干旱区典型绿洲土地利用／覆被变化及其对土壤盐渍化的效应研究-以新疆沙雅县为例

本研究选用了1989年、1998年以及2009年Landsat TM／ETM＋影像,利用3S技术,深入剖析了盐渍地的分布与变化状况,结合研究区20年水盐动态变化,分析了盐渍土土壤的含水量、含盐量、pH值、TDS以及7大化学成分的分布现状,并基于土地利用／覆被变化的研究,研究了土地利用／覆被变化与土壤盐渍化效应的影响。分析结果表明：①20年间,研究区土地利用／覆被类型有很大的变化,综合土地利用动态度仅为0．476％,中轻度盐渍地和重度盐渍地恶化速率呈现先增加后减少的趋势,盐渍化进程有所遏制,但依然无法扭转逐步恶化的趋势。②研究区土壤呈碱性,土壤盐渍化的危害主要是NaCl,其次是MgCl2以及Na2SO4;各采样点不同深度的含水量大小存在明显差异,但变化趋势基本相似,其中表层土壤的含水量与其他深度土层含水量的区别显著;不同深度的土层,盐渍土的类型也有着较大的差异性。③20年间,耕地转化为中轻度盐渍地和重度盐渍地的面积分别占原耕地面积的3．484％和0．418％,水体、沙漠、其他与中轻度盐渍地、重度盐渍地的相互转化均非常微弱,中轻度盐渍地与重度盐渍地之间的相互转化频繁。     

渭-库绿洲地下水对土壤盐渍化和其逆向演替过程的影响

基于遥感数据,结合地下水位观测资料,本文对渭-库绿洲土壤盐渍化与地下水的关系进行了定量研究,并探讨土壤盐渍化的逆向演替过程。研究表明:渭-库绿洲在地下水埋深2.3~2.7 m区间,盐渍地面积占的比例较高,在地下水埋深2.7~3.4 m区间,盐渍地面积占的比例相对较低;渭-库绿洲部分地方地下水位已低于影响地表盐渍化的水位临界值(4.66 m),地下水矿化度低于3 g/L,研究区整体处于有利于土壤盐渍化逆向演替的环境之中;土壤盐渍化的逆向演替过程具有时空特征,由绿洲上部向下部,内部向外部逐步发生逆向演替。     

中亚土库曼斯坦绿洲土壤盐渍化动态演变评估

针对土库曼斯坦广泛存在的土壤盐渍化问题,选取达绍古兹州典型盐渍地为研究区,利用1990年、2000年和2010年的Landsat TM、ETM遥感影像,获取盐分指数（SI）和反照率（Albedo）构建SI-Albedo特征空间,利用土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数（SMI）,计算并划分研究区盐渍化等级。结果表明：（1）利用SMI指数对区域土壤盐渍化状况进行统计及定量分析,有利于大尺度范围的土壤盐渍化动态监测;（2）1990-2010年间研究区盐渍化程度持续加重,其中,重度盐渍地增加1 103.9 km²,增长了5.28%;中度盐渍地增加1 716.184 km²,增长8.21%;（3）地形及气候等自然因素对研究区土壤盐渍化过程有较大影响,盲目的垦荒、不合理灌溉等人为因素更加剧了研究区盐渍化的形成,使得盐渍化现象更加严重,导致盐渍地面积的不断扩大。     

天山北麓绿洲荒漠典型地区土地荒漠化变化的时空特征分析

应用遥感和地理信息系统等技术手段,获取了天山北麓阜康三工河地区1968年、1978年、1988年、2002年的荒漠化土地时空分布及各时段土地荒漠化动态变化数据,并对其荒漠化过程进行了空间统计分析。结果表明：34 a来,三工河地区土地荒漠化以盐渍化为主、沙漠化及水土流失次之;荒漠化土地面积具有前期逐渐增加,20世纪80年代末以后面积大幅度减少的趋势;土地盐渍化变化主要发生在绿洲内部,土地沙漠化变化主要发生在绿洲外围,而严重的水土流失主要发生在山区;土地荒漠化的动态变化与土地利用/土地覆被变化及生态系统的管理方式有着密切关系。     

