动剪切模量比对反应谱影响的定量分析

动剪切模量比的不确定性会对场地地震反应计算的结果产生较大的影响,而目前对这种影响的研究多限于定性分析,笔者利用渤海海域典型场地对这一影响进行定量分析。首先,建立了土层地震反应计算模型;然后,在不改变影响土层地震反应计算结果其他参量的前提下,赋予了原动剪切模量比一系列偏差并求得了场地反应谱的变化;最后,得到了反应谱对动剪切模量比的敏感度。结果表明:1)在动剪切模量比曲线增大(或减小)后,在基准反应谱的特征周期附近,存在一个反应谱相对于基准反应谱由增大转变为减小(或由减小转变为增大)的转变点。2)在概率水准2和3下:反应谱平台段对动剪切模量比的敏感度最高,其值基本上分布在1.0~3.0;反应谱下降段的敏感度绝对值随着周期的增大先迅速增大后逐渐趋于0,最大值达1.0以上;反应谱上升段的敏感度分布平稳,其值多分布在1.0~2.0。     

厚软覆盖层场地地震反应分析方法研究

遭遇地震动作用时,厚软覆盖层场地由于其剪切模量低,极易产生较大的剪应变,采用等效线性化方法进行土层反应分析计算得到的响应高频成分被低估,峰值加速度偏低,对于工程抗震设防偏于不安全。本文给出了基于移动平均线和Parzen谱窗的频率相关等效线性化方法,并和有实际强震记录的厚软场地进行了对比分析,结果表明本文方法比等效线性化方法能更有效地模拟地震波在厚软覆盖层场地中的传播规律。最后采用本文方法和等效线性化方法对天津滨海新区某一典型厚软场地进行了地震反应计算,并对计算结果进行了对比分析。     

基于修正阻尼的土体非线性模型及其在Abaqus中的实现

地震等随机循环荷载作用时,常需定义较为复杂的加卸载准则(如扩展Masing准则)来描述土体应力-应变滞回曲线,导致求解过程中需预留大量的状态变量,不便于编程实现;同时,现有Masing模型及其改进模型大多仅对动剪切模量曲线进行拟合,还鲜有考虑对阻尼比曲线的拟合。针对以上两个问题,构建了基于修正阻尼的不规则加卸载准则。该准则克服了上大圈准则需要记忆所有转向点的问题,只需要记忆当前转向点和历史最值,记忆量大大减小;同时该准则能同时考虑动剪切模量和阻尼比曲线,达到了修正阻尼比的目的。基于Matasovic骨架曲线,结合提出的加卸载准则,提出了土体非线性模型并将其开发于Abaqus软件中,通过求解Mississippi湾场地地震反应,并与Deepsoil软件和Davidenkov-Chen-Zhao(DCZ)模型计算得到的场地地震反应结果进行对比分析,验证了所提不规则加卸载准则的正确性。同时,对日本KiK-net强震台网的KSRH10场地进行了地震反应分析,并与加速度时程记录及其谱加速度进行比较,验证了所提模型的适用性。     

单层土模型场地地震反应分析中土层参数随机性的影响

土体的地震反应与结构震害密切相关,是地震工程中的一个重要问题,也是抗震设计的基础之一.然而目前的工程场地地震反应分析中存在着诸多不确定性因素,如何估计这些不确定的影响是一个亟待解决的问题.本文采用泰勒级数展开估计土层参数随机性对场地传递函数的影响,对单层土模型在土层参数服从独立高斯分布假定下进行公式推导和实例计算,比较了不同的泰勒级数阶次、土层参数变异系数以及阻尼比对传递函数随机性的综合效应,从而探讨了研究土层传递函数不确定性时采用各阶泰勒级数展开的精度和使用范围.     

考虑土体动力特征参数相关性的工程场地随机地震反应分析

研究等效线性化方法中土体动力参数不确定性对场地地震反应的影响,提出了可考虑土体动力特征参数间相关性的土体动剪切模量和动阻尼曲线随机样本生成方法,基于Matlab开发一维等效线性化场地地震反应分析计算程序,用于开展场地地震反应随机动力分析。以Ⅱ类成层场地为例建立一维自由场分析模型,采用不同地震设防水准下露头基岩场地加速度反应谱为目标反应谱,合成人工地震记录折半后作为场地下卧基岩处的输入。计算结果表明,考虑土体动力特征参数不确定性对场地地震反应具有较大的影响,且影响程度与地震动强度、频谱成分及场地基本周期均密切相关;场地最大峰值加速度和地表加速度反应谱的波动范围随地震动强度等级的增加而变大,且最大峰值应变和最大峰值加速度的波动范围可达10%和14%;目标反应谱平台段及场地基本周期处对应的场地地表加速度反应谱的波动范围超过20%。     

