全球大气垂直环流间的相关分析

利用三维分解方案对全球大气环流进行分解,得到全球大气垂直环流分量,计算各大气垂直环流活动中心之间以及赤道中太平洋大气垂直环流与全球大气垂直环流的相关系数,分析表明,全球大气垂直环流活动中心的季节变化具有明显的一致性,南半球热带垂直环流和亚洲季风环流关系密切;赤道中太平洋地区纬向垂直环流与热带大气经向垂直环流有较强的同步变化特征,与青藏高原上空大气纬向环流关系密切     

基于三维分解的大尺度垂直环流变化特征分析

通过探讨大尺度大气环流表示方法的数学变换，提出了三维分解方案，在全球范围内统一处理热带和中高纬度的环流，并依此对垂直环流进行方差分析。结果表明，垂直环流以季节变化为主，亚洲季风区是全球垂直环流季节变化的强信号区，年际变化的强信号区位于热带中太平洋。     

季风试验计划——全球大气研究计划的分计划之一

一、全球大气研究计划中的季风分计划 亚-欧-非大陆的加热和冷却作用是造成大气环流季节性变化的一个重要因子,这是大气环流的最基本问题之一,但目前对此所知甚少。季风降雨开始日期的早晚和雨量多寡有很大的年际变化,直接影响到亚洲南部和西非许多国家的农业丰歉。另一方面,大范围的季风环流本身也是全球大气运动场的一个主要组成部分。在大气环流模式中,如果不把造成大范围季风的各种物理过程考虑进去,就不能成功地模拟全球大气的特征。因此,在全球大气研究计划中,为了对全球几个主要季风区的大气状况进行集中的观测研     

亚洲夏季风活动激发的北半球大气环流遥相关型

亚洲季风区是全球热力变化最为显著的区域，亚洲夏季风活动必定会对其它环流系统产生影响。本文通过夏季风指数与北半球环流的相关计算以及强、弱季风候北半球环流异常合成的分析发现，亚洲夏季风的活动会激发北半球夏季大气环流遥相关型，其主要相关中心均出现在季风区的下游地区，即从亚洲经太平洋至北美洲一带，除了表现出正负中心交替出现的波列状结构外，该遥相关型在太平洋地区还表现为一对南北向的偶极子异常型，我们将这一遥相关型称为亚洲太平洋北美（ＡＰＮ）型。     

西太平洋上空纬向风从冬到夏的转变及其与梅雨的关系

早年的工作指出:在5月底至6月初,北半球大气环流有一次非常急剧的变化,表现在东、西风带的突然向北推移,与此同时,东亚梅雨开始。另外还曾发现,在3月底4月初,亚洲大陆及西太平洋上空大气环流有一个很明显的转变,这个转变的日期与梅雨开始的迟早有较好的关系。     

中纬度北太平洋SST异常与大气环流的关系

在分析北太平洋（６０°Ｎ～２０°Ｓ）ＳＳＴ距平分布特征的基础上，确定出北太平洋海流区为中纬度北太平洋ＳＳＴ变化最活跃的海区。讨论了该海区ＳＳＴ异常与大气环流的相互关系，并与赤道中、东太平洋ＳＳＴ异常和大气环流的相互影响进行了对比分析，发现北太平洋海流区ＳＳＴ异常时，大气环流存在显著的ＰＮＡ型环流。本文还指出在中纬度北太平洋ＳＳＴ异常与北半球大气环流的相互作用中，大气环流是首先启动的方面。     

论青藏高原隆起作用于大气的临界高度

在以前工作的基础上，从大气动力学、热力学及气候学的角度，进一步论证了在青茂高原隆起过程中存在一个临界高度ｈｃ（－１．５－２ｋｍ）。当高原隆起突破这一临界高度时才开始对大气产生强烈的作用，从而造成大气环流、大气热力结构、亚洲区域以及全球气候等一系列巨大转变。     

