闽西南将乐一带多金属矿产控矿要素及成矿规律

<正>闽西南拗陷是中国东南多金属成矿带与南岭成矿带的重要组成部分。地质历史以来,本区就成为特提斯-喜马拉雅构造域与环太平洋构造成矿域的重要组成部分。该区经历了受古亚洲构造域影响的原始古陆核的形成一直到受太平洋板块作用的活动大陆边缘全过程,地质活动的各个阶段都伴随着火山-侵入活动,并成为东南沿海地壳增生的主要方式。将乐一带位于闽西南坳陷西北缘,是闽西南多金属成矿带的重要组成部分。由于中侏罗世以来受古太平洋板块向北西俯冲东南大陆岩石圈强烈挤压作用,闽西     

太平洋撞击事件

本文提出一个假说,解释了太平洋构造域的成因,并为二叠纪末全球性板块的破裂提供了一种可能的机制。作者认为,全球性的大规模的板块运动是由于P—T间大规模的岩石圈破裂活动而开始的。而岩石圈的大规模破裂则起因子这一时期发生在太平洋地区的一起巨大规模的撞击事件。这一撞击事件同时还直接或间接地导致了四大洋的形成。大量的证据表明,P—T之间地球上确实发生了一起巨大规模的外星体对地球的撞击事件,星伤就是经后期改造过的太平洋。太平洋作为一个经后期板块运动破坏的古老的撞击坑的特征是明显的。广泛分布于环太平洋带边缘和西南太平洋板块之上的古太平洋大陆的残块,暗示了太平洋撞击构造的一段漫长的破坏过程。显然这一破坏、改造过程至今仍在进行之中。在太平洋撞击构造形成的同时,陨星撞破岩石圈进入了地幔之中。这就导致了位于太平洋对面位置的大西洋的初始分裂,从而开始洋壳增生,形成大西洋,与大西洋相似,印度洋和北冰洋的成因也是与古太平洋大陆的破碎和全球规模的破裂系统分不开的。它们都与地幔软流圈物质充填太平洋窟窿的运动密切相关。它们虽具有相同的成因,但在强烈活动的时间和规模上、则因为与太平洋撞击构造的相对位置不同而不同。关于西太平洋海台和火山岛链的成因、至今尚无定论。作者认为它们都是古太平洋大陆的残块。在它们的底下几乎都可能存在花岗质地壳。它们的分布是与太平洋撞击构造的破坏过程(尤其是与这一过程的最初阶段)密切相关的。     

早白垩世华北克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏动力学：兼论古太平洋型活动大陆边缘

早白垩世时期华北克拉通的演化为探索大陆再造提供了典型案例，强烈地壳伸展、岩石圈减薄及克拉通破坏的机理及动力学长期以来一直是争议的焦点。早白垩世岩石圈伸展形成了包括辽南和五莲变质核杂岩在内的地壳伸展构造组合，同时伴随着巨量壳- 幔岩浆活动性，这些构造- 岩浆活动是克拉通岩石圈壳- 幔耦合拆离与解耦拆离作用的结果，可以用克拉通岩石圈壳- 幔拆离模型(parallel extension tectonics)解释。与此同时，具有相似特点(时间、几何学、运动学和动力学)的构造- 岩浆活动遍布包含东北亚、中国华北和华南及俄罗斯远东地区等在内的整个欧亚大陆东部地区，反映在统一构造环境中发展和演化的本质，而华北克拉通成为早白垩世欧亚大陆东部地区岩石圈伸展的典型案例。广布的早白垩世伸展构造东侧紧邻古太平洋板块俯冲作用形成的陆缘增生杂岩带，构成独特的古太平洋型活动大陆边缘。这种大陆边缘保留和记录了与现今西太平洋型和安第斯型活动大陆边缘全然不一致的构造特点，包含增生杂岩(海沟增生楔处)与面状伸展构造域两个构造要素，但缺乏典型的大规模岩浆弧的存在。地幔分层对流对于古太平洋- 欧亚大陆间洋陆相互作用、大陆岩石圈伸展、克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏提供了重要动力来源，而板块边缘力起着重要的辅助作用。     

中国东北古亚洲与古太平洋构造域演化与转换

现今分布于中朝、塔里木古陆与西伯利亚古陆之间的古亚洲构造域,既存在于前中生代,也存在于中新生代.古亚洲构造域不能等同于古亚洲洋及其构造域.作为古亚洲构造域一部分的古亚洲洋开始于晚寒武世-奥陶纪,结束于中三叠世.古太平洋及其构造域形成于晚古生代,印支期后,成为滨太平洋构造域.在晚三叠世-侏罗纪时期与古亚洲构造域并存,形成两个构造域的板内造山带、局部盆山构造和东北高原.早白垩世形成以滨太平洋构造域为主体的北北东向盆山体系.     