天津软土场地对地震动参数的影响

天津市区的场地条件为很厚而松软的第四纪沉积物,覆盖层较厚,地貌属海积—冲积平原,对地震动参数的影响很大。本文以海河东岸的天津嘉里中心工程场地为例,通过场地地震动效应分析,研究场地特征对地震动的影响。结果表明,土层地震反应分析得到的地震动峰值和反应谱与GB50011-2001《建筑抗震设计规范》的规定有明显的差别,抗震设计中的根据场地类别调整地震动的方法不足以完全描述场地地震反应特性,也难以反映天津厚软土场地的实际情况。可以认为,对于天津软土场地,采用经场地土层地震动效应分析所得地震动参数更为合理安全。     

固结比对黏性土动剪切模量影响的研究

采用共振柱试验方法,对固结比对黏性土最大动剪切模量和对动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系的影响进行了研究,并通过土层地震反应计算,初步给出了这种影响对地表反应谱作用的估计。通过对粉质黏土和粉土的系统试验,提出了计算不同固结比粉质黏土和粉土最大动剪切模量的建议公式,并与Hardin公式进行了对比。结果显示,固结比kc >1.0时的最大动剪切模量较kc=1.0时的增长程度明显比Hardin公式要大。与砂土试验结果相比,固结比对黏性土最大动剪切模量影响程度更大。同时,分析了固结比对动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系及对地表反应谱的影响。结果表明,固结比对黏性土动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系有一定影响,随固结比增加,动剪切模量比非线性关系曲线有一定提高,动剪切模量比值增大,在强地震动作用下的土层反应分析中应考虑实际固结比的影响。     

固结比对砂土动剪切模量及地表反应谱的影响

采用共振柱试验方法,研究了固结比对砂土最大动剪切模量以及对动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系的影响。通过土层地震反应计算,初步给出了这种影响对地表反应谱作用的估计。对福建标准砂和哈尔滨砂进行了系统试验,提出了计算不同固结比砂土最大动剪切模量的建议公式,公式显示固结比kc>1、最大动剪切模量较kc=1时的增长程度明显比Hardin公式要大。同时,给出了固结比对动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系及其对地表反应谱的影响。结果表明,固结比对砂土动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系有一定影响。随着固结比增加,模量比非线性关系曲线有一定提高,在强地震动作用下的土层反应分析中应考虑实际固结比的影响。     

上海典型黏土小应变剪切模量现场和室内试验研究

土体小应变剪切模量在基坑、隧道等地下工程的计算分析中有着重要作用,越来越受到人们的关注。虽然上海地区地下工程项目的建设规模不断扩大,但关于上海典型黏土层的小应变剪切模量的研究相对较少。分别采用现场波速测试和室内弯曲元试验对上海典型黏土层的初始剪切模量进行了研究。试验结果表明：在减小土样扰动、保持土样应力状态与原位土体等效的基础上,弯曲元试验得到的初始剪切模量与现场波速测试相一致;考虑了土体应力状态和孔隙比的经验公式能够合理地描述上海典型黏土层初始剪切模量的变化规律,并给出了各土层的经验参数。试验结果可为上海地区地下工程计算分析中小应变剪切模量的估算提供参考。     

地震小区划中的平均剪切模量法

一、“平均剪切模量”小区划方法 通过我国几次大地震现场土层波速研究和震害的总结,我们得知,代表场地土综合特性的平均剪切模量与该场地建筑物的地震破坏有着一定的关系(图1)。平均剪切模量值高的场地,地震时破坏轻,反之则重。因此,可以利用平均剪切模量作为衡量场地土对地震破坏影响的一个尺度,进行地震小区划。     

Impact of Higher Frequency Content of Input Motion Upon Equivalent Linear Site Response Analysis for the Study Area of Delhi

While travelling through the subsoil layers, earthquake generated bedrock motions get modified significantly due to local soil and should be quantified using ground response analysis. Present study concentrates on equivalent linear method of site response analysis in SHAKE2000 software. It is a frequency based analysis tool having default frequency set to 15 Hz. While due consideration is given to amplitude, no to very limited information about the frequency content of the input motion to be considered in ground response analysis is available. In the present work, the effect of the maximum frequency of ground motion in site response analysis using SHAKE2000 is examined. Two sets of analyses are carried out in this work based on 30 globally recorded input motions. In the first analyses, input motion up to 15 Hz maximum frequency, which is a default value in SHAKE2000 is considered while second analyses are based on considering each of the 30 input motions up to the Nyquist frequency. Comparing the results from the two sets of analyses highlight that selection of maximum frequency in SHAKE2000 has considerable effect in ground motion amplification at different depths. As a result, even the peak ground acceleration which controls the building behavior and damage scenario, is going to change considerably even in case same input motion is used in the analysis.     