中国华南春季季风及其与大尺度环流特征的关系

定义了中国华南春季季风，并用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料研究了春季风的气候特征以及春季风降水和大尺度环流在年际变化上的关系。结果表明，从降水和大气环流的变化来看，华南春季风在气候上发生于4月和5月；与华南春季风相联系的大气环流特征与夏季风和冬季风所对应的大气环流特征完全不同。华南春季风降水的年际变化主要与太平洋北部的异常环流相关联，而这种异常环流又与亚洲北部的西风急流和极地涡旋有联系；华南春季风降水的年际变化还与太平洋的海表温度异常有关；而亚洲热带大气环流的年际变化与华南春季风降水的变化关系不大。     

影响山西省气温变化的可能原因分析与检验

选取大气环流指数、太阳黑子、CO2浓度、能源消费等可能影响气温变化的因子,采用1960—2009年资料序列,运用计量经济学方法,对山西省年平均气温与相关因子的格兰杰因果关系进行了检验,结果显示:1)从20世纪60年代开始,亚洲极涡强度指数、亚洲纬向环流指数及全球CO2浓度均是山西年平均气温变化的格兰杰原因,而太阳黑子从20世纪70年代开始才明显影响到山西省平均气温的变化,且影响的隔年效应显著。2)因果关系检验的统计量对比表明,在影响因子中,亚洲纬向环流指数对山西平均气温的影响最为显著,持续时间也最长,影响山西年气温变化的根本原因是大气环流自身的变化规律,即自然因素是影响气温变化的主要原因。3)全球CO2浓度变化是人类活动的直接结果,也是山西平均气温变化的人为因素。节能减排,控制CO2浓度的快速增加,是保护气候资源的唯一可行的途径。     

北半球冬季大气环流遥相关型特征与我国区域气候

计算了1951／1952～2002／2003年北半球冬季大气环流遥相关型的强度指数，研究了它们的长期变化和近期特征，指出近10年来WA型的负趋势，PNA型的正趋势还在持续并有所加强。它们的强度突变分别发生于20世纪80年代初(WA型1984年由强转弱)及70年代中(PNA型1976年由弱转强)。还指出，近10年来，亚洲(亚欧)地区的纬向环流强度继续在加强，经向环流强度继续在减弱，大气环流及遥相关型强度的这种变化是中国冬季气候变化的一个重要原因。     

The Weakening of the Asian Monsoon Circulation after the End of 1970＇s

The transition of the global atmospheric circulation in the end of 1970＇s can clearly be detected in the atmospheric temperature, wind velocity, and so on. Wavelet analysis reveals that the temporal scale of this change is larger than 20 years. Studies in this work indicate that the trend of the transition over the mid-latitude Asia is opposite to that of global average for some variables at the middle troposphere. Another finding of this research is that the African-Asian monsoon circulation is weaker and the trade wind over the tropical eastern Pacific is weaker as well after this transition. Such a signal may be found in the summer precipitation over China as well.     

The Southern Westerlies during the last glacial maximum in PMIP2 simulations

The Southern Hemisphere westerly winds are an important component of the climate system at hemispheric and global scales. Variations in their intensity and latitudinal position through an ice-age cycle have been proposed as important drivers of global climate change due to their influence on deep-ocean circulation and changes in atmospheric CO₂. The position, intensity, and associated climatology of the southern westerlies during the last glacial maximum (LGM), however, is still poorly understood from empirical and modelling standpoints. Here we analyse the behaviour of the southern westerlies during the LGM using four coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations carried out by the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PMIP2). We analysed the atmospheric circulation by direct inspection of the winds and by using a cyclone tracking software to indicate storm tracks. The models suggest that changes were most significant during winter and over the Pacific ocean. For this season and region, three out four models indicate decreased wind intensities at the near surface as well as in the upper troposphere. Although the LGM atmosphere is colder and the equator to pole surface temperature gradient generally increases, the tropospheric temperature gradients actually decrease, explaining the weaker circulation. We evaluated the atmospheric influence on the Southern Ocean by examining the effect of wind stress on the Ekman pumping. Again, three of the models indicate decreased upwelling in a latitudinal band over the Southern Ocean. All models indicate a drier LGM than at present with a clear decrease in precipitation south of 40°S over the oceans. We identify important differences in precipitation anomalies over the land masses at regional scale, including a drier climate over New Zealand and wetter over NW Patagonia.     

