北京南口-孙河断裂带北段晚第四纪活动的层序地层学研究

文中采用钻探技术对南口-孙河断裂带进行了试验探测研究,并通过层序地层学、岩性岩相分析、磁化率分析与年代测定等方法建立了钻孔联合剖面,进而研究了断层距今60ka以来的多期活动特征,得出断裂带的3个活跃期是60～47kaBP、36～28kaBP与16kaBP以来,其余时段为相对平静期。断裂带的平均垂直位错速率,距今60～37ka之间约为0.35mm/a,37～32ka之间为0mm/a,32～12ka之间为0.78mm/a,12ka以来为0.35mm/a。研究认为,与传统的岩性、沉积相分析方法相比,层序地层学方法在钻孔地层对比与隐伏断层活动分期研究中有一定的优势     

福州盆地埋藏晚第四纪沉积地层划分

文中以14个钻孔地层编录为基础,结合前人研究资料,初步总结了福州盆地埋藏第四纪地层的沉积特征。福州盆地沉积始于晚更新世中期(约56.5ka BP),由砾石、砂、黏土、淤泥组成,总体表现为从下至上粒度变细的沉积序列,地层岩性横向变化较大;盆地内发育3层淤泥,第1,2层淤泥发育于全新世中晚期,时代为1.44～7.86ka BP,为“长乐海侵”的产物,第3层淤泥发育于晚更新世晚期,时代约为44～20ka BP,为“福州海侵”的产物;盆地埋藏晚第四纪地层可划分为上更新统和全新统,分为4个组,从老至新分别为龙海组(Q3pl)、东山组(Qhd)、长乐组(Qhc)与江田组(Qhj)。龙海组归属上更新统,划分为3段,其余3个组归属全新统     

钱塘江河口周边钻孔磁性地层学研究及意义

长江三角洲地区的沉积历史和特征,是揭示我国东部沿海区域新生代以来构造演化与地理格局形成过程的重要窗口.本文基于磁性地层学方法,结合AMS14 C和光释光测年数据以及该地区硬质黏土标志层,对分布于钱塘江河口两侧的五个钻孔建立年代地层框架.结果表明,除河口北部一个钻孔底部年龄至高斯正极性期外,其余钻孔显示南部地区约200ka BP以来才开始沉积,最南端晚至约60ka BP.与该地区已有钻孔磁性地层学资料进行对比,认为长江三角洲部分区域沉积年龄超过百万年和"北厚南薄、东厚西薄"的特征,主要是受早期区域构造背景的影响,而长江三角洲大范围的沉积发生自约200ka BP以来,受构造缓慢沉降和海平面变化控制的细颗粒(黏土-粉砂粒级)从晚更新世才开始沉积,约60ka BP以后扩大至整个三角洲区域.     

晚更新世以来若尔盖盆地的地层划分及构造-气候意义

晚更新世以来地层的形成受气候、构造活动的影响,并记录其过程。因此,建立晚更新世以来的地层序列,对于气候变化、活动构造、地貌成因等研究十分重要。若尔盖盆地位于青藏高原的东部边缘,中国季风区和青藏高原区的交会地带,对气候变化敏感,构造活动也很强烈,建立盆地晚更新世以来的地层序列可以促进气候变化、构造活动研究。根据若尔盖盆地的湖相钻孔、泥炭矿、河流阶地和探槽等揭露的26个典型地层剖面,结合14C和OSL等测年方法获得的200多个同位素年龄,对晚更新世以来的地层进行对比和划分,得到地层综合柱状。晚更新世中期以来划分6个沉积韵律(75~55kaBP,55~33kaBP,33~20kaBP,20~11kaBP,11~4kaBP,4~0kaBP)和6个标志层(75~55kaBP和22~20kaBP的粉细砂层,13~9kaBP的青灰色粉细砂或灰—青灰色砾石沉积,5~4kaBP、3.5~2kaBP、0.5~0.3kaBP的黑色含炭质砂质黏土沉积)。沉积序列和构造-气候关系紧密,一方面沉积韵律与气候旋回基本吻合,与深海氧同位素阶段有较好的对应关系;另一方面,沉积层岩性特征也受到北侧的东昆仑断裂带和西侧的龙日坝断裂带新构造期持续活动的影响,沉积过程主要受气候控制,地层厚度及其空间分布的差异也受到构造活动影响。     

