内蒙古正镶白旗碎斑熔岩岩石学特征及其岩相划分

白旗碎斑熔岩为不规则穹状体,可分为边缘玻质碎斑熔岩、过渡霏细碎斑熔岩、中心粒状碎斑熔岩和根部花岗斑岩四个岩性带。从玻质碎斑熔岩到粒状碎斑熔岩,斑晶碎裂度逐渐减弱,珠边结构在粒状碎斑熔岩中最发育,根部花岗斑岩与正常次火山岩相近。碎斑熔岩中钾长石有序度低,指示了岩石高温成因特征。白旌碎斑熔岩属太平洋岩系钙碱质系列,原始岩浆由来源于上地幔和下地壳熔体的混熔作用形成。     

相山碎斑熔岩岩石特征及其成因探讨

相山主体岩石碎斑熔岩在岩石成因、岩相归属上长期以来有多种不同的看法,原因在于碎斑熔岩边缘相具有熔结凝灰岩甚至是凝灰岩的特点,过渡相具有熔岩的特征,中间相具有潜火山岩的特征,并且各种相之间呈渐变过渡关系。笔者从碎斑熔岩的岩石矿物组成,稀土、微量元素及同位素特征,提出了碎斑熔岩是由基底变质岩重熔而形成的观点。从斑晶钾长石的低结构态和出溶机理,认为碎斑熔岩的形成环境接近于火山岩和潜火山岩,而与深成岩差别较大。碎斑熔岩中斑晶多呈碎裂状,与火山口内隐爆作用有关,因此将该岩石归属于火山侵出相。     

香港国家地质公园粮船湾组火山岩岩石学研究

在香港国家地质公园西贡火山岩园区,核心地质景观是白垩纪粮船湾组(Kkh)火山岩优美的六方形石柱(柱状节理),它们的岩石类型长期存在熔岩和火山碎屑岩之争。笔者等经野外调查和薄片岩石学研究,确认粮船湾组火山岩实属一种特殊的熔岩——流纹质碎斑熔岩,以普遍的柱状节理、斑晶具有碎斑结构和珠边结构、基质发育霏细结构和流动构造为特征;它们不仅代表了香港地区中生代最晚期火山喷发的产物,而且构成了西贡破火山机构的中央侵出相岩穹。推断粮船湾组火山岩石柱是地球上已知面积最大的流纹质碎斑熔岩石柱群(～150 km2),目前所见的火山岩石柱仅是长期剥蚀后的残余部分。     

相山及邻区七个火山盆地火山岩岩性特征及成因探讨

本文研究赣杭构造带西南端相山及其邻区7个火山盆地主体岩石的特征和成因,从地质产状、岩性、岩石化学等方面做了论述。采用了红外光谱、矿物包裹体、高温实验等研究方法,探讨了岩石的形成机理。相山主体岩石是一种成因特殊的火山碎屑（斑）熔岩,即岩颈碎屑熔岩和岩流碎屑熔岩。相山等火山盆地主体岩石边部的塑性岩屑不是熔离成因,而是由火山喷发作用形成的。火山碎屑熔岩中的斜长石牌号变化大,钾长石主要是低透长石,表明岩石的形成具有高温特征。不同岩石相的矿物中的熔融包裹体有明显的形态标型。碎眉熔岩中的石英碎斑结构,主要是高温热炸裂成因的。7个火山盆地中的主体岩石可划分两大类:相山、玉华山和礼陂火山盆地的主体岩石是火山碎屑熔岩;高家、林家、谙源和谭港火山盆地的主体岩石是弱熔结凝灰岩。     

对云龙铁广锡矿含矿岩石的一些认识

本文指出云龙铁厂锡矿的含矿岩石(围岩)为一套变晶碎裂岩,其原岩应是岩浆花岗岩。岩石具有较强的碎裂变形。主要矿物钾长石、斜长石在岩石中呈碎裂斑晶;石英少数为压碎残留,多数重结晶,形成微粒状的结合体,充填于碎斑的裂隙和粒间。黑云母、白云母及多硅白云母的鳞片集合体在岩石中成条纹及条带,与重结晶的石英集合体和长石碎斑相间分布,形成条纹或条带状变晶碎裂岩;在条纹条带不发育的部位,成为角砾状变晶碎裂岩。以岩石碎斑中较多的残留结构及矿物成分、岩化特点、硫同位素、稀土元素的特征等作为恢复原岩的依据,认为原岩是岩浆花岗岩;它在特定的构造环境中,经断裂变质作用形成变晶碎裂岩,也可称变晶花岗碎裂岩。     