近52年长江中下游地区夏季年代际尺度干湿变化及其环流演变分析

利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的长江中下游地区353站1961~2012年逐月降水资料,通过计算得到各站点夏季标准化降水指数(SPI)。根据长江中下游地区夏季中旱及以上等级站点数目及其突变检测(Mann-Kendall方法,MK)结果,将时间序列划分为三个时段。在此基础上,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及NOAA海洋表面温度重建资料,分析了各个时段前冬至夏季环流背景场的异常特征及其演变过程,并建立了各时段的概念模型。结果表明:(1)长江中下游夏季在第一时段(1961~1973年)呈明显干旱状态;第二时段(1974~1986年)为干旱向湿润转变的阶段;第三时段(1987~2012年)基本转为湿润状态。(2)第二时段为第一时段与第三时段的过渡期,环流背景场在该时段发生明显变化,使得第一时段与第三时段所对应季节的环流距平场相位相反。(3)第一时段,前冬至夏季全球海温持续偏冷,印度洋海温冷异常在夏季尤为显著,南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压偏弱;前冬,青藏高原北部脊偏弱,蒙古高压明显偏弱;夏季,印度低压偏强、南支槽加深,夏季风水汽输送偏强,而亚洲中高纬度为平直西风气流,北方冷空气不易南下至我国南方地区,冷暖空气交绥受阻,使得长江中下游夏季出现大范围的干旱。第三时段相对于第一时段,前冬至夏季全球海温暖异常,印度洋海温显著偏暖,西太平洋副热带高压偏强;前冬,青藏高原北部脊偏强,蒙古高压异常偏强;夏季,印度低压减弱、南支槽异常偏弱,夏季风水汽输送较弱,水汽滞留在长江流域,且贝加尔湖高压脊发展,脊前冷空气南下,使得长江中下游夏季降水偏多。     

2010年春节前后广东全省性低温阴雨过程成因

利用NCEP再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,对2010年春节前后广东低温阴雨天气的特点和成冈进行综合分析.结果表明:这一天气过程具有持续时间长、范围广、影响大、日平均气温异常偏低和降水频繁的特点;造成本次低温阴雨的主要环流形势为乌拉尔山阻塞高压和蒙古横槽均异常偏强和长时间稳定维持,东亚大槽偏弱、副热带高压偏强和中低纬环流...     

大气对春季东海黑潮锋响应的气压调整机制分析

采用美国国家环境预测中心的CFSR(Climate Forecast System Reanalysis)再分析资料和QuickSCAT(Quick Scatterometer)、AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)、TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)高分辨率卫星资料,研究了大气对春季东海黑潮锋响应的气压调整机制及其年际变化。结果表明,春季东海黑潮锋位于黑潮暖舌的西北侧,呈西南-东北走向,与大尺度气压背景场的等压线走向一致,锋区东南侧暖水与西北侧冷水之间产生的局地气压梯度与大尺度气压梯度形成同向叠加,使得锋区附近西北指向东南的气压梯度达到最大,造成该处的海表面10 m矢量风速也最大,在摩擦作用下形成东北偏北风(NNE)。锋区与其东南侧的NNE风之间沿锋区走向(跨锋区走向)的分量差,会在暖舌附近产生气旋性切变涡度(风速辐合),由此产生上升运动和强降水;而在锋区西北侧的冷水区情况正好相反,有反气旋性切变涡度(风速辐散),并伴有下沉运动和弱降水,从而形成跨锋区的次级环流圈。东海黑潮锋区偏强(弱)年,锋区东南侧暖水与西北侧冷水之间的局地气压梯度也偏强(弱),与大尺度气压梯度同向叠加后形成偏强(弱)的NNE风,造成锋区东南侧暖舌附近的气旋性切变涡度、风速辐合、上升运动和降水均偏强(弱),而锋区西北侧冷水区的反气旋性切变涡度、风速辐散和下沉运动均偏强(弱),跨锋区次级环流圈偏强(弱),这表明在年际时间尺度上气压调整机制仍起作用。     