“大陆构造及成矿作用研究现状”笔谈会

在探索地球岩石圈构造及其演化中,人们认识到必须把注意力集中于大陆构造.因为现代海洋年龄仅两亿年,大陆岩石圈则全面系统地保留了四十六亿年来岩石圈的变形构造和演化过程,所以大陆及其边缘被列为80年代国际岩石圈计划的主要研究课题.我国夹持在西伯利亚板块、印度板块和太平洋板块之间.在几大板块的相互作用中,中国大陆展现了一幅丰富多彩、复杂纷繁的构造图景.为了探索我国东部大陆构造及其形成演化的规律,开拓找矿远景,今秋将在中国地质大学(武汉)召开“中国东部大陆构造及成矿作用讨论会”.本刊约请几位专家对大陆构造中的几个问题抒发己见,供关心大陆构造及成矿作用研究现状的同志们参考.今后我们还将采用这种笔谈形式对地质领域的重大课题进行讨论交流.     

板块构造,板块运移机制及裂谷作用

一系列西半球大陆分布的古地理分析认为，通过缓慢对流的下层岩石圈的上地幔施加到岩石圈底部的磨擦力在驱驶板块运动机制上可起到重要作用。通过这样的简化，与软流圈上涌以及与在造山带处岩石圈过厚有关的岩片抽拉和岩层波状起伏，洋脊推动和张应力偏量可以被认为是次要的板块运移力。全球的现在应力状态以及整个地质证据说明了主压应力可以通过大陆和海洋岩石圈远距离传送。主要大陆块体的组合（象ｐａｎｇｅａ联合古陆）可能具有单一施加在上地幔对流系统的效应。上地慢对流系统导致了大陆块体的衰亡和重组，由岩石圈中偏张应力的发育以及由施加在巨大大陆底部之上拖曳力引起大陆分裂，形成新的软流圈上涌体系。岩石圈扩张在断裂处形成高峰，接着软流圈物质主动平流进入到两个分散板块之间，作为洋壳加积。与此同时，洋隆对板块分散起着推动力的作用。如果远区域挤压应力阻止了不同板块进一步离散的话，沿着洋底的扩张轴的活动性可能突然终止。这可以解释在板块边界重组期间通常在远距离区域海底扩张轴的几乎同时消亡特征。假设一个有限的球体，在海底扩张轴处新的洋壳岩石圈的产生一定与由洋壳岩石圈消减数量和／或大陆地壳和下部地壳物质消减以及亚地壳消减地方的数量相匹配。由地慢对流系统以及     

特约主编致读者

<正>我国大陆位于特提斯构造域、环太平洋构造域及古亚洲洋构造域叠置的位置,在印度板块、西伯利亚板块及太平洋板块作用下,我国新构造运动与活动构造在活动方式、活动强度上存在很大的地域性差异,形成了独特的地质构造,总体上呈现出西高东低的三级地貌阶梯的地貌特征。新构造与活动构造特征控制了我国主要山系的分布和江河的形成,影响我国气候的总体分区,导致中国的地质灾害具有很强的地域性分区特征,进而影响到我国国民经济的总体布局、重大工程的规划与建设。     

西南极中—新生代古地磁与板块重建研究进展

根据西南极已发表的中—新生代古地磁数据,对西南极不同地块进行了古大陆重建。识别出古太平洋板块对西南极构造演化影响广泛的两次构造事件:一是120~100 Ma古太平洋板块内翁通爪哇-马尼希基-希库朗基大火成岩省的喷发与全球板块洋壳扩张速率高峰期引起的西南极瑟斯顿岛-埃茨海岸与东玛丽·伯德地快速南向移动;二是古太平洋-凤凰板块洋中脊在~100 Ma俯冲至西南极之下导致的以罗斯海区域为主的岩石圈伸展、瑟斯顿岛-埃茨海岸与玛丽·伯德地远离东南极以及南极半岛发生南向运动与顺时针旋转。证明太平洋板块俯冲与西南极板块运动的耦合关系。未来需要在西南极获得更多具有准确年代学限制的可靠的古地磁数据,这将对西南极的构造演化模式提供更多的制约,并有助于深入理解南极大陆的构造演化过程、板块生长与裂解的地球动力学机制。      