北疆农区土壤盐渍化遥感监测及其时空特征分析

基于MODIS数据,利用归一化植被指数和盐分指数的二维特征空间关系建立土壤盐渍化遥感监测模型,对北疆农区2000年以来的土壤盐渍化状况及其空间动态变化进行了监测分析,并探讨了典型区土壤盐渍化的主要驱动因素。结果表明：① 土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数可以从宏观上定量刻画北疆农区的土壤含盐量;② 北疆农区土壤盐渍化空间特征呈现出总体上逆转、局部严重发展的态势;③ 土壤盐渍化等级在不同时间段的发展或逆转的方向主要由中度向重度及重度向盐土间的相互转化,其中重度盐渍化农用地的转化幅度最大;④ 不同土壤盐渍化等级中盐土的形成与农区降水量和干燥程度具有较好的相关性,未盐渍化（正常）和中度盐渍化与农区有效灌溉面积和农作物播种面积分别呈相关系数较高的正相关和负相关。     

三工河流域中上游绿洲土壤盐化的时空动态

针对绿洲内部土壤盐渍化发生的现状,以三工河流域中上游阜康绿洲为研究区,运用遥感与GIS技术,结合地统计学方法研究了0—20 cm土层盐分动态特征及其主导因素。结果表明:①研究区各种景观类型间转移剧烈,区域绿洲化作用强于荒漠化; ②通过对1982年和2005年土壤盐分的理论模型拟合,符合球形模型,并且F检验达到极显著水平; ③Kriging插值及其与同期的绿洲景观类型图叠加运算表明,土壤盐渍化具有向北推进的趋势,南部绿洲土壤盐化程度减弱,北部绿洲土壤盐渍化程度加重;④农业灌溉具有一定的洗盐作用,使得南部绿洲土壤盐化程度减轻;北部绿洲,由于地下水作用,使得土壤盐化程度加重。     

基于MSAVI-WI特征空间的新疆渭干河-库车河流域绿洲土壤盐渍化研究

土壤盐渍化是造成干旱区土地荒漠化及生态恶化的重要原因,及时获取大尺度高精度土壤盐渍信息是防治工作的基础。选取新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河—库车河流域三角洲绿洲为研究区,利用Lansat-TM数据与野外实测数据分析盐渍化土壤与修改型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)、湿度指数(WI)之间的关系,在此基础上提出了MSAVI-WI特征空间概念,构建了土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数模型(MWI)。结果表明:MWI与土壤表层含盐量相关性较高,其相关性为0.844,精度高于土壤盐渍监测常用的盐分指数与实测数据的相关性。MWI能较好的反映盐渍化土壤地表植被及土壤水分的组合变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,并且特征参量简单,理论上易于理解,实践上易于实现,MWI模型的构建有利于干旱区大尺度土壤盐渍化定量监测与评价工作的开展。     

新疆渭干河流域土壤盐渍化时空变化及成因分析

以1985 年渭干河流域土壤普查数据、1998 年Landsat TM影像和2008 年CBERS影像为数据源, 通过人机交互解译方式获取3 个时期土壤盐渍化分布状况, 然后采用GIS空间分析方法对23 年来土壤盐渍化时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:①1985-2008 年, 总趋势是随着流域灌区和耕地面积的扩大, 盐渍化耕地也随之增加, 土壤盐渍化耕地面积由13.32×10⁴hm²增至13.78×10⁴hm²。②流域土壤盐渍化现象普遍, 主要分布在绿洲的下部边缘地带, 河流中下游、地势平缓低洼等区域, 盐渍化耕地在绿洲内部呈条形状分布, 在绿洲外围呈片状分布。③河道、渠系和水库渗漏、耕作制度不合理、土地不平整和气候变化等多种因素导致渭干河流域土壤盐渍化扩大, 但在局部地区由于生态恢复和改良利用措施, 使得土壤盐渍化面积也有缩减。     