Dynamic soil properties for microzonation of Delhi,India

Delhi, the capital of India, has experienced mild seismic shaking during several earthquakes in the past. The large variations of depth to bedrock and ground water table coupled with different soil types at different locations of Delhi necessitate a seismic microzonation study. Dynamic soil properties such as shear wave velocity, modulus reduction and damping characteristics of local soils are the basic and essential input parameters for conducting even a preliminary ground response analysis which is an essential input in microzonation studies. Shear wave velocity is not measured routinely due to its high cost and lack of the required expertise. Several researchers in the past developed correlations between shear wave velocity (V _s ) and routinely measured N values. In the present study, shear wave velocity profiles measured in the field at more than 80 borehole locations to a depth of about 20 to 32m using Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) are presented and correlations between shear wave velocity and N values are also presented for use by engineers and designers. Results of strain and stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests on remoulded samples of sand-silt mixtures in the high strain range are used for generating the modulus reduction and damping curves and are compared with the well-known curves in the literature. The results presented in this article can be used for microzonation studies as well as site specific ground response analyses at Delhi.     

应力比与含水状态对松散堆积体动力参数及地表反应谱的影响

动剪切模量Gd与阻尼比D是岩土体地震反应分析的两个主要参数,而初始状态是动力参数主要影响因素之一。通过大型动三轴试验,研究了应力比与含水状态对松散堆积体Gd与D的影响。试验结果表明,应力比Kc对松散堆积体最大动剪切模量Gdmax有重要影响,一定范围内（Kc=1～3）,Kc越大,最大动剪切模量Gdmax越大,在Hardin公式基础上发展了一个考虑Kc影响的经验公式。对比松散堆积体饱和与风干两种状态的Gd/Gdmax-?dn（归一化动剪应变）关系曲线,发现风干状态下松散堆积体的Gd/Gdmax-?dn关系表现出更明显的非线性,另外风干状态阻尼比略大于饱和状态。应用改进的Gdmax经验公式与Gd/Gdmax-?dn关系进行了松散堆积体地表的地震反应谱分析,计算结果表明,应力比与含水状态对地表加速度反应谱有重要影响。     

Multilinear Regression Analysis for Seismic Response and Engineering Properties of Liquefiable Coromandel Coastal Soil Deposits

This paper investigates the seismic characteristics and geotechnical properties with respect to the liquefaction potential of the deposits in the Coromandel coastal line of Nagapattinam town, Tamilnadu, India. A series of field tests were conducted using standard penetration test, cone penetration test and plate load test. Laboratory tests were conducted on the collected samples. From the results, a microzonation map was developed for the liquefaction potential and settlements. Some multilinear regression models between permeability, fines content, relative density, coefficient of curvature, coefficient of uniformity, mean particle size, factor of safety, settlement, standard penetration test values and cone penetration test values were developed. The shear wave velocity and shear modulus were calculated from the field penetration tests and correlations between the normalized values of peak ground accelerations, velocities and displacements, which were obtained from the equivalent linear ground motion analysis using SHAKE software, with other parameters of soil. From the results, it was found that at some of the areas are vulnerable to high amplification of waves even for small earthquake.     

基于随机地震反应的桥墩-群桩-土相互作用研究

考虑地震动的随机性,利用复反应分析技术,采用随机地震反应计算方法对某一特大型桥梁群桩基础与土动力相互作用效应进行了数值试验研究。将土与群桩体系视为一个整体进行有限元离散,采用等效线性化方法考虑土体的动力非线性性能。将桥墩-群桩-土相互作用体系与自由场随机地震反应进行比较,结果表明：相互作用效应的影响与桩土模量差异以及土体与群桩基础距离有关;软土层剪应变水平及分布发生了显著变化,群桩基础两侧附近土域剪应变呈现明显的弧形分布;地表及浅层土体最大地震加速度反应有所减小,但覆盖层中下部土体加速度反应峰值明显增大,增幅达5 %～30 %左右;此外,地震地面运动的频谱成分存在显著差别。桥梁桩基础抗震设计中应充分考虑桥梁结构-群桩-土相互作用效应。     

Determination of silica sand stiffness

Site investigation and evaluation of properties of soil or rock are important aspects of geotechnical design. Determination of the ground stiffness is one of the important parameters in geotechnical engineering. Since the measurement of shear modulus is very sensitive to soil disturbance, especially for sand, determination of the stiffness of soil in the field is more reliable than in laboratory tests on sampled specimens. Measurement of shear modulus is one of the most common applications of self-boring pressuremeter testing. As an in situ device, the pressuremeter provides a unique method for assessing directly the in situ shear modulus of a soil. This paper describes a laboratory study of silica sand stiffness, which varies with stress level and strain amplitude. The results show that the elastic shear modulus value is mainly dependent on the value of the mean effective stress and relative density.     