赣闽火山碎屑(斑)熔岩的矿物特征对比分析

本文对江西相山、福建石牛山、尤溪洋中等地的火山碎屑熔岩,通过野外地质调查,做了矿物测试和对比分析。火山碎屑熔岩的碎斑结构,增生边结构是该岩石的重要结构标型、普遍发育的矿物裂纹是晶体冷却不均,热炸裂和相转变等因素形成的。在岩浆运移过程中,裂纹进一步裂开,则形成可拼性的碎斑结构。江西相山、玉华山和礼陂的碎屑熔岩的钾长石主要为低透长石;福建石牛山碎屑熔岩以高透长石为主。两省碎屑熔岩钾长石种属,有序度都反应出高温火山岩的特点。钾长石化学     

中国东南部碎斑熔岩问题再探讨

归纳并总结了前人对碎斑熔岩的产出位置、产状特征、分带性、岩石结构、岩石类型归属、成岩温度及长石矿物特点等方面的研究成果及其认识,对碎斑熔岩的构造属性、碎斑熔岩与火山碎屑沉积岩、花岗斑岩存在的演化关系及碎斑结构成因问题进行了探讨,并指出了原来的碎斑熔岩在空间上应为火山口附近至火山颈相或火山通道相区间的过渡性岩石类型,而不是某一种岩性,应根据岩石特征和野外产状分别归为熔岩或花岗斑岩的岩石名称,这种过渡岩石类型作为整体可考虑定名为碎斑熔岩体。     

浙江遂昌柘岱口地区酸性碎斑熔岩地质特征及成因

通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,进一步阐明浙江遂昌柘岱口地区碎斑熔岩地质特征及成因。宏观上划分了碎斑熔岩相带,查明了碎斑熔岩时空分布及与围岩的接触关系;微观上通过岩石地球化学、同位素年代学及锆石饱和温度计算等方法研究该碎斑熔岩。研究区碎斑熔岩受控于柘岱口—湖山NE向大型火山构造洼地复活型破火山,具有侵出—溢流特点,为复合穹丘状地质体。岩浆演化在时空上具有连续性,具有分异岩浆"溢流—侵出—侵入"过程。岩石具有典型的连续不等粒碎斑结构和珠边结构,富碱,K2O+Na2O为8.54%~9.25%,A/CNK为0.88~1.04,为准铝质钾玄岩系列,富集Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素和Rb、Sr、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素。岩石成岩温度为803℃~884℃,具有高温浅成特点。全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为123 Ma,为早白垩世中期九里坪期岩浆活动的产物,是壳—幔混合I型碎斑熔岩,属于活动大陆边缘靠板内的构造环境。     

河北张宣地区糜棱岩的特征及找金的初步研究

近年来我们对张宣地区的研究发现,该区韧性剪切构造十分发育,呈东西向狭长带状分布于尚义—赤城—平泉韧性剪切带及两侧,宽约1～5km,长约60～70km。根据韧性剪切带构造岩的宏观、微观特征、重结晶程度、组构特征及矿物组合,将糜棱岩分为糜棱岩化岩石,糜棱岩及变晶糜棱岩三类。 1.区内糜棱岩分类及特征糜棱岩化岩石:主要分布在西水沟、四道沟等地、韧性剪切带的边部或弱变形中,变形较弱,具残斑(碎斑)结掏,斑晶粒径0.3～1.5mm,残斑为圆形、椭圆形具定向排列,成分为长石、石英、角闪石、黑云母、磷灰石、石榴石等。长石以条纹长石、斜长石为主,其条纹及聚片双晶多发生弯曲,石英破裂纹发育,具波状消光,糜棱岩化岩石的基质为细粒或微粒,粒径0.01～0.1mm,由石英,长石、绿帘石及云母、绿泥     