The dynamical effects of divergent wind on the intraseasonal variability of the East Asian circulation

In this paper, the dynamical effects of divergent wind on the intraseasonal variability of atmospheric circulation over East Asia are analyzed by using the function of Rossby-wave source and the energy exchanging function be-tween divergent component and rotational component of the flow.The results analyzed from the observed data show that the advection of vorticity by divergent wind caused by the heating due to the monsoon rainfall in the south to the Yangtze River and the strong convective activities around the Philippines may play an important role in the northward jump of westerly jet stream during the seasonal transition from spring circulation to summer circulation over East Asia. Due to the northward movement of the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind, the energy transformation from divergent component into rotational component can be caused over the Yellow River basin and Northwest China and will cause the intensification of the zonal flow there. Thus, the jet stream abruptly shifts northward to North China.Moreover, the analysed results also show that the advection of vorticity by divergent wind caused by the heating due to the strong convective activities around the Philippines also plays an important role in the intraseasonal varia-bility of the circulation over East Asia during the seasonal transition from summer to winter. With the southward movement of the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind, the energy transformation from divergent component into rotational component can be caused over East Asia, especially over the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin. Therefore, the jet stream gradually moves southward from North China to the Yangtze River basin.     

青藏高原加热与亚洲环流季节变化和夏季风爆发

利用逐日NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了春夏过渡季节青减高原非绝热加热和大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的关系.结果表明,过渡季节的早期(5月中旬以前)青藏高原总非绝热加热与感热加热的时间演变曲线趋势一致,感热加热在过渡季节早期的环流演变中有很重要的作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变与北半球环流的季节变化和亚洲夏季风爆发有很好的相关.在过渡季节里,青藏高原非绝热加热的变化引起了海-陆热力差异对比的变化,给亚洲夏季风的爆发建立了有利的背景环境,对亚洲夏季风爆发有明显的影响.结果还表明,用各区域纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.     

夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动与中国近海热带气旋活动的关系

采用联合台风警报中心的台风最伟路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacif-ic Oscillation,简称APO)与东亚近海-西北太平洋大气环流的关系,并进一步探讨了APO与中国近海热带气旋(tropical cy-clone,简称TC)活动的关系.研究表明:(1)夏季APO强弱与同期西北太平洋及中国东部近海TC活动存在密切关系,即在APO强(弱)年,西北太平洋TC活动偏西(东)和偏北(南),中国东部近海TC明显增多(减少);(2)当APO偏强(弱)时,中国东部近海大气环流有(不)利于TC的维持和发展,表现为低层存在异常气旋性(反气旋性)环流,对流层高低层纬向风垂直切变减小(增大),且对流加强(减弱);(3)APO强弱也影响着TC引导气流的方向:在APO强(弱)年,西北太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)偏北和偏东(偏南和偏西),副高南侧偏东气流减弱(加强),有利于TC的向西北行或在偏北(南)纬度西行,进入中国东部近海的TC增多(减少);(4)APO强弱也影响着南海-热带西太平洋TC源地上空的大气环流,在APO强(弱)年,南海-热带西太平洋季风槽偏北、偏西(偏南、偏东),热带西太平洋TC活动偏北和偏西(偏南和偏东),有利于进入中国东部近海TC的增多(减少).     