山西应县护驾岗冲洪积台地地层光释光年龄及其指示意义

利用细颗粒(4～11μm)石英简单多片再生法(SMAR)光释光测年技术对山西应县护驾岗冲洪积台地地层进行系统测年,研究表明,样品的光释光信号以快组份为主,适合光释光测年.根据年龄数据和深度建立年龄-深度曲线和函数,推算出了剖面的沉积速率.在(距今,后同)66.46ka ～ 33.62ka期间,剖面沉积速率共发生4次变化,沉积速率的变化与同期古里雅冰芯记录的δ180变化趋势基本一致,即沉积速率快对应于冷期,沉积速率慢对应于暖期.具体来说,66.46ka～60.23ka,MIS4冷期,沉积速率为0.6055 m/ka;60.23ka～47.15ka,MIS3c暖期,沉积速率为0.0382m/ka;47.15ka～42.65ka,MIS3b冷期,沉积速率为0.4512 m/ka;37.89ka～33.62ka,MIS3a暖期,沉积速率为0.1986m/ka.综合以上因素得出:气候的变化是研究区66.46ka～33.62ka期间沉积环境变化的主要因素.     

基于测井曲线频谱分析在伦坡拉盆地古近系米氏旋回层序及可容空间变化趋势中的研究

伦坡拉盆地是目前青藏高原唯一获得工业油气流的一个盆地,然而目前有关该盆地古近系主要沉积地层的地层格架划分尚较薄弱且鲜有探讨.选择伦坡拉盆地西伦2井自然伽马测井曲线为研究对象,运用频谱分析、滤波分析以及Fischer图解等方法,建立了井下牛堡组和丁青湖组天文年代标尺,进行了牛堡组和丁青湖组旋回地层层序划分,初步探讨了该盆地可容空间变化、旋回叠加模式以及层序成因机制.结果显示,伦坡拉盆地丁青湖组和牛堡组地层中主要地层旋回周期之比与米兰科维奇地球轨道周期参数之比一致,表明天文轨道周期旋回对伦坡拉盆地陆相地层的沉积过程具有明显影响.其中,丁青湖组对应于405ka周期保存了约37个长偏心率周期旋回,对应于124.5ka周期发育120个短偏心率旋回,旋回堆积平均速率约为4.75cm/ka,沉积时限约为14.985 Ma左右;牛堡组对应于405ka周期发育46个长偏心率旋回,对应于131.5ka周期发育142个短偏心率旋回,旋回堆积平均速率为7.71cm/ka,沉积时限约为18.63 Ma左右.丁青湖组与牛堡组均经历了两次较大规模的长周期可容空间上升以及下降的过程,可容空间均呈快速上升→快速下降至缓慢上升→缓慢下降的变化趋势.丁青湖组可划分出2个二级旋回层序、6个三级旋回层序、37个四级旋回层序、120个五级旋回层序及270个六级旋回层序,牛堡组可划分出2个二级旋回层序、8个三级旋回层序、46个四级旋回层序、142个五级旋回层序和489个六级旋回层序,其中四级旋回层序的发育受长偏心率周期405ka控制,五级旋回层序主要受短偏心率周期控制,而六级高频旋回层序主要受天文轨道轴斜率周期控制.该研究成果为伦坡拉盆地今后油气勘探工作中的地层分析,建立区域内高频层序单元格架等研究提供一种新的方法和手段.     

北京南口-孙河断裂晚第四纪古地震事件的钻孔剖面对比与分析

南口-孙河断裂是北京市区隐伏的正倾滑活动断裂,其地震危险性备受关注．将槽探研究活动断层古地震的经验引入到钻探工作中,提出了通过土芯识别断层崖崩积层的模式,并采用三重管取芯技术在南口-孙河断裂带附近采集了连续的原状土芯．通过断坎前崩积层识别、地层累计位移限定与下降盘地层增厚现象分析等方法,初步建立了断裂带距今60ka以来由13次地表位错事件组成的古地震序列．根据复发间隔的差异,将地震活动历史分为3个时段．距今60～40ka之间发生了3次地震,复发间隔为10ka左右．40～25ka之间发生了6次地震,复发间隔多为2．5ka左右．25ka以来发生了4次地震,复发问隔变化较大,其中最近3次地震的复发间隔为5ka左右．复发间隔小的时期也是断层滑动速率大的时期．单次事件的同震位移为0．8—2．2m,均值为1．4m,矩震级相当于6．7～7．1级．研究认为通过钻探技术研究正断层的古地震事件是可行的,但要获得完整的古地震序列,需要足够密集的钻孔和连续的原状土芯．     

