降雪对生物土壤结皮光合及呼吸作用的影响

通过对降雪处理下2种生物土壤结皮（藓类结皮和藻类结皮）光合及呼吸作用的测定,研究了降雪后生物土壤结皮净光合速率和呼吸速率的变化特征。结果表明：冬季生物土壤结皮净光合速率、呼吸速率受空气温度,辐射及土壤水分的影响,水分是关键影响因子;生物土壤结皮的光合及呼吸作用主要有3个阶段性的变化;降雪后生物土壤结皮的净光合速率和呼吸速率都会先增加后降低;生物土壤结皮的净光合速率和呼吸速率变化会受到积雪覆盖、降雪改变温度及水分的影响;生物土壤结皮净光合速率、呼吸速率与降雪量正相关。本研究证实了冬季生物土壤结皮的光合与呼吸作用不可忽略,对全球碳循环过程有重要意义。     

共和盆地不同类型防护林的改善小气候效应

防护林是荒漠生态系统中绿洲的生态屏障。本文在青藏高原共和盆地的沙丘和丘间地生境中,分别选择不同类型的防护林,在春季和夏季测量它们的风速、气温、相对湿度、土壤温度和土壤体积含水量,据此选择改善小气候效应较好的防护林类型。结果表明：与流动沙丘相比,沙丘上栽植柠条和沙蒿均能够明显降低风速和气温,增加相对湿度,降低土壤温度,并且增加土壤体积含水量;柠条改善小气候的效应优于沙蒿。与赖草草地相比,丘间地各种类型的防护林均能够降低风速和气温,增加相对湿度,降低土壤温度,但是大部分防护林会降低土壤体积含水量,仅小叶杨林带能够在7月增加土壤体积含水量;小叶杨+乌柳混交林和乌柳+沙柳混交林改善小气候的效应优于柽柳和乌柳。     

Simulation of Power Production from Dry Geothermal Well Using Down-hole Heat Exchanger in Sabalan Field,Northwest Iran

In this research, a simulation was performed for evaluating power production from an abandoned geothermal well as an enhanced geothermal system by injecting a secondary fluid. Abandoned wells, due to lack of fluid or very low transmissivity, are regarded among the low-to moderate-temperature resources that have the potential for heat production without any cost for deep drilling. Accordingly, they are taken as suitable sources of energy. In the present paper, an abandoned geothermal well at Meshkinshahr geothermal field in Sabalan district, northwestern Iran, with 3176 m depth was simulated. The bottom-hole temperature of 148 °C, as well as well casing size, and real thermal gradient for well were applied in the model. A 3D heat transfer simulation model was designed by considering a coaxial pipe as a down-hole heat exchanger between surrounding rocks of the well and injected fluid. Injected fluid to the well with specified pressure and temperature receives heat from rocks surrounding the well, until it reaches the bottom of the well and converts to vapor. The vapor returns to the surface from inner pipe with very low heat loss during its return. The inner pipe is isolated by a thin layer having a low heat conductivity to prevent heat loss from the returned fluid. It was observed that obtained heat in the well depends on temperature profile of the well, injection velocity, and fluid mass flow rate. The model results were optimized by selecting suitable parameters such as inlet injection speed and fluid flow rate to achieve the highest temperature of the fluid returned from the well. A binary power plant was also modeled to determine the extractable power using returned fluid as input using ammonia and isobutene, as working fluids in binary cycle. Finally, electric power of 270 kW was generated from well NWS3 using designed down-hole heat exchanger.     

Analysis of Water Evaporation and Drift Losses During Irrigation in Semi-arid Areas of Sharjah (UAE) and Riyadh (KSA)

Water evaporation and wind drift losses mainly depend on air relative humidity, air and water temperature, drop size, and wind speed. Evaporation and drift loss during water application by means of sprinkle irrigation was studied in the Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results for both cities did not vary substantially due to high relative humidity even under high air temperature. Results indicated that evaporation losses are usually <5% under any climatological conditions in the two Gulf cities. For nighttime watering to be considered, extra-costs (e.g., electricity, manpower) should not exceed potential savings.     