Subseasonal forecast skills and biases of global summer monsoons in the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2

Subseasonal forecast skills and biases of global summer monsoons are diagnosed using daily data from the hindcasts of 45-day integrations by the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2. Predictions for subseasonal variability of zonal wind and precipitation are generally more skillful over the Asian and Australian monsoon regions than other monsoon regions. Climatologically, forecasts for the variations of dynamical monsoon indices have high skills at leads of about 2 weeks. However, apparent interannual differences exist, with high skills up to 5 weeks in exceptional cases. Comparisons for the relationships of monsoon indices with atmospheric circulation and precipitation patterns between skillful and unskillful forecasts indicate that skills for subseasonal variability of a monsoon index depend partially on the degree to which the observed variability of the index attributes to the variation of large-scale circulation. Thus, predictions are often more skillful when the index is closely linked to atmospheric circulation over a broad region than over a regional and narrow range. It is also revealed that, the subseasonal variations of biases of winds, precipitation, and surface temperature over various monsoon regions are captured by a first mode with seasonally independent biases and a second mode with apparent phase transition of biases during summer. The first mode indicates the dominance of overall weaker-than-observed summer monsoons over major monsoon regions. However, at certain stages of monsoon evolution, these underestimations are regionally offset or intensified by the time evolving biases portrayed by the second mode. This feature may be partially related to factors such as the shifts of subtropical highs and intertropical convergence zones, the reversal of biases of surface temperature over some monsoon regions, and the transition of regional circulation system. The significant geographical differences in bias growth with increasing lead time reflect the distinctions of initial memory capability of the climate system over different monsoon regions.     

Summer Sahel-ENSO teleconnection and decadal time scale SST variations

The correlation between Sahel rainfall and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the northern summer has been varying for the last fifty years. We propose that the existence of periods of weak or strong relationship could result from an interaction with the global decadal scale sea surface temperature (SST) background. The main modes of SST variability have been extracted through a principal component analysis with Varimax rotation. The correlations between a July-September Sahel rainfall index and these SST modes have been computed on a 20-year running window between 1945 and 1993. The correlations with the interannual ENSO-SST mode are negative, not significant in the 1960s during the transition period from the wet climate phasis to the long-running drought in the Sahel, but then were significant since 1976. During the former period, the correlations between the Sahel rainfall index and the other SST modes (expressing mostly on quasi and multi-decadal scales) are the highest, in particular correlations with the tropical Atlantic “dipole”. Correlations between Sahel and Guinea Coast rainfall are also significantly negative. After 1970, the Sahel-Guinea Coast rainfall correlations are no longer significant, and the ENSO-SST mode becomes the only one significantly correlated with Sahel rainfall, especially due to the impact of warm events. The partial correlations between the ENSO-SST mode and the Sahel rainfall index, when the influence of the other SST modes are eliminated, are significant over all the 20-year running periods between 1945 and 1993, suggesting that this summer teleconnection could be modulated by the decadal scale SST background. The NCEP/NCAR reanalyses reproduce accurately the interannual variability of the atmospheric circulation after 1968. In particular a regional West African Monsoon Index (WAMI), combining wind speed anomalies at 925 and 200?hPa, is highly correlated with the July-September Sahel rainfall index. A warm ENSO event is associated both with an eastward mean sea level pressure gradient between the eastern tropical Pacific and the tropical Atlantic and with a northward pressure gradient along the western coast of West Africa. This pattern leads to enhanced trade winds over the tropical Atlantic and to weaker moisture advection over West Africa, consistent with a weaker monsoon system strength and a weaker Southern Hemisphere Hadley circulation. The NCEP/NCAR reanalyses do not reproduce accurately the decadal variability of the atmospheric circulation over West Africa because of artifical biases. Therefore the impact of the decadal scale pattern of the atmospheric circulation has been investigated with atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) sensitivity experiments, by forcing the ARPEGE-Climat model with different combinations of an El Niño-like SST pattern with the pattern of the main mode of decadal scale SST variability where the hightest weights are located in the Pacific and Indian basins. AGCM outputs show that the decadal scale SST variations weakly affect Sahel rainfall variability but that they do induce an indirect effect on Sahel rainfall by enhancing the impact of the warm ENSO phases after 1980, through an increase in the fill-in of the monsoon trough and a moisture advection deficit over West Africa.