水平层状电各向异性介质大地电磁正演研究

电各向异性现象在地球内部是普遍存在的,通过理论上推导的电各向异性介质的张量电导率的表达式及水平层状电各向异性介质的大地电磁正演公式,对一些地电模型进行数值计算,同时与电各向同性地电模型进行对比分析。结果表明,电各向异性介质的张量电导率的大小不仅与介质的固有电阻率性质有关,还与测量的方向有联系;电各向异性系数和相对测量角的变化都对地层的视电阻率和相位曲线振幅有较大的影响,但其曲线形态基本保持不变;当野外观测方向和电各向异性介质的电性主轴重合时,电各向异性介质模型可以看成两个独立的电各向同性介质模型。这些结果有助于以后的电各向异性介质实验研究和其大地电磁反演研究。     

大地电磁(MT)自适应有限元各向异性正演

电各向异性在自然界中普遍存在,特别是沉积盆地中的部分岩层经过压实变质作用,表现出很强的各向异性导电性,采用基于各向同性模型对实测资料进行正反演解释必然会造成困难甚至结果的错误,只有基于各向异性理论的正反演解释才更为合理准确。本文通过自适应有限元对大地电磁各向异性进行正演计算,分别模拟水平、垂直和倾斜各向异性介质在不同偏转角和主轴电阻率下的响应结果。结果表明：自适应有限元能够在后验误差的控制下得到合理的网格,使计算结果更加接近解析解;在各向异性介质中,大地电磁TE极化模式的视电阻率和阻抗相位与垂直于层面的电阻率无关;二维电各向异性结构中,大地电磁TM极化模式响应结果总是由主轴上的电阻率在y轴方向上的分量所决定。     

三维大地电磁响应各向异性特征研究

大地电磁法是岩石圈深部结构探测的重要方法之一,现阶段大地电磁的数据处理多是基于电导率各向同性理论,当地下介质存在电导率各向异性时会对解释结果带来较大偏差。因此,发展三维大地电磁各向异性正演算法,并研究各向异性参数对于大地电磁响应的影响有重要意义。这里推导了各向异性介质中二次电磁场的变分方程,并利用三维非结构矢量有限元法进行求解,通过与COMMEMI等已有模型的计算结果对比,验证了该算法的正确性。在此基础上,进一步通过垂直板状体和球体模型,详细讨论了各向异性参数对视电阻率的影响。结果表明,与之前的认识不同,视电阻率形态的旋转现象并不能准确反映各向异性参数走向角的大小,其还与水平各向异性系数的大小有关。     

随钻电磁波测井数据处理新方法

在有限元素法分析的基础上,根据图版中数据对(地层视电阻率,介电常数)和(幅度衰减,相位差)之间的对应关系,给出了一种采用交汇解释图版的方法,可把随钻电磁测量的相位差和幅度衰减同时转换为地层视电阻率和地层介电常数。同时,通过三维数值模拟不同地层模型的仪器响应,系统地分析了地层各向异性、地层倾角和地层厚度等环境因素对随钻电磁测量视电阻率的影响,结果表明,地层倾角越小,地层厚度越大,测量结果也就越准确。同时绘制了相应的校正解释图版。     

高密度电法与音频大地电磁法在铁路路基沉降勘查中的应用 ——以吉舒铁路40 km(K49-673-713)段为例

本文简要介绍了高密度电法与音频大地电磁法在吉舒铁路路基勘测中的应用效果。通过采用不同方法对不同视电阻率的岩土界面加以区分,分析吉舒铁路路基在不同岩土地层条件下的特点及地球物理特性,在吉舒40 km (K49-633-753)段应用高密度电法与音频大地电磁法了解地层起伏、探查岩土上下层电阻率变化、探测地基土均匀性等,发现并揭示了吉舒铁路路基视电阻率与地基土地球物理指标之间的相关规律。同时揭示了铁路路基发生地质灾害的机理。     