北京地区城市热岛强度长期变化特征及气候学影响机制

选择北京地区为研究区,基于1967~2016年城市站（北京站）和城郊农村站（密云站）的长期气象观测数据,研究平均气温、最高气温、最低气温对应的城市热岛强度长期变化特征及其气候学影响机制。研究发现,过去50 a平均气温和最低气温对应的城市热岛强度显著增加,增温率分别为0.29℃/10a和0.45℃/10a,而最高气温对应的城市热岛强度则没有明显变化趋势;统计分析显示过去50 a北京地区相对湿度、风速和日照时数显著降低以及气温显著上升有利于城市热岛的形成,强化城市热岛强度;未来全球变暖和快速城市化背景下北京地区城市热岛效应将进一步加剧,形成更频繁和持续时间更长的夏季城市高温热浪,严重危及城市居民生产生活和生命健康。     

可可西里土壤凝结水形成特征及其影响因素研究

青藏高原受气候变化影响,干湿过渡状况不断扩大,凝结水是旱区重要的水分补给来源,研究凝结水对青藏高原生态具有重要意义。为探究凝结水在青藏高原的形成特征以及影响凝结水形成因素,选取近年来受气候影响较大的可可西里盐湖地区作为研究区,使用微型蒸渗仪探究其0~10 cm土壤水分蒸发凝结特征,并利用相关回归分析、主成分分析探究影响凝结水形成因素。结果表明：（1） 在14:00—次日14:00期间,气温和土层温度均呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势,0~10 cm土壤在00:00—10:00内有明显土壤凝结水形成,而在其余时间水量蒸发明显。大气水汽和土壤深层水汽组成土壤凝结水的比例约为1:3。当夜间近地空气相对湿度大于64%,近地气温小于3.8 ℃,5 cm土层温度低于4.1 ℃,有利于土壤凝结水的形成,平均水量可达0.2 mm·d^-1。（2） 相关分析表明土壤总凝结水量与5 cm土层温度和5~30 cm土层温度差呈显著负相关,而且凝结水量与相关因子的线性拟合效果较好;大气水汽凝结水量与气温呈现显著负相关,与相对湿度呈现显著正相关。主成分分析结果显示0~10 cm以上土层微气象因子对凝结水形成因素较大。     

珠三角地区地表温度与土地利用类型关系

随着城市化进程的加快,城市气候与环境问题日益显现,尤以城市热岛效应最为突出。通过监督分类方法对TM遥感影像进行了土地利用分类,并运用TM热红外波段线性拟合模型进行近地表气温反演,分析城市热岛的空间分布及地域性差异,以及与土地利用类型的关系。结果表明:珠三角地区近地表气温与土地利用类型紧密相关,城市建设区形成高温中心,是热岛的主要贡献因子,植被和水体则有明显的冷岛效应;研究区热岛具有区域性集中与分散分布的特点,且以区域性热岛为中心向周边扩展;分析热岛强度剖面线发现,由于地形、植被覆盖度等因素影响,研究区热岛强度的南北差异较大,而东西差异较小;热岛分布与土地利用类型分布格局较为一致,但也有分布不一致性的区域,表现为城市热岛向非城市建设用地扩展。     

基于稳定氢氧同位素的盐水与纯水蒸发差异分析

水面蒸发是水循环的重要部分,目前大量的研究集中在淡水或低盐度咸水体蒸发,仅以淡水的蒸发特性或计算方法应用于全部水体并不准确。研究盐水蒸发与淡水蒸发的差异对蒸发过程机理研究、推动蒸发模型的创新改进至关重要。研究中使用蒸发皿对比盐水与纯水的蒸发过程,利用稳定氢氧同位素比较盐水与纯水蒸发的动力学分馏过程,结果表明：盐水蒸发量较纯水少,但仍存在蒸发日内变化规律,蒸发速率与气温变化规律同步,并在正午前后达日最大值;随着蒸发的进行,重同位素在液相富集,盐度对于H/D分馏有更显著的抑制作用;盐水与纯水的蒸发线拟合均有良好的线性关系,盐分使水体蒸发受到更强的非平衡分馏影响;热红外拍摄液面观测到蒸发过程中盐水液面温度始终高于纯水0.1~2.2℃,平均温差达1℃,这是因为盐水蒸发量较纯水小,更少的热量通过潜热释放;Craig & Gordon模型计算蒸发水汽同位素特征值,表明随着蒸发的进行,蒸发水汽组分重同位素也在不断富集,但程度不如剩余水体,检验盐水与纯水蒸发水汽氢氧同位素拟合方程却无明显差异,与前述结论相悖,说明该方程在小尺度上的应用还有待研究。     

Dose dependent effects of plumage-oiling on thermoregulation of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima residing in water

Thermoregulatory effects which occur during the first hours after plumage-oiling were studied under laboratory conditions by measuring the metabolic heat production of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) which were resting in water for up to three hours. The ducks were exposed to 10-70 mL Statfjord A crude oil while residing in water inside a respiration chamber at 5.5°C. The study demonstrated a dose-and time-dependent effect of plumage oiling on metabolic heat production during the first three hours after contact with the oil. The results indicate that the immediate, short-term effects following initial contact with oil at sea are lesser in scale than those which occur after the birds have preened the oil into a greater part of their plumage. After plumage contamination with 70 mL crude oil, the rate of heat loss exceeded the thermoregulatory heat production capacity and the Eiders became hypothermic within 70 minutes after contamination.     