鄂托克旗风蚀荒漠化景观格局动态变化研究

利用鄂托克旗2000年和2005年TM遥感影像,对荒漠化土地进行判读,结合实地调查,并根据中国“三北”地区荒漠化区域分类与发展趋势综合研究野外地质调查内容-技术要求,确定土地荒漠化景观类型和荒漠化程度,将研究区风蚀荒漠化分为轻度沙化、中度沙化、重度风蚀和严重风蚀4个类型。应用Arcview3.3对两期TM影像进行人机交互判读,得到研究区两个时期的风蚀荒漠化景观类型数据并统计,分析研究区风蚀荒漠化景观格局的动态变化。结果表明,未荒漠化土地主要集中在研究区的北部,严重风蚀主要集中在研究区的南部,由北向南,风蚀程度逐渐加重。研究区风蚀荒漠化主要以轻度沙化和中度沙化为主,占研究区风蚀面积的70%以上,破碎度有所增大。风蚀荒漠化面积虽有减小,但风蚀呈加剧趋势。盐渍化土地已转化为风蚀荒漠化景观,而风蚀荒漠化景观可以向其他各景观转化。在适当条件下,轻度沙化土地与未荒漠化土地容易相互转化。中度沙化土地和重度风蚀土地容易转变为其他景观。     

1975—2018年民勤绿洲沙漠化过程及其驱动机制

根据1975—2018年民勤绿洲土地沙漠化分类体系及遥感影像数据,探究了民勤绿洲沙漠化时空变化过程;选取影响绿洲沙漠化的自然与人为驱动因子,运用主成分分析方法定量评价了民勤绿洲沙漠化过程的主要驱动力。结果表明：1975—2018年沙漠化程度以重度沙漠化为主,轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化面积均呈减少趋势,以2000年为界表现为先发展后逆转趋势;1975—2000年,轻度、中度、重度沙漠化重心总体向东北方向迁移,严重沙漠化的重心向西迁移,沙漠化有向绿洲东北部和巴丹吉林沙漠发展的趋势;2000—2018年轻度沙漠化的重心向西北方向迁移,中度、重度和严重沙漠化重心相对稳定,绿洲沙漠化发展得到明显控制。在绿洲沙漠化过程中,人为因素贡献率为39.53%,自然与人为综合贡献率为26.58%,自然因素贡献率为10.77%,人为因素是民勤绿洲沙漠化的主要驱动力。水资源极度匮乏是绿洲沙漠化的决定因素,在以后的防沙治沙工作中,合理调控人类的生产经营活动,优化干旱区水资源配置,可从源头上治理民勤绿洲的沙漠化。     

土壤盐渍化遥感应用研究进展

文章从地面数据的调查、盐渍土影象的目视判读特征、光谱特征和土壤盐渍化区域的植被特征以及多光谱、高光谱遥感技术等方面综述国内外应用遥感数据探测土壤盐渍化程度及其制图的研究。利用数字图象并结合野外调查数据进行目视解译和计算机自动解译、图象变换提取盐渍土信息;结合G IS方法在分类中加入非遥感数据来提高分类精度;在研究盐渍土的光谱特征的基础上应用高光谱技术定量或半定量地提取盐渍土信息。这都是制定综合治理措施、决定土地利用方向的关键,也是进行区域土壤盐渍化动态预报的重要依据。     

土壤盐渍化研究现状及未来研究热点

随着全球气候暖化问题的日益加剧, 土壤盐渍化问题已经成为各国关心的全球性问题, 全球约有7%的土地受到盐渍化的威胁, 而且这个数字还在上升。我国是土壤盐渍化比较严重的国家, 盐渍化土壤面积大, 分布广, 对区域农业发展构成了严重的威胁。本文对70 年来我国土壤盐渍化研究的内容框架进行了梳理和概括, 并结合国内外的相关研究成果对已有研究中存在的不足进行了评述;借助文献数据库和相关数据共享网络对近30 年来国内外盐渍土研究的趋势和总体概况进行了总结, 提出了新形势下土壤盐渍化研究的5 个重点领域和方向, 旨在为今后开展盐渍土研究提供新的思路。     

Evaluation of throughflow interceptors for controlling secondary soil and water salinity in dryland agricultural areas of southwestern Australia : II. Hydrological study