CSAMT视电阻率曲线对水平层状大地的识别与分辨

在三层和五层介质模型上,通过改变各电性层层参数并进行相应的数值计算,比较并分析了可控源音频大地电磁法卡尼亚视电阻率曲线对各层信息的识别与分辨能力。上部覆盖层厚度的增大和电阻率的减小使视电阻率曲线对下部信息的分辨能力下降,而下部地层层参数变化的影响则相对较小;低阻薄夹层对曲线的影响主要由其纵向电导所决定,纵向电导越大异常值越明显;高阻夹层对曲线的影响则取决于其厚度埋深比,比值越大高阻层越易于分辨,而曲线对高阻层电阻率值变化反应不敏感;在10%的分辨标准下,当低阻夹层纵向电导大于覆盖层的0.2倍、高阻夹层电阻率大于围岩5倍以上并且厚度埋深比大于0.2时,各有可分辨异常。相邻高低阻层差异的增大将使曲线的震荡假异常更加明显,导致分辨能力下降。     

EH4电磁成像系统在杭州湾地区晚第四纪地层中的应用

超音频电磁-大地电磁测深法（EH4）具有不受高阻层屏蔽影响、性能稳定、轻巧便携、操作方便、施工简单和成本低廉等优点，非常适合浅层地质勘探。本文以杭州湾南岸新湾地区的EH4电磁勘探测量结果为例，论述了它在晚第四纪地层基底识别、岩性和沉积相划分、储层和天然气层判别等方面的应用结果。研究表明，EH4电磁成像系统获得的新湾地区晚第四纪地层电阻率-深度剖面，能够详细地反映晚第四纪地层基底连续变化情况，新湾地区晚第四纪沉积层基底为一凹凸不平的不整合面，变化极其复杂。不同沉积环境下形成的沉积物类型和粒度均不同，随着沉积物粒度的减小电阻率亦减小，因而借助电阻率的变化，可以大致划分沉积物及沉积相类型。通过单点电阻率曲线和电阻率-深度剖面图，可以清楚地反映地下介质电阻率变化情况，气层厚度、气层与水层电阻率差值越大，气层在电阻率曲线上的显示越强，反之则越弱。电阻率曲线可以确定砂质透镜体的位置和分布范围，并判断出气层深度和厚度。     

起伏地形条件下二维大地电磁各向异性正演

在大地电磁资料处理和解释中,大地电磁的各向异性正演一直是国内、外研究的前沿课题。这里首先从麦克斯韦方程组出发,得出各向异性介质二维大地电磁场的边值问题以及等价的变分问题,进而对计算区域进行完全非结构化三角形剖分,在单元内采用线性插值,将变分方程转化成线性方程组,求解出有限单元法数值解,获得各向异性介质下的电磁场值。讨论了电性主轴与笛卡尔坐标轴之间的夹角以及地形的起伏变化对视电阻率和相位值的影响,结果表明:起伏地形条件下,TE和TM两种极化模式的视电阻率和相位值都会受到影响,且TM模式受地形影响较大;由于介质的各向异性,视电阻率和相位断面图出现明显不同于各向同性的形态,导致横向分界面模糊。     

水平二层大地上偶极-偶极排列电磁耦合频谱的研究

本文较系统地研究了水平二层大地上偶极-偶极排列的电磁耦合(EM)相位频谱.认为影响二层大地EM谱性状的主要是电性参数μ₂(相对导电率)和几何参数h₁/a(盖层厚度/偶极距).在底层为高阻的二层大地上,具较强的EM效应,此时EM仅反映浅层;当底层为低阻时,EM可反映较深部电性体的分布.通过EM频谱和反演的参数规律分析,得出EM特征的变化可直接指示地下介质电阻率值的改变.     

覆盖层影响下圆锥型瞬变电磁Occam约束反演

在地表浅层瞬变电磁勘探中,覆盖层是影响瞬变电磁探测效果的重要因素之一。为了进一步验证覆盖层影响下圆锥型场源装置的探测效果,在瞬变电磁全区视电阻率理论基础上,引入地层信息约束的Occam反演方法,研究了覆盖层不同参数影响下下伏地层的电磁响应特征。研究结果表明:目标层电磁响应强度与覆盖层和目标层电阻率比值有关;当覆盖层电阻率逐渐增大时,目标层反演电阻率与实际电阻率拟合度呈现先提升后降低的趋势,临界点出现在覆盖层与下伏高阻层电阻率相等时;当覆盖层厚度增大时,下伏地层的电磁响应相应减弱,异常区电磁响应峰值出现时间提前,反演后电阻率峰值深度加深。通过加入地层信息约束,下伏地层电阻率与实际电阻率拟合度及层界面分辨率均得到有效提升。研究成果为圆锥型场源野外数据处理与解释提供理论参考。      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with