论构造耦合作用

构造耦合作用是一种普遍存在的地质现象。现今东、西太平洋的构造差异及古太平洋和现今太平洋大陆边缘构造差异与俯冲的洋壳板块性状有关,即:①俯冲角度;②俯冲角度的改变;③俯冲速率;④俯冲速率的改变;⑤俯冲深度;⑥俯冲板块前缘与海沟间的水平距离;⑦俯冲板块在670km上、下地幔界线处的构造形态;⑧俯冲板块的位移及位移方向。这种深部构造活动对浅部构造形成的制约和影响,是活动大陆边缘构造耦合现象的具体表现。中国西北部的盆山耦合现象是大陆内部的构造耦合作用,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞产生的远距离效应,导致中亚地区产生陆内A型俯冲,A型俯冲是造成盆地消亡、山系形成的重要因素。     

中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题雏议

本文依据大地构造理论和最新研究资料对中国东南大陆岩石圈演化研究中的有关问题作了探讨，认为地体理论和大地构造相模式理论是相辅相成的；建议扬弃华夏古陆、特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域等可能束缚研究思路的概念；将板片构造、斜向碰撞与走滑纳入中国东南部碰撞造山带的研究内容     

中国的全球构造位置和地球动力系统

现今之中国位于亚洲大陆东南部,西太平洋活动带中段;在全球板块构造图上,中国位于欧亚板块的东南部,南为印度板块,东为太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块。地质历史上,以中朝、扬子、塔里木等小克拉通为标志的中国主体属于冈瓦纳和西伯利亚两个大陆之间的转换(互换)构造域:古生代时期,位于古亚洲洋之南,属冈瓦纳结构复杂的大陆边缘;中生代阶段,位于特提斯之北,属劳亚大陆的一部分。显生宙中国大地构造演化依次受古亚洲洋、特提斯-古太平洋、太平洋-印度洋三大动力体系之控制,形成古亚洲洋、特提斯和太平洋三大构造域。不论古亚洲洋,还是特提斯,都不是结构简单的大洋盆地,而是由一系列海底裂谷带(小洋盆带)和众多微陆块组合而成的结构复杂的洋盆体系。加之中、新生代的太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域叠加在古生代的古亚洲洋构造域之上,使中国地质构造图像在二维平面上呈现镶嵌构造,在三维空间上呈现立交桥式结构,使中国不仅是亚洲,也是全球构造最复杂的一个区域。不同阶段的地球动力体系在中国的叠加、复合,使多旋回构造-岩浆和成矿作用成为中国地质最突出的特征。因而中国的造山带大多是多旋回复合造山带,成矿(区)带大多是多旋回复合成矿(区)带,大型含油气盆地大多是多旋回叠合盆地。     

West Pacific and North Indian Ocean Seafloor and Their Ocean-Continent Connection Zones: Evolution and Debates

The Indian Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean and their ocean-continent connection zones are the core area of "the Belt and Road". Scientific and in-depth recognition to the natural environment, disaster distribution, resources, energy potential of “the Belt and Road” development, is the cut-in point of the current Earth science community to serve urgent national needs. This paper mainly discusses the following key tectonic problems in the West Pacific and North Indian oceans and their ocean-continent connection zones (OCCZs): 1. modern marine geodynamic problems related to the two oceans. Based on the research and development needs to the two oceans and the ocean-continent transition zones, this item includes the following questions. (1) Plate origin, growth, death and evolution in the two oceans, for example, 1) The initial origin and process of the triangle Pacific Plate including causes and difference of the Galapagos and West Shatsky microplates; 2) spatial and temporal process, present status and trends of the plates within the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific Ocean to the evolution of the East Asian Continental Domain; 3) origin and evolution of the Indian Ocean and assembly and dispersal of supercontinents. (2) Latest research progress and problems of mid-oceanic ridges: 1) the ridge-hot spot interaction and ridge accretion, how to think about the relationship between vertical accretion behavior of thousands years or tens of thousands years and lateral spreading of millions years at 0 Ma mid-oceanic ridges; 2) the difference of formation mechanisms between the back-arc basin extension and the normal mid-oceanic ridge spreading; 3) the differentials between ultra-slow dian Ocean and the rapid Pacific spreading, whether there are active and passive spreading, and a push force in the mid-oceanic ridge; 4) mid-oceanic ridge jumping and termination: causes of the intra-oceanic plate reorganization, termination, and spatial jumps; 5) interaction of mantle plume and mid-oceanic ridge. (3) On the intra-oceanic subduction and tectonics: 1) the origin of intra-oceanic arc and subduction, ridge subduction and slab window on continental margins, transform faults and transform-type continental margin; 2) causes of the large igneous provinces, oceanic plateaus and seamount chains. (4) The oceanic core complex and rheology of oceanic crust in the Indian Ocean. (5) Advances on the driving force within oceanic plates, including mantle convection, negative buoyancy, trench suction and mid-oceanic ridge push, is reviewed and discussed. 2. The ocean-continent connection zones near the two oceans, including: (1) Property of continental margin basement: the crusts of the Okinawa Trough, the Okhotsk Sea, and east of New Zealand are the continental crusts or oceanic crusts, and origin of micro-continent within the oceans; (2) the ocean-continent transition and coupling process, revealing from the comparison of the major events between the West Pacific Ocean seamount chains and the continental margins, mantle exhumation and the ocean-continent transition zones, causes of transform fault within back-arc basin, formation and subduction of transform-type continental margin; (3) strike-slip faulting between the West Pacific Ocean and the East Asian Continent and its temporal and spatial range and scale; (4) connection between deep and surface processes within the two ocean and their connection zones, namely the assembly among the Eurasian, Pacific and India-Australia plates and the related effect from the deep mantle, lithosphere, to crust and surface Earth system, and some related issues within the connection zones of the two oceans under the super-convergent background. 3. On the relationship, especially their present relations and evolutionary trends, between the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific plates and the Tethyan Belt, the Eurasian Plate or the plates within the Indian Ocean. At last, this paper makes a perspective of the related marine geology, ocean-continent connection zone and in-depth geology for the two oceans and one zone.     