Short-term hydrological measurements at one site show that throughflow provided the dominant input of water but not of soluble salts to the salt-affected land. Interceptors will therefore reduce saltland waterlogging caused by inputs of throughflow from valley sides. Leakages through and beneath the monitored interceptors are problems which are partly attributable to incorrect design and construction, and partly to unfavourable soil properties.The salinity of deeper groundwaters was also too low to account for the quantities of soluble salts being exported from the site. This finding suggests that a proportion of the salts accumulated in situ and have only recently been mobilized within the site by increased inputs of fresh throughflow and relatively fresh groundwaters from the catchment of the salt-affected area.Control of deeper groundwater movements as well as throughflow is probably necessary in most locations, but the precise combinations in different situations, and the most appropriate techniques for controlling these water movements, require further research. Increased groundwater discharges are attributed to reduced transpiration by the replacement of deep-rooted, indigenous vegetation with shallow-rooted, seasonally growing exotic crops and pastures, rather than to increased groundwater recharge. The ideal method of controlling both water systems is likely to involve farm management strategies on saltland catchments, employing commercially useful vegetation which simulates the hydrological role of the native species, in conjunction with improvement of soil properties.     

Characteristics of major soils of Banni mudflat in arid western India and their relationship with topography

Studies on the soil properties of the apparently flat-lying, but salt-affected Banni mudflat region of arid Kachchh in western India revealed the influence of subtle topographic variations on soil texture and nature and distribution of salts. Six master pedons were investigated to an average depth of 150 cm. The pedons on the upper surfaces showed an abundance of fine sand and a gradual impoverishment of silt and clay, as also lesser amounts of salts in the profiles. Pedons on the successively lower surfaces showed more silt and clay contents, as well as higher amounts of salts. The findings helped to identify the areas suitable for pasture development in this vast degraded rangeland, and to suggest some management practices for improvement.     

基于热红外光谱的干旱区土壤盐分监测研究

土壤盐渍化是新疆最常见的土地退化过程,已经严重威胁到了当地的农业生产、生态稳定和经济发展。通过对渭库绿洲土壤含盐量和土壤热红外光谱分析,探讨了土壤含盐量与热红外发射率之间的定量关系。结果表明：（1）盐渍化土壤的发射率随着含盐量的变化而发生变化,当土壤盐分增加时,发射率也随之增大。（2）土壤含盐量与热红外发射率光谱数据相关性在8.5～9.5 μm波段范围内表现尤为显著,相关系数超过0.8,最高为0.90,对应波段范围9.259～9.271 μm。（3）运用回归模型一阶导数变换形式下建模效果和预测精度都是最优的,R²达到了0.899,RMSE最小为1.734。热红外光谱技术可以反演土壤含盐量,为利用热红外遥感识别土壤盐分信息提供技术支撑。     

Salinity effects on soil organic carbon and its labile fractions, and nematode communities in irrigated farmlands in an arid region, northwestern China

The effects of salinity on soil organic carbon(SOC) and its labile fractions including microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and easily oxidation organic carbon(EOC),basal soil respiration,and soil nematode community in the Fluvents,an oasis in an arid region of northwestern China were investigated.Five sites were selected which had a salinity gradient with different groundwater table from 1.0 m to 4.0 m.Soils were sampled at the 0–20 cm plough layer from 25 irrigated fields of five sites and electrical conductivity was measured in the saturation paste extracts(ECe).Soils were categorized into five salinity levels:(1) non-saline,(2) very slightly saline,(3) slightly saline,(4) moderately saline,and(5) strongly saline according to the values of ECe.The results show that SOC and total nitrogen concentration,cation exchange capacity(CEC),and the concentrations of labile organic fractions(MBC,EOC),and basal soil respiration decreased significantly with increasing ECe.The relationships between ECe and MBC,EOC and basal soil respiration were best described by power functions.Slight and moderate salinity had no significant impact on soil nematode abundance,but excessive salt accumulation led to a marked decline in soil nematode community diversity and abundance.Soil salinity changed soil nematode trophic groups and bacterivores were the most abundant trophic groups in salt-affected soils.Further study is necessary to identify the response of soil microbial processes and nematode community dynamics to soil salinity.     