极端干旱区不同下垫面土壤凝结水试验研究

为了探讨极端干旱区植被生长季的土壤凝结水特征, 采用微渗计和中子仪, 于2010 年6-7 月对塔里木河下游地区胡杨林、柽柳丛和裸地3 种典型下垫面密封和不密封处理的土壤凝结水的变化特征、形成时间及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:微渗计和中子仪观测结果均显示观测期间裸地产生的土壤凝结水总量最大, 其次为柽柳丛, 而胡杨林形成的土壤凝结水总量最小。观测期间研究区凝结现象从21:00-22:00 左右开始, 02:00-03:00 左右达到第一个峰值前, 随着近地表气温和地温的降低, 土壤凝结水量呈增加的趋势。不密封处理产生的土壤凝结水量显著大于密封处理的(t<0.01)。柽柳丛土壤日均凝结水量最大, 其次为裸地, 胡杨林最小。方差分析显示, 不同下垫面类型土壤的日均凝结水量之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。3 种下垫面土壤凝结水量的变化趋势基本一致, 均呈双峰曲线。凝结过程一般从22:00 左右持续到次日09:00 左右。土壤凝结水量主要受气温、大气相对湿度、表层地温、风速以及下垫面等因素的影响。研究结果可以为生态退化区的植被恢复提供一定的理论依据。     

红外相机记录的河西走廊荒漠生态系统中兽类和鸟类的群落动态

河西走廊地势狭长,位于两山之间,主要由荒漠构成,生境一旦遭到破坏,当地物种将很难找到替代的栖息地。本文以河西走廊中部典型砾质戈壁为研究区,经由2019—2020年红外相机和人工观测等方式监测到的兽类和鸟类数据为基准,探讨其群落动态及活动节律。结果表明：砾质戈壁兽类中的国家Ⅱ级重点保护及“三有”（有重要生态、科学、社会价值）动物有6种,而砾质戈壁鸟类中的国家Ⅱ级重点保护及“三有”动物有8种。兽类群落的季节变化小,春季鹅喉羚（Gazella subgutturosa）等的相对多度指数略高于其他季节,三趾跳鼠（Dipus sagitta）在4月大量出现;鸟类群落季节变化明显,春、夏季和秋季鸟类的相对多度指数高于冬季,物种数在夏季和秋季达到峰值。兽类和鸟类的相对多度变化趋势相似,均在夏末和春季达到顶峰。兽类的月相对多度指数与土壤含水量呈极显著的负相关,鹅喉羚和沙狐（Vulpes corsac）等日活动节律受人类活动影响出现在夜间、黄昏或黎明。鸟类的月相对多度指数与人类活动、空气温度、土壤温度和节肢动物均呈显著正相关,但人类活动在生长季会降低一些鸟类的活动频率。总之,河西走廊中部戈壁是鹅喉羚、沙狐、红隼（Falco tinnunculus）、锲尾伯劳（Lanius sphenocercus）、黑尾地鸦（Podoces hendersoni）、沙鵖（Oenanthe isabellina）、漠鵖（Oenanthe deserti）和短趾百灵（Calandrella cheleensis）等兽类和鸟类的主要栖息地,建立沙化土地封禁保护区对保护荒漠动物多样性具有重要的生态意义。     

绿洲荒漠交界处波文比能量平衡法适用性的气候学分析

对广泛使用的计算蒸散和显热通量的气候学方法－波文比能量平衡法在绿洲荒漠交界处的适用性从气候学角度进行分析。结果表明,波文化－能量平衡法在干旱区绿洲的平衡层内是适用的,在平衡层外及荒漠上空却失效。因而,应用波文比能量平衡法估算绿洲上的蒸发与显热时,测点的位置是至关重要的。     