江西相山铀矿田含铀碎斑熔岩中电气石化学成分及硼同位素组成特征

相山铀矿田是我国最大的火山岩型铀矿田,其赋矿围岩主要为流纹英安岩、碎斑熔岩和部分前寒武纪变质岩和中生代花岗斑岩。碎斑熔岩的边缘亚相中发育直径10~20 cm的球形电气石囊包,其主要的矿物组合为电气石、石英以及少量长石、萤石,伴生少量晶质铀矿,另可见电气石交代早期的长石。利用显微镜、电子探针、激光剥蚀多接收等离子质谱仪等分析仪器,对相山如意亭地区碎斑熔岩中电气石囊包进行了详细的矿物学研究工作。电子探针成分分析显示,碎斑熔岩中电气石为典型的黑电气石,以富含Na、Fe等元素为特征,电气石中挥发性组分较高;其中,B₂O₃质量分数为9.38%~10.04%,F质量分数为0.10%~1.77%。成矿流体中高质量分数的B、F等挥发性组分及岩浆早期阶段的较高氧逸度环境使得U元素更易形成络合物,更利于U的迁移与富集。利用LA-MC-ICP-MS硼同位素微区原位分析法对碎斑熔岩中电气石的硼同位素进行分析测试,结果显示,电气石中的δ¹¹ B质量分数为（-13.15±0.72）‰~（-12.28±0.63）‰,均值为（-12.72±0.94）‰,指示相山火山-侵入杂岩体主要来源于相山底部地壳基底岩石的部分熔融。     

白云鄂博群的酸性火山岩

近年来,报道了内蒙白云鄂博群中一些新认识的岩石类型(徐志平等,1980;李继亮与胡辅佑,1981;李继亮,1981)。这些岩石的深入研究,无疑将对内蒙地区元古代地质发展史和白云鄂博群的成矿作用提供有益的证据。1980年,我们考查了白云鄂博镇西面元古界白云鄂博群的酸性火山岩,并进行了初步的室内分析,这里作一简要报道。     

岩浆不混溶对岩石成分和结构的控制———川西乡城地区玻镁安山岩成岩特征探讨

川西乡城地区的球颗状玻镁安山岩是一种玻璃质、含辉石斑晶、具淬火结构的中性熔岩．它相对富硅富镁、贫钛贫磷，产于三叠纪川西义敦岛弧早期火山活动阶段．外观最醒目特征是具有球颗构造，从化学成分和岩浆性质分析，球颗构造是成岩过程中岩浆不混溶的直接产物．不混溶对岩石成分和结构起着控制作用；岩石中球颗相富硅碱，以玻璃质结构为主，而基质相富铁镁，以微晶结构为主．成岩时化学成分随岩浆不混溶发生相对分离，该岩浆属于一种低程度不混溶．结构差异是两相中矿物结晶能力不同的结果     

长白山天池火山气象站期晚期碱流质熔岩的岩石学研究

通过野外火山堆积物的相分析、岩石显微鉴定和造岩矿物化学分析,可以确认气象站期晚期碱流质熔岩是典型的溢流熔浆冷却固结形成的,不是碎成熔岩。熔岩流的顶部和底部是黑曜质碱流岩的表壳相,中部是致密厚层与薄层相间产出的、具有塑性变形的碱流岩的内部相。组成熔岩流的岩石具有斑状和聚斑结构,从表壳相向内部相基质依次发育玻璃质结构、（微）球粒结构和霏细结构。斑晶矿物钠透长石、钙铁辉石、铁橄榄石和少量石英出现在熔岩流的所有岩相中,而钠铁闪石、铁钠透闪石和钛铁矿则作为内部相基质中的显微斑晶出现。气象站期晚期碱流质熔岩是过铝质、过碱性的钠闪碱流质熔岩,属于碱性系列,与意大利潘泰莱里亚岛碱流岩相比,富Si、Al、K、Mg、Ca和P而贫Fe、Na、Mn和Ti。     

A model of reverse differentiation at Dikii Greben' Volcano,Kamchatka: progressive basic magma vesiculation in a silicic magma chamber

Dikii Greben' Volcano is the largest modern volcano with silicic rocks in the Kurile-Kamchatka island arc. It consists of many domes and lava flows of rhyodacite, dacite and andesite which were erupted in a reverse differentiation sequence. Non-equilibrium phenocryst assemblages (quartz + Mg-rich olivine, An-rich + An-poor plagioclase etc.), abundance of chilled mafic pillows in the dacites and andesites, and linear variations of rock compositions in binary plots are considered as mineralogical, textural and geochemical evidence for mixing. Mafic pillows in volcanics have a lower density (because of high porosity) and contain the same non-equilibrium phenocryst assemblages as the host rocks. Their groundmass contains skeletal microlites of plagioclase and amphibole proving that the groundmass as well as the pillows themselves formed from a water-rich basaltic magma at depth. They are considered as supercooled, vesiculated floating drops of a hot hybrid layer in the magma chamber which formed after refilling. The lower density of the inclusions allows them to float in the host magma and to concentrate at the top of the chamber prior to eruption. Magma mingling was effected by mechanical disintegration of the inclusions in the host magma during eruption. The rhyodacitic and basic end-members of the mixing series cannot be linked by low-P fractionation though high-P, amphibole-rich fractionation is not excluded.     