盐碱地可持续利用研究综述

盐碱地资源的开发利用对粮食生产具有重大贡献。但水资源的缺乏、气候变化使盐碱地开发利用工作更具挑战性。文章系统总结了近年来盐碱地可持续利用研究取得的重要进展：(1)盐碱地可持续利用的技术研发、排盐水环境安全处理及技术配套管理研究;(2) 盐碱地可持续利用的农户技术选择行为研究;(3) 盐碱地可持续利用的科学研究方法。提出盐碱地可持续利用进一步研究的建议：加强多学科交叉融合的研究;强调农户技术选择行为研究;增强研究方法的科学性。     

Mapping soil salinity using a combined spectral response index for bare soil and vegetation: A case study in the former lake Texcoco, Mexico

Mapping soil salinity is difficult due to its large spatial and temporal variability. Remote sensing is widely used to lower survey costs, but existing studies usually analyze bare soils and make little reference to the halophytic plants and their role as salinity indicators.This paper aims to correlate soil characteristics (electric conductivity in saturation extract (EC_e) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) with the spectral response of plant species and bare soils, integrating an algorithm to allow multi-scale mapping using remote sensors.Ground radiance was measured on different plant species and bare soils. A Combined Spectral Response Index (COSRI) was calculated for bare soils and vegetation by adjusting the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). EC_e and SAR were determined in surface soil samples. Correlation coefficients between COSRI and soil salinity were obtained and a model was adjusted to predict soil salinity. Landsat-ETM and airborne digital images were used to calculate raster maps of COSRI, and EC_e and SAR were estimated using adjusted models. Correlation between COSRI and EC_e and SAR was of −0.885 and −0.857, respectively. Variance accounted for by exponential models for EC_e and SAR was of 82.6% and 75.1%, respectively. It may be concluded that the method is an easy, low-cost procedure to map salt-affected areas.     

Reducing topsoil salinity and raising carbon stocks through afforestation in Khorezm, Uzbekistan

Agricultural mismanagement of irrigated drylands results in severe soil degradation. Afforestation is an option for ameliorating such degraded land. We evaluated the impact afforestation has on the topsoil (0-20 cm) of salinized degraded cropland in regards to salinity, aggregate stability, and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in Uzbekistan, Central Asia. The effects of tree plantations established under either furrow or drip irrigation were studied four years following afforestation and two years after irrigation ceased. For comparative study we also sampled fallow land, land with 80 years of tree growth, natural forest, desert ecosystems, and paddy rice fields. Initial furrow irrigation showed to be most effective in improving soil fertility after four years of afforestation; the respective plantations of Populus euphratica and Ulmus pumila showed significant levels of reduced soil salinity and increased aggregate stability and improved SOC stocks. The comparison of the long-term afforested land with the short-term equivalent suggested a C sequestration rate of 0.09-0.15 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The SOC stocks of the long-term afforestation site exceeded those of the native forest. Hence, a rehabilitation of salt-affected cropland is feasible following the conversion into occasionally irrigated tree plantations, although it takes decades to reach steady-state conditions.     

塔里木河中游典型绿洲盐渍化土壤的反射光谱特征

研究盐渍化土壤的光谱特性是利用遥感技术实现在区域尺度上进行土壤盐渍化监测和评价的工作基础, 是建立地面数据和遥感数据关系的桥梁。本文以塔里木河中游典型绿洲--渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究对象, 采用光谱学技术以及多元统计相结合的方法, 研究干旱区典型绿洲盐渍化土壤的反射光谱特征。首先, 对光谱数据进行预处理(去噪、剔除水分吸收波段), 以便消除仪器本身噪声及外界条件的影响, 并且计算了部分盐渍地样本的光谱吸收特征参数, 说明相同程度的盐渍化土壤具有相似的吸收特征;其次, 研究盐渍化土壤的反射光谱与盐分因子(八大离子、电导率(EC)、含盐量(salt content)、pH、总溶解固体(TDS)等) 之间的关系, 并选择具有代表性的盐分因子与野外实测光谱数据建立定量回归模型, 通过多元线性回归分析得出含盐量、SO₄^2-、TDS、EC与原始光谱数据的相关性分别是0.746、0.908、0.798 和0.933, 达到了理想的效果。本研究对于干旱区典型绿洲盐渍土的光谱特征研究有着重要指示意义, 为发展和完善中国盐渍土理化特征的可见光-近红外反射光谱分析理论奠定科学积累, 并进一步为干旱区土壤盐渍化、沙漠化灾害等环境恶化问题的解决提供新的科学技术手段。