Seismic hazard assessment of Chennai city considering local site effects

Chennai city suffered moderate tremors during the 2001 Bhuj and Pondicherry earthquakes and the 2004 Sumatra earthquake. After the Bhuj earthquake, Indian Standard IS: 1893 was revised and Chennai city was upgraded from zone II to zone III which leads to a substantial increase of the design ground motion parameters. Therefore, a comprehensive study is carried out to assess the seismic hazard of Chennai city based on a deterministic approach. The seismicity and seismotectonic details within a 100 km radius of the study area have been considered. The one-dimensional ground response analysis was carried out for 38 representative sites by the equivalent linear method using the SHAKE91 program to estimate the ground motion parameters considering the local site effects. The shear wave velocity profile was inferred from the corrected blow counts and it was verified with the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) test performed for a representative site. The seismic hazard is represented in terms of characteristic site period and Spectral Acceleration Ratio (SAR) contours for the entire city. It is found that structures with low natural period undergo significant amplification mostly in the central and southern parts of Chennai city due to the presence of deep soil sites with clayey or sandy deposits and the remaining parts undergo marginal amplification.     

黄河三角洲粉质土的动模量和阻尼比试验研究

结合室内共振柱和动三轴实验,对黄河三角洲饱和原状粉质土体(粉土、粉砂、粉质粘土)动模量和阻尼比的影响因素和发展规律进行了详细的研究。研究表明,在粉粒和粘粒含量对动模量的共同影响中,粉粒含量起着举足起重的作用;侧限压力对归一化剪模比和阻尼比的影响均较显著,相比粘粒含量的影响不大。通过与Seed建议的砂土及饱和粘土的G/Gmax~曲线和~曲线进行对比,结果显示研究区的粉质土相比一般的砂土和饱和粘土而言,其动力变形特性更接近于砂土,但是与砂土也存在着非常明显的差异;其发展规律与其他地区沉积粉质土也较为不同,具有明显的区域性。采用修正了的Hard in-D rnevich模型和对数模型分别对G/Gmax~曲线和~曲线进行拟合,给出了三类粉质土的归一化动力变形G/Gmax~/r关系曲线,对模型中有关参数的影响因素做了初步的探讨。     

Analysis of wave propagation in dry granular soils using DEM simulations

In this paper, a three-dimensional particle-based technique utilizing the discrete element method (DEM) is proposed to study wave propagation in a dry granular soil column. Computational simulations were conducted to investigate the soil response to sinusoidal motions with different amplitudes and frequencies. Three types of soil deposits with different void ratios were employed in these simulations. Different boundary conditions at the base such as rigid bedrock, elastic bedrock, and infinite medium were also considered. Analysis is done in time domain while taking into account the effects of soil nonlinear behavior. The computational approach is able to capture a number of essential characteristics of wave propagation including motion amplification and resonance. Dynamic soil properties were then extracted from conducted simulations and used to predict the response of the soil using the widely used equivalent linear method program SHAKE and compare its predictions to DEM results. Generally, there was a good agreement between SHAKE and DEM results except when the exciting frequency was close to the resonance frequency of the deposit where significant discrepancy in computed shear strains between SHAKE predictions and DEM results was observed.     

Dynamic soil properties and seismic ground response analysis for North Indian seismic belt subjected to the great Himalayan earthquakes

The paper highlights the importance of using site-specific shear modulus reduction (G/G_max versus shear strain, γ) curves and damping ratio (D versus shear strain, γ) curves for ground response analysis. In order to develop comprehensive G/G_max–γ and D–γ curves (i.e. over a wide range of strain level), two types of apparatus, viz. resonant column and cyclic simple shear, have been used. The case study considered the geological deposits from the river beds of Yamuna River originating from the Himalayan seismic zone of North India. The tests results have been analysed to develop G/G_max–γ and D–γ curves and compared with standard curves. It has been observed that upper and lower boundaries for the standard curves are remarkably different for the geological deposit under consideration. In order to assess the impact of using standard curves rather than site-specific curves, ground response analysis has been carried out at five sites along the Yamuna River using two types of curves (standard and site-specific developed in this study). The study showed that the amplification of shear waves at these sites based on the experimentally derived curves is much higher as compared to the standard curves. The proposed curves better represent dynamic behaviour of the soil deposits of the region and will provide a realistic response as far as practically possible, for the structures constructed in the states of Haryana and Delhi and nearby areas. It is anticipated that the data presented in this paper will have wide application and usage.