Compositional gradients in large reservoirs of silicic magma as evidenced by ignimbrites versus Taylor Creek Rhyolite lava domes

The Taylor Creek Rhyolite of southwest New Mexico consists of 20 lava domes and flows that were emplaced during a period of a few thousand years or less in late Oligocene time. Including genetically associated pyroclastic deposits, which are about as voluminous as the lava domes and flows, the Taylor Creek Rhyolite represents roughly 100 km³ of magma erupted from vents distributed throughout an area of several hundred square kilometers. Major-element composition is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous high-silica rhyolite and is nearly constant throughout the lava field. The magma reservoir for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite was vertically zoned in trace elements, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, and phenocryst abundance and size. Mean trace-element concentrations, ranges in concentrations, and element-pair correlations are similar to many subalkaline silicic ignimbrites. However, the polarity of the zonation was opposite that in reservoirs for ignimbrites, for most constituents. For example, compared to the Bishop Tuff, only ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Sc increased upward in both reservoirs. Quite likely, a dominant but nonerupted volume of the magma reservoir for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite was zoned like that for the Bishop Tuff, whereas an erupted, few-hundred-meter-thick cap on the magma body was variably contaminated by roof rocks whose contribution to this part of the magma system moderated relatively extreme trace-element concentrations of uncontaminated Taylor Creek Rhyolite but did not change the sense of correlation for most element pairs. The contaminant probably was a Precambrian rock of broadly granitic composition and with very high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. Although examples apparently are not yet reported in the literature, evidence for a similar thin contaminated cap on reservoirs for large-volume silicic ignimbrites may exist in the bottom few meters of ignimbrites or perhaps only in the pumice fallout that normally immediately precedes ignimbrite emplacement. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in sanidine phenocrysts of the Taylor Creek Rhyolite is higher than that of their host whole rocks. Covariation of this isotope ratio with sanidine abundance and size indicates positive correlations for all three features with decreasing distance to the roof of the magma reservoir. The sanidine probably is more radiogenic than host whole rock because growing phenocrysts partly incorporated Sr from the first partial melt of roof rocks, which contained the highly radiogenic Sr of Precambrian biotite ± hornblende, whereas diffusion was too slow for sanidine to incorporate much of the Sr from subsequently produced less radiogenic partial melt of roof rocks, before eruption quenched the magma system. Disequilibrium between feldspar phenocrysts and host groundmass is fairly common for ignimbrites, and a process of contamination similar to that for the Taylor Creek Rhyolite may help explain some of these situations.     

海南岛戈枕金矿带煌斑岩的岩石地球化学研究

对海南岛戈枕金矿带与金矿脉在空间上紧密共生的暗色脉岩的地质特征、矿物学、主要元素、微量元素、同位素地球化学的研究,确定这种脉岩为煌斑岩。岩石类型以钙碱性煌斑岩为主,呈现两种稀土配分模式,即平坦向右倾斜型和星四重效应的W型;Sr、Nd同位素及元素地球化学综合研究表明,本区煌斑岩可划分为两组类型,它们时代相同但地幔源区相异,可能形成于特殊的构造环境。     

Contrasted glass-whole rock compositions and phenocryst re-distribution,IPOD Sites 417 and 418

Major element composition ranges of closely associated basalt glass-whole rock pairs from individual small cooling units approach the total known range of basalt glass and whole rock compositions at IPOD sites 417 and 418. The whole rock samples fall into two groups: one is depleted in MgO and distinctly enriched in plagioclase but has lost some olivine and/or pyroxene relative to its corresponding glass; and the other is enriched in MgO and in phenocrysts of olivine and pyroxene as well as plagioclase compared to its corresponding glass. By analogy with observed phenocryst distributions in lava pillows, tubes, and dikes, and with some theoretical studies, we infer that bulk rock compositions are strongly affected by phenocryst redistribution due to gravity settling, flotation, and dynamic sorting after eruption, although specific models are not well constrained by the one-dimensional geometry of drill core.Compositional trends or groupings in whole rock data resulting from such late-stage processes should not be confused with more fundamental compositional effects produced in deep chambers or during partial melting.Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Contribution Number 3243.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Contribution Number 4838