干旱荒漠区沙土凝结水与微气象因子关系

凝结水作为干旱区降雨以外的主要水分补给,具有重要的生态水文意义。目前,凝结水研究已成为干旱区生态水文学研究的一个重要组分\.通过定位观测,对凝结水的形成机理、形成量和影响因子已有了初步的认识\.但是受土壤水分、风速和下垫面性质的影响,凝结水量与微气象因子的关系复杂,导致凝结水模拟估算存在诸多困难。本文通过控制试验,在排除土壤水分、风速和下垫面对凝结水形成过程影响的条件下,开展观测,建立凝结水形成速率与近地层微气象因子之间的多元回归方程,旨在为凝结水模型构建提供参考。结果显示:凝结水形成速率与空气相对湿度呈波尔兹曼函数关系,与气温和地表温度均呈显著的线性负相关关系,而与气温和地表温度差、露点温度呈显著的线性正相关关系。多元回归分析显示,沙土凝结水主要受近地层空气相对湿度、气温和地表温度的控制,表明在凝结水模型构建中应重点考虑这3个微气象因子的影响。     

我国高原健康环境评估

我国有大量的居民居住在广袤的山地和高原地区,海拔上升带来的氧气含量降低、紫外辐射增强等高原自然环境导致的各种不利因素,对他们的衣食住行造成了巨大的影响。针对高海拔地区自然环境特点,包括低压低氧、低气温、低湿度、高辐射等自然环境条件,全面而深入地分析了高原环境对人体健康可能造成的各种不良影响,并介绍了高原肺水肿、脑水肿等急性高原病和高原衰退症等慢性高原病的发病特征。进一步地,在众多学者的大量研究基础上,对海拔高度增加引致的氧气含量和紫外辐射强度等自然指标变化规律进行了总结,分析了各指标变化对人体生理的影响,进而得出了在不同海拔高度人体生理的表现。依据有关数据,还总结了我国各种急性、慢性高原病在县级区域水平上发生的区域分布规律,对我国高原病与高原反应发生的地区进行了划分,并指出了各种疾病发病的海拔临界值。这对于改善高原居民的生理健康水平、指导平原地区前往高海拔地区人们对高原病的防护有重要意义。     

Design of Hybrid Steam-In Situ Combustion Bitumen Recovery Processes

Given enormous capital costs, operating expenses, flue gas emissions, water treatment and handling costs of thermal in situ bitumen recovery processes, improving the overall efficiency by lowering energy requirements, environmental impact, and costs of these production techniques is a priority. Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is the most widely used in situ recovery technique in Athabasca reservoirs. Steam generation is done on surface and consequently, because of heat losses, the energy efficiency of SAGD can never be ideal with respect to the energy delivered to the sandface. An alternative to surface steam generation is in situ combustion (ISC) where heat is generated within the formation through injection of oxygen at a sufficiently high pressure to initiate combustion of bitumen. In this manner, the heat from the combustion reactions can be used directly to mobilize the bitumen. As an alternative, the heat can be used to generate steam within the formation which then is the agent to move heat in the reservoir. In this research, alternative hybrid techniques with simultaneous and sequential steam-oxygen injection processes are examined to maximize the thermal efficiency of the recovery process. These hybrid processes have the advantage that during ISC, steam is generated within the reservoir from injected and formation water and as a product of oxidation. This implies that ex situ steam generation requirements are reduced and if there is in situ storage of combustion gases, that overall gas emissions are reduced. In this research, detailed reservoir simulations are done to examine the dynamics of hybrid processes to enable design of these processes. The results reveal that hybrid processes can lower emitted carbon dioxide-to-oil ratio by about 46%, decrease the consumed natural gas-to-oil ratio by about 73%, reduce the cumulative energy-to-oil ratio by between 40% and 70% compared to conventional SAGD, and drop water consumption per unit oil produced. However, oil recovery is between 25% and 40% below that of SAGD. Design of successful hybrid steam–oxygen processes must take into account the balance between injected steam and amount of injected oxygen and combustion gas products that dilute injected and in situ-generated steam in the depletion chamber by lowering its partial pressure, and thus its saturation temperature which in turn impacts production rates and recovery.     