中国大陆地幔对流格局和岩石圈层构造运动

六十年代以来,由于卫星重力测量和计算技术的迅速发展,有些研究者,如Runcorn(1967)和Liu(1976-1980),根据卫星重力数据计算获得地幔对流及其应力场图象来研究全球板块构造和区域构造。愈来愈多的事实表明,构造运动不仅是地壳和岩石圈层物质运动的表现,而更重要的是地幔物质运动的反映。因此,本文应用作者计算获得的岩石圈层下面地幔流运动图象与大地构造及近代构造运动的资料相对比,探索我国岩石圈层下的地幔对流格局形成及其对构造运动的影响。     

太平洋板块中—新生代构造演化及板块重建

太平洋板块是一个中生代以来形成的地球上最大的大洋板块,但其起源机制、结构构造、构造演化等始终不清楚。太平洋板块内部的复杂性更是未受到重视,其内部的大火成岩省、海山链、微洋块、微陆块及其下部更深层地幔的微幔块都非常发育,这些复杂板内或板下构造代表的地球动力学含义亟待解决。文章基于最新的板块重建结果,试图分析其运动学过程,揭示太平洋板块形成与演化机制。研究表明,太平洋板块起源于RRR三节点,但不是一个纯粹的完整大洋板块,其增生演化过程经历了非威尔逊旋回模式,其板缘经历了一些外来微陆块或微洋块的并入,其内部也因各种原因出现了一些新生微洋块,总体表现为一个碎片化的镶嵌式板内格局。太平洋板块记录了与邻区板块相互作用的重要构造事件,大约55 Ma左右开始俯冲到东亚陆缘,导致东亚陆缘短暂的北西-南东向伸展,随后受印度-欧亚碰撞动力系统和太平洋俯冲动力系统联合控制,总体处于右行右阶的拉分背景,形成了一系列盆地群,俯冲后撤等逐渐形成了双俯冲系统。太平洋板块还记录了深浅部耦合过程,下地幔中的太平洋LLSVP通过遥相关对上部岩石圈微板块、大火成岩省分布具有决定性作用;火山链或热点揭示板块运动同时,也反映深浅部物质交换过程,海山群也揭示太平洋板块之下软流圈并非单一对流胞,其对流格局的多样性尚待深入研究。      

A geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic basin and adjacent territories in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and the outer limit of the Russian Continental Shelf

The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region.     

Tectonic evolution of the Pacific Ocean since 74 ma

A recent re-evaluation of the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sea-floor spreading data in the eastern Pacific has allowed us to make a new interpretation of the timing and sequence of the tectonic events which produced the present configuration of the plates (Whitman and Harrison, 1981; Whitman, 1981). Rotation parameters specifying the relative motion between all pairs of plates in the ocean basin have been calculated from the best fit of oceanic magnetic anomalies, with additional input from bathymetry and crustal ages of the Deep Sea Drilling Project sites. The rotation parameters for the relative motion between the Pacific and Antarctic plates are taken from Weissel et al. (1977) and the continental rotation parameters are from Barron et al. (1981).Plate motions have been determined back to 74 Ma. This time marks the initiation of spreading at the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge which caused the separation of the Campbell Plateau from Antarctica (Barron et al., 1981). Thus, this time is the earliest fix on the position of the Pacific plate relative to the continents surrounding the Pacific Ocean basin using sea-floor spreading. Since it is not possible to derive quantitative information about the relative motion between two plates separated by a trench, all rotations for the oceanic plates of the Pacific basin have been calculated relative to the Pacific plate and then relative to North America through the plate circuit: Pacific-Antarctica-Africa-North AmericaSince we also know the relative position of North America with respect to the other continents, we can show the relative position of the Pacific plate and the other oceanic plates with respect to all of the continental plates surrounding the Pacific Ocean basin.     