山西交城断裂带西张探槽全新世古地震研究

西张探槽①位于山西太原市西北10km,沿交城断裂带北段NNW方向高4.6m的低陡坎前缘开挖。探槽长108m,宽8m,深10m,揭露18层地层。探槽上部地层为亚砂土,探槽内断层下降盘的上部地层为一套砾石层,下部地层为一套褐色垆土与亚砂土互层,断层的上升盘地层以亚砂土为主夹砾石层。探槽揭露出3条断面,断面的上断点距地表1.5m,断错的最新地层距今(3.74±0.06)ka。探槽揭示出断面、地层断错、崩积楔、地层倾斜等现象。由探槽揭露出的地层与断层的关系可知早全新世以来交城断裂带曾发生3次断层活动事件,其时间分别为距今(3.74±0.06)～(3.06±0.26)ka、(8.35±0.09)～(3.74±0.06)ka与(10.66±0.85)～(8.35±0.09)ka,具有2.6～3.6ka的强震重复间隔;3次同事件最小垂直位移分别为3.0m、2.5m及3.2m。西张探槽的意义在于揭示了历史上未有强震记载的晋中盆地几千年前有过多次强震活动。西张探槽获得的交城断裂带全新世古地震活动的依据,对评价太原市未来的强震危险性具有重要意义     

黄土高原中部450ka以来植被演化的有机碳同位素与分子化石记录

黄土高原地质历史时期不同时间尺度上的植被演化规律与气候环境影响因素,以及植被替代性指标的解译等问题还值得进一步研究.本工作拟通过对灵台黄土剖面450ka以来黄土-古土壤样品总有机碳同位素(δ~(13)CTOC)和正构烷烃含量组合参数如C31/C27进行综合对比研究,从而为明晰这些问题提供一些新的讨论和证据.结果表明,450ka以来黄土高原中部C_3、C_4植物混生,以C_3植物为主;按生活型则草本、木本混生,以草本植物为主.在黄土高原气候较温暖湿润的MIS9(S3时期),MIS5(S1时期)阶段,可能出现过C_3木本植物的短暂增多,但总体上不存在大面积的森林.在阶段性变化上,黄土高原130ka以来草本植物总体增多,可能与区域性气候干旱化有关.在轨道尺度上,全新世较末次冰期,MIS11(S4时期)较MIS12(L5时期)C_3草本植物减少;在其他几个冰期旋回,间冰期较相应冰期C_3草本植物增多.植被替代性指标与建群种蒿属孢粉量的变化吻合较好,其变化可能与冰期旋回上水热配置有关.MIS1(S0时期)与MIS11(S4时期)气候相似,但全新世时期松属乔木的大量增多,暗示了人类活动和生态因子火活动的影响.     

北京平原夏垫断裂齐心庄探槽古地震事件分析

齐心庄探槽位于 1679年三河 -平谷 8级地震夏垫地表地震破裂带东段。探槽内出露的断错地层、崩积楔、堰塞塘堆积、张裂楔及微细地层层理的揉皱现象 ,显示夏垫断裂全新世以来曾发生 4次强震事件。这 4次强震分别发生在距今 ( 10 85～ 9 71)ka、( 7 39～ 6 68)ka、( 5 4 16～ 2 2 33)ka及 1679年 (即三河 -平谷 8级地震 )。这 4次强震的时间间隔分别为 ( 3 2 4 5± 0 336)ka、( 3 2 11±0 815)ka及 ( 3 553± 0 796)ka ,平均强震间隔为 ( 3 336± 0 396)ka。 4次强震的平均同震垂直位移为 ( 1 4± 0 5)m。在齐心庄实施的探槽工程 ,除邻近断面开挖的探槽外 ,还在探槽南北 4 0 0m范围内开挖了 4个探坑 ,对认识断层下降盘地层的展布形态及确定断面堰塞塘的分布提供了帮助。在这些野外工作基础上 ,对齐心庄探槽研究结果与前人沿夏垫断裂其它地点的探槽及钻孔资料进行了对比 ,在古地震事件认识上大部分是一致的     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.