SUB-DEBRIS MELT RATES ON SOUTHERN INYLCHEK GLACIER, CENTRAL TIAN SHAN

Melt rates of glacier surfaces are strongly influenced by the existence of a debris cover. Dependent on thickness and other physical parameters, the debris layer can enhance or reduce ablation as compared to bare ice conditions. Supraglacial moraines appear very frequently on Central Asian glaciers, greatly affecting water yield from these high mountain regions. In summer 2005, a network of 22 ablation stakes was drilled into locations with varying debris thicknesses on southern Inylchek Glacier in the central Tian Shan. Mean ablation rates varied from 2.8 to 6.7 cm/day, strongly correlated with moraine thickness. Parallel observation of air temperature allowed the application of a simple degree‐day approach and the calculation of ablation rates. Efforts to improve calculations of melt rates by incorporating relative air humidity to account for latent heat fluxes failed. This proves that air temperature is already a very good melt indicator. Ice albedo measurements show that reflectivity might be controlled by the occurrence of evaporation or condensation, but this topic needs further investigation.     

洞庭湖流域下落雨滴蒸发研究

通过在亚热带季风区内的洞庭湖流域对降水事件取样以及气象资料的收集,采用降水同位素对流域下落雨滴蒸发以及影响因素进行了研究。研究发现：流域不同季节大气水线的理论斜率均高于观测斜率,由此可判断形成流域降水的雨滴在下落过程中经历了不同程度的蒸发。进一步计算表明流域下落雨滴的蒸发比率介于0.21%~19.29%之间,蒸发比每增大1.0%,过量氘（d）将减小1.38‰。从主要影响下落雨滴蒸发的气温、湿度和雨滴直径来看,流域下落雨滴蒸发与气温呈显著正相关,与相对湿度、雨滴直径呈显著负相关。另外,流域下落雨滴蒸发随降水量增大呈指数函数递减,其并非指示降水量直接影响雨滴的蒸发,而是湿度、雨滴直径等综合作用的结果。     

绿洲-荒漠过渡带芨芨草地SPAC系统蒸散与多环境因子关系分析

利用波文比能量平衡法对天山北麓绿洲荒漠过渡带芨芨草地的夏季蒸散量进行测定,采用通径分析与相关分析相结合的方法探讨了蒸散与主要环境因子之间的关系,建立了适合该地区的蒸散预测模型。结果表明：（1）各种环境因子对蒸散影响的大小排序为：净辐射Rn）>土壤热通量（G）>空气温度（T_气）>空气相对湿度（RH）>5 cm土壤温度（T_{土-5 cm}）>实际水汽压（ea）>风速（V_wind）>5 cm土壤含水率（S_{土-5 cm}）;（2）各因子通过[Rn]对蒸散产生的间接作用都大于其自身直接作用,反映出净辐射是制约蒸散大小的主导因子,是决定干旱区蒸散量的关键;（3）土壤热通量对蒸散的直接负效应远小于通过其他因子的间接正效应,出现其直接负效应与综合效应相反的结果;（4）建立并经过检验的蒸散预测模型表明：与温暖湿润区蒸散依靠水、热并重情况不同的是,极端干旱区主要依靠热量因子强度的增加,才能有较大的蒸散量。     

长江源区五道梁的土壤热状况研究

活动层土壤热状况是寒区陆面物理过程研究的重要内容之一。利用五道梁能量收支观测站1993年9月～2000年12月份实测辐射及土壤热通量资料结合五道梁气象站1961-2010时段的气象资料分析了近50 a来该地区活动层土壤的热状况。结果表明：五道梁地区土壤热通量有显著的年际、年代际变化;20世纪60～80年代,土壤热通量小于0.0 W/m²,活动层土壤以放热为主,自90年代以来,土壤热通量大于0.0 W/m²,活动层土壤以吸热为主。过去50 a中该地土壤热通量呈现增大趋势,平均每10 a土壤热通量增大0.31 W/m²。土壤热通量随净辐射的增大而增大。土壤热平衡系数的变化特点与土壤热通量的变化特点一致。60～80年代,活动层土壤热平衡系数<1,该地区冻土相对比较稳定,而自90年代以来此间土壤热平衡系数<1,表明该地多年冻土呈现出退化迹象。活动层土壤热平衡系数可表示为气温、地表温度及水汽压的函数。     

The water-balance model of the monthly runoff dynamics (Exemplified by the Kuda River Basin)

Relationships have been formulated and the software developed in support of the construction the model for the temporal dynamics of the monthly mean water flow rate in the lower measuring section of catchment. In terms of the model, the runoff observed is formed depending on the monthly mean air temperature and monthly precipitation amount characteristic for catchment. It is suggested that the resulting flow rate comprises three types of river alimentation: the now, rain and subterranean types. The parameters of the postulated runoff formation mechanism are estimated for three catchments on the territory of the Kuda river basin.