Continental- Margin Structure of Northeast China and Its Adjacent Areas

The continental margin of Northeast China and its adjacent areas is composed of two tectonic belts. The inner belt is a collage made up of fragments resulting from breakup of an old land with the north part related to the evolution of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean and the south part to the evolution of the Palaeo - Pacific Ocean. The outer belt is a Mesozoic terrane, which is a melange made up of fragments of the Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic oceanic crust and the Late M esozoic trench accumulations.There existed another ocean-the Palaeo - Pacific Ocean during the period from the closing of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean to the opening of the modern Pacific Ocean or from the Devonian to Jurassic, and the ocean-floor spreading of the Palaeo - Pacific Ocean led to the formation of the above-mentioned tectonic belts. The development of the strike-slip fault system after the Late Jurassic and the formation of an epicontinental volcano -plutonic rock belt in the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary are attributed to the i     

中国东部中—新生代大陆构造的形成与演化

20世纪60年代提出的"威尔逊旋回"以关闭洋盆两侧板块的碰撞作为板块运动旋回的终结,然而板块构造学说"登陆"20多年来的实践说明这种认识是不全面的。大陆弥散而宽广的陆内变形说明洋盆闭合两侧板块的碰撞并未终止板内构造作用。古亚洲大陆形成后中国东部中—新生代广泛发育的板内构造变形、岩浆活动、克拉通内盆地的形成都和古亚洲大陆南、北,印度洋和北冰洋洋脊的持续扩张、西太平洋和菲律宾洋壳的俯冲相关。本文拟厘清中国东部中—新生代大陆构造形成与演化的重大事件、构造性质、形成背景及其时空展布:(1)晚海西—印支期古特提斯洋关闭陆块拼合碰撞古亚洲大陆雏形形成;(2)晚侏罗—早白垩世蒙古—鄂霍茨克海闭合,陆-陆碰撞古亚洲大陆形成,挤压逆冲推覆构造在陆内变形中形成高潮,西太平洋伊佐奈岐洋壳板块的斜俯冲叠加了自东而西的影响;(3)早白垩世晚期—古近纪加厚地壳-岩石圈减薄、转型,陆内伸展变形达到高潮,大陆克拉通泛盆地、准平原化;(4)始新世晚期—早中新世(40~23 Ma)太平洋板块运动转向对东亚大陆NWW向的挤压和印度洋脊扩张印—澳板块对古亚洲南部陆-陆碰撞挤压的叠加,形成中国东部新生的构造地貌;(5)中-上新世—早更新世受东亚—西太平洋巨型裂谷系和印度洋中脊扩张的叠加影响,中国东部岩石圈地幔隆升、地壳减薄,陆缘、陆内伸展变形相继形成边缘海、岛弧、裂谷型盆地和剥蚀高原地貌;(6)早更新世晚期(0.9~0.8 Ma)—晚更新世末(0.01 Ma)中国东部大陆构造地貌基本形成。     

黑龙江南部大贵屯一带地质构造特征及其构造期次的厘定

[研究目的]黑龙江南部大贵屯一带位于松嫩—张广才岭地块东部,为古亚洲洋构造域与太平洋构造域的叠加与转换部位,开展小型或微观构造形迹特征的研究,对进一步解析二大构造域的叠加与转换背景具有重要的理论意义.[研究方法]基于系统的野外调查和镜下矿物变形特征识别,结合前人研究成果,讨论研究区的构造演化历史以及两大构造体系叠加与转...     

Tectonic delamination of the Pacific lithosphere

This paper presents data on the structure of some segments of the Pacific lithosphere that bear signs of its tectonic delamination. This tectonic phenomenon is inherent not only to the young slow-spreading Atlantic and Indian oceans but also to the ancient fast-spreading Pacific Ocean, where tectonic delamination of the lithosphere has been established beneath seamounts, in fault zones and between them, immediately beneath the East Pacific Rise, within small separate plates in the eastern part of the ocean, in the Northwest Pacific Basin, and beneath marginal swells that border deep trenches along the western periphery of the Pacific.