对象,是构成更复杂探测装置与资料解释的前提,也是电磁法勘探技术开发与创新的理论基础。从偶极子源的概念出发,导出了均匀大地表面上的主要偶极子源瞬变电磁场公式,并指明正垂直阶跃脉冲与负垂直阶跃脉冲激发的瞬变电磁场公式的异同,以加深认识。举例说明了相应于电性源与磁性源的场分量可根据电磁场的互易定理相互转换,便捷推导公式。重点阐述了由偶极子源的场强公式运用叠加原理可衍生更复杂的电磁场公式,诸如大回线源及其任意一点的瞬变电磁场公式,盘活了瞬变场的应用。      

一种新型CSAMT观测参数的计算方法

常规的可控源电磁法理论在计算视电阻率公式上,由于主要采用了其电磁场,所以难以直接反映全频域视电阻率的值,也不能直观地显现出地下介质的地质构造。这里采用水平偶极子激发的电磁场,提出了电场的全域精确表达式,并可直接计算出大地电阻率。通过与卡尼亚电阻率计算的对比结果表明：该方法的结果在远区等价于卡尼亚电阻率,在近区和过渡带则明显地改善了卡尼亚电阻率的非波场区场畸变,从而能更好地接近基底的真电阻率,更形象地反映了地下介质的垂向电性变化。     

微细矿物颗粒表面水化膜研究现状及进展综述

微细矿物颗粒表面水化膜对其在水溶液中的分散与聚团具有重要影响。本文主要介绍了水化膜的形成机理及其对溶液中微细矿物颗粒分散与聚团的影响。并且分析了水化膜厚度及强度测量、水化作用力以及水化膜破解的研究现状。最后展望了水化膜研究在煤泥水微细颗粒聚团沉降方面的应用前景。     

特软地层井孔中各模式波的传播特征

针对浅层及海底沉积软地层声学参数准确提取的迫切需求,采用实轴积分法数值计算了单极和偶极声源,在特软地层井孔中激发的全波波形,并考察了井径和地层纵横波速度变化,对全波波形中各个模式波的影响。数值计算结果表明,漏能纵波的幅度随着地层纵横波速度比的增大而增强,这也是利用漏能纵波衰减提取地层横波速度的基础。通过对比漏能纵波的频散曲线,验证了从偶极子声源在特软地层井孔激发的漏能纵波中,提取地层的纵波慢度比单极子声源更有效。随着仪器和井壁间流体层厚度的增加,斯通利波和弯曲波的幅度逐渐减弱,且主频向低频方向